Carebara affinis
Carebara affinis | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
Genus: | Carebara |
Species: | C. affinis |
Binomial name | |
Carebara affinis (Jerdon, 1851) | |
Subspecies | |
| |
Synonyms | |
|
Heterick & Kitching (2022) collected this species in a pitfall trap within a lowland dipterocarp forest in Brunei.
Photo Gallery
Identification
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 32.7009° to -18.99°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia (type locality).
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India (type locality), Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Palaearctic Region: China.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Biology
Castes
. | Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology. |
Images from AntWeb
Worker. Specimen code casent0270204. Photographer Noel Tawatao, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by NBTC, Noel B. Tawatao Collection. |
Syntype of Solenopsis laboriosa. Worker. Specimen code casent0901419. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Syntype of Solenopsis laboriosa. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901420. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- affinis. Oecodoma affinis Jerdon, 1851: 110 (s.w.) INDIA (Karnataka/Kerala).
- Type-material: syntype major and minor workers (numbers not stated).
- Type-locality: India: (no further data), “very common in Malabar” (T.C. Jerdon).
- Type-depository: unknown (no material known to exist).
- [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
- Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 138 (l.).
- Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
- combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
- combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
- Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 208 (redescription); Emery, 1893g: 261; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1897d: 568; Emery, 1900d: 688; Forel, 1901b: 14; Dahl, 1901: 19; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 164; Forel, 1903d: 405; Forel, 1905c: 22; Forel, 1909d: 226; Emery, 1911b: 531; Forel, 1911d: 386; Forel, 1912n: 53; Forel, 1913f: 191; Forel, 1913k: 55; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Viehmeyer, 1916b: 285; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Crawley, 1924: 399; Stitz, 1925: 119; Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 51; Karavaiev, 1930a: 213; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Karavaiev, 1935a: 95; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 27; Donisthorpe, 1943d: 446; Donisthorpe, 1949g: 411; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 339; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 158; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 330; Zhou, 2001b: 91; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 7; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 37 (in key); Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 63; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 80; Wang, W.Y., Soh, et al. 2022: 71.
- Senior synonym of australis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- Senior synonym of bellicosa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- Senior synonym of calida: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- Senior synonym of laboriosa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- Senior synonym of mjobergi: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- Distribution
- Austral: Australia.
- Malesian: Brunei, Indonesia (Ambon, Irian Jaya, Java, Mentawei, Seram, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Waigeu), Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea (+ Bismarck Archipelago), Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, Panay), Singapore.
- Oriental: China, India (+ Andamans, Nicobars), Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
- Current subspecies: nominal plus javana, minor, spinosior, sumatrensis.
- australis. Pheidologeton affinis var. australis Forel, 1915b: 68 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
- Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
- Type-localities: Australia: Queensland, Cedar Creek, Herberton, and Atherton (E. Mjöberg).
- Type-depository: MHNG (perhaps also NHRS).
- Forel, 1918a: 722 (s.).
- Subspecies of affinis: Ettershank, 1966: 118.
- Status as species: Forel, 1918a: 721; Emery, 1924d: 212; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 79; Taylor, 1987a: 55.
- Junior synonym of affinis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- bellicosa. Atta bellicosa Smith, F. 1858b: 164 (s.w.) MYANMAR.
- Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
- Type-locality: Myanamar (“Burma”): (no further data).
- Type-depository: BMNH.
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886c: 360.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 395; Mayr, 1886c: 360; Smith, F. 1871a: 333.
- Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- calida. Solenopsis calida Smith, F. 1863: 22 (q.) INDONESIA (Seram).
- Type-material: holotype queen.
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 471, cites 1q OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978.]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Ceram (= Seram I.), “Cer.” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
- Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Smith, F. 1871a: 333.
- Junior synonym of laboriosa: Mayr, 1867a: 100.
- Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 471; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- laboriosa. Solenopsis laboriosa Smith, F. 1861b: 48 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
- Type-material: 5 syntype workers.
- [Notes (i): Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978, cites 5w syntypes OXUM; each worker is on a separate card with the letter “b” written in the lower left corner; (ii) Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469, earlier cited specimens OXUM from “Wag.” (= Waigeu I., New Guinea) as type-series of laboriosa. This is an error as Smith clearly stated that the type-locality was “Celebes, Tondano.”]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi (“Celebes”), Tondano, “Tond.” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Mayr, 1867a: 101 (q.).
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1867a: 100 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 333; Smith, F. 1873: ix; Forel, 1885b: 181; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1888a: 533; Emery, 1889b: 504; Rothney, 1889: 369; André, 1892b: 53.
- Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
- mjobergi. Pheidologeton australis var. mjobergi Forel, 1918a: 723 (in text) (q.) AUSTRALIA.
- Type-material: syntype queens (number not stated).
- Type-localities: Australia: Queensland, Cedar Creek (E. Mjöberg), Queensland, Herberton (E. Mjöberg), Queensland, Atherton (E. Mjöberg).
- Type-depository: MHNG.
- [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Oligomyrmex mjobergi Forel, 1915b: 69.]
- Subspecies of australis: Emery, 1924d: 212; Ettershank, 1966: 119; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 79; Taylor, 1987a: 55.
- Junior synonym of affinis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
Type Material
- Pheidologeton affinis: Syntype, worker(s), Ravenshoe (as Cedar Creek), Herberton and Atherton, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.
- Oecodoma affinis Jerdon, 1851: Holotype, worker, India, India.
- Pheidologeton australis mjobergi Forel, 1918: Syntype, queen(s), Atherton, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.
The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):
Solenopsis calida
Holotype queen in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Cer.” (= Seram I.).
Solenopsis laboriosa
Five worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Tond.” (= Tondano, Sulawesi). Each worker is on a separate card with the letter “b” written in the lower left corner.
Donisthorpe (1932c) nominated specimens in Oxford University Museum of Natural History from “Wag.” (= Waigeo I., New Guinea) as type-series of laboriosa. This is incorrect as Smith clearly stated that the type-locality was “Celebes, Tondano.”
Description
References
- Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 164, see also)
- Brassard, F., Leong, C.-M., Chan, H.-H., Guénard, B. 2021. High diversity in urban areas: How comprehensive sampling reveals high ant species richness within one of the most urbanized regions of the world. Diversity 13, 358 (doi:10.3390/d13080358).
- Dendup, K.C., Dorji, C., Dhadwal, T., Bharti, H., Pfeiffer, M. 2021. A preliminary checklist of ants from Bhutan. Asian Myrmecology 14, e014005 (doi:10.20362/am.014005).
- Emery, C. 1893g. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais. Rev. Suisse Zool. 1: 187-229 (page 206, Senior synonym of bellicosa and laboriosa (and its junior synonym calida))
- Emery, C. 1893g. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais. Rev. Suisse Zool. 1: 187-229 (page 212, queen, male described)
- Fischer, G., Azorsa, F. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group. ZooKeys 438: 57–112.
- Hasin, S., Tasen, W., Ohashi, M., Boonriam, W., Yamada, A. 2021. Yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes [Smith, F., 1857]: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) threaten community of ground-dwelling arthropods in dry evergreen forests of Thailand. Agriculture and Natural Resources 55: 634-643 (doi:10.34044/j.anres.2021.55.4.14).
- Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
- Heterick, B.E. 2022. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part II: Distribution and biology. Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 86: 247-510 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2022.247-510).
- Heterick, B.E., Kitching, R.L. 2022. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of a one-hectare plot of lowland dipterocarp forest. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 158(4), 261–272 (doi:10.31184/m00138908.1584.4153).
- Jerdon, T. C. 1851. A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India. Madras J. Lit. Sci. 17: 103-127 (page 110, soldier, worker described)
- Khachonpisitsak, S., Yamane, S., Sriwichai, P., Jaitrong, W. 2020. An updated checklist of the ants of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 998, 1–182 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.998.54902).
- Liu, C., Fischer, G., Hita Garcia, F., Yamane, S., Liu, Q., Peng, Y.Q., Economo, E.P., Guénard, B., Pierce, N.E. 2020. Ants of the Hengduan Mountains: a new altitudinal survey and updated checklist for Yunnan Province highlight an understudied insect biodiversity hotspot. ZooKeys 978, 1–171 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.978.55767).
- Liu, Z., Zhong, Y., Huang, Y., Ran, H., Song, F. 2024. A new ant species of the genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) with a key to Chinese species. ZooKeys 1190, 1–37 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1190.110552).
- Roger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berl. Entomol. Z. 7(B Beilage: 1-65 (page 30, Combination in Pheidologeton)
- Smith, F. 1858b. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 174, Combination in Pheidole)
- Taylor, R. W. 1991b. Nomenclature and distribution of some Australasian ants of the Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mem. Qld. Mus. 30: 599-614 (page 608, Senior synonym of australis and mjobergi)
- Wang, S., Cao, Q., Zuo, Q., Wang, P., Yang, B., Zhao, S., Chen, M., Cao, R. 2020. Species-specific effects of belowground-nesting ants on soil N2O emissions in a tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 151, 108020. (doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108020).
- Wang, W.Y., Soh, E.J.Y., Yong, G.W.J., Wong, M.K.L., Benoit Guénard, Economo, E.P., Yamane, S. 2022. Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology 15: e015006 (doi:10.20362/am.015006).
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1954a [1953]. The ant larvae of the myrmicine tribe Pheidologetini. Psyche (Camb.) 60: 129-147 (page 138, larva described)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- Andersen A. N., A. Brault. 2010. Exploring a new biodiversity frontier: subterranean ants in northern Australia. Biodiversity Conservation 19(9): 2741-2750.
- Andersen A. N., J. C. Z. Woinarski, and B. Hoffman. 2004. Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia's moonsoonal tropics. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 97-110.
- Andersen A. N., M. Houadria, M. Berman, and M. van der Geest. Rainforest ants of the Tiwi Islands: a remarkable centr of endemism in Australia's monsoonal tropics. Insectes Sociaux 59: 433-441.
- Andersen, Alan N., John C.Z. Woinarski and Ben D. Hoffman. 2004. Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia's monsoonal tropics. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 97-110.
- André E. 1892. Voyage de M. Chaper à Bornéo. Catalogue des fourmis et description des espèces nouvelles. Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. 5: 46-55.
- Basu P., N. Tak, and A. K. Sanyal. 2013. Ants (insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bethuadahari wildlife sanctuary, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Rec. zool, Surv. India: 113(4): 17-22.
- Berghoff S.M., U. Maschwitz, and K.E. Linsemair. 2003. Hypogaeic and epigaeic ant diversity on Borneo: evaluation of baited sieve buckets as a study method. Tropical Zoology 16: 153-163.
- Bharti H., Y. P. Sharma, M. Bharti, and M. Pfeiffer. 2013. Ant species richness, endemicity and functional groups, along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas. Asian Myrmecology 5: 79-101.
- Bruhl C.A. 2001. Leaf litter ant communities in tropical lowland rain forests in Sabah, Malaysia: effects of forest disturbance and fragmentation. PHD thesis Wurzburg Universitat, 168 pp.
- CSIRO Collection
- Chantarasawat N., D. Sitthicharoenchai, C. Chaisuekul, and C. Lekprayoon. 2013. Comparison of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diversity in Dry Dipterocarp and Mixed-Deciduous Forests at Sri Nan National Park, Northern Thailand. Tropical Natural History 13(1): 1-19.
- Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
- Chen Y. Q., Q. Li, Y. L. Chen, Z. X. Lu, X. Y. Zhou. 2011. Ant diversity and bio-indicators in land management of lac insect agroecosystem in Southwestern China. Biodivers. Conserv. 20: 3017-3038.
- Chen Y., C.-W. Luo, H. W Li, Z. H. Xu, Y. J. Liu, and S. J. Zhao. 2011. The investigation of soil ant resources on the West slope of Mt Ailao. Hubei Agricultural Sciences 50(7): 1356-1359.
- Crawley W.C. 1924. Ants from Sumatra, with biological notes by Edward Jacobson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)13: 380-409
- Dad J. M., S. A. Akbar, H. Bharti, and A. A. Wachkoo. 2019. Community structure and ant species diversity across select sites ofWestern Ghats, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica 39: 219–228.
- Dahl F. 1901. Das Leben der Ameisen im Bismarck-Archipel, nach eigenen Beobachtungen vergleichend dargestellt. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 2: 1-70.
- Dias R. K. S. 2002. Current knowledge on ants of Sri Lanka. ANeT Newsletter 4: 17- 21.
- Donisthorpe H. 1949. A seventh instalment of the Ross Collection of ants from New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12)2: 401-422.
- Donisthorpe, Horace. 1943. The Ants of Waigeu Island, North Dutch New Guinea. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (10): 433-475.
- Eguchi K., and S. Yamane. 2003. Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a lowland rainforest, northwestern Borneo. New Entomol. 52(1,2): 49-59.
- Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [concl.]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 25(5): 427-473.
- Emery C. 1888. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza . Formiche raccolte dal sig. Elio Modigliani in Sumatra e nell'isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 25: 528-534.
- Emery C. 1889. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885-87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 27: 485-520.
- Emery C. 1893. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 1: 187-229.
- Emery C. 1901. Formiciden von Celebes. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 14:565-580.
- Emery C. 1911. Formicidae. Résultats de l'expédition scientifique néerlandaise à la Nouvelle-Guinée en 1903 sous les auspices de Arthur Wichmann. Nova Guinea 5: 531-539.
- Emery C. Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 40: 661-722.
- Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine)." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 5, no. 25 (1887): 427-473.
- Emery, C.. "Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 20, no. 40 (1900): 661-722.
- Emery, C.. "Voyage de MM. Bedot et Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 1 (1893): 187-229.
- Fellowes J. R., and D. Dudgeon. 2003. Common ants of lowland forests in Hong Kong, Tropical China. Proceedings of the 2nd ANeT Workshop and Seminar, p. 19-43.
- Fontanilla A. M., A. Nakamura, Z. Xu, M. Cao, R. L. Kitching, Y. Tang, and C. J. Burwell. 2019. Taxonomic and functional ant diversity along tropical, subtropical, and subalpine elevational transects in southwest China. Insects 10, 128; doi:10.3390/insects10050128
- Forel A. 1885. Indian ants of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Part II Nat. Sci. 54: 176-182.
- Forel A. 1901. Formiciden aus dem Bismarck-Archipel, auf Grundlage des von Prof. Dr. F. Dahl gesammelten Materials. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 2: 4-37.
- Forel A. 1903. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part X. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 679-715.
- Forel A. 1903. Les fourmis des îles Andamans et Nicobares. Rapports de cette faune avec ses voisines. Rev. Suisse Zool. 11: 399-411.
- Forel A. 1905. Ameisen aus Java. Gesammelt von Prof. Karl Kraepelin 1904. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hambg. 22: 1-26.
- Forel A. 1909. Ameisen aus Java und Krakatau beobachtet und gesammelt von Herrn Edward Jacobson. Notes Leyden Mus. 31: 221-232.
- Forel A. 1912. Einige neue und interessante Ameisenformen aus Sumatra etc. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 15: 51-78.
- Forel A. 1913. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Formicidae II. Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(6): 183-202
- Forel A. 1913k. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach Ostindien ausgeführt im Auftrage der Kgl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin von H. v. Buttel-Reepen. II. Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon. Gesammelt von Herrn Prof. Dr. v. Buttel-Reepen in den Jahren 1911-1912. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 36:1-148.
- Forel A. 1915. Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-13. 2. Ameisen. Ark. Zool. 9(16): 1-119
- Forel A. 1918. Études myrmécologiques en 1917. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 717-727
- Ghosh S. N., S. Sheela, B. G. Kundu, S. Roychowdhury, and R. N. Tiwari. 2006. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 369-398 in: Alfred, J. R. B. (ed.) 2006. Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh. (Part -2). [State Fauna Series 13.]. New Delhi: Zoological Survey of India, iv + 518 pp.
- Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
- Hannan M.A. 2008. New ant records fro Bangladesh. Asian Myrmecology 2: 95-98.
- Hashimoto Y., Y. Morimoto, E. S. Widodo, and M. Mohamed. 2006. Vertical distribution pattern of ants in a Bornean tropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47(3): 697- 710.
- Herwina H., and K. Nakamura. 2007. Ant species diversity study using pitfall traps in a small yard in Bogor Botanic garden, West Java, Indonesia. Treubia 35: 99-116.
- Ito, F.; Yamane, S.; Eguchi, K.; Noerdjito, W. A.; Kahono, S.; Tsuji, K.; Ohkawara, K.; Yamauchi, K.; Nishida, T.; Nakamura, K. 2001. Ant species diversity in the Bogor Botanic Garden, West Java, Indonesia, with descriptions of two new species of the genus Leptanilla (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Tropics 10:379-404.
- Jaitrong W., B. Guenard, E. P. Economo, N. Buddhakala, and S. Yamane. 2016. A checklist of known ant species of Laos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Asian Myrmecology 8: 1-32. DOI: 10.20362/am.008019
- Jaitrong W., and T. Ting-Nga. 2005. Ant fauna of Peninsular Botanical Garden (Khao Chong), Trang Province, Southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal 1(2): 137-147.
- Jaitrong W.; Nabhitabhata, J. 2005. A list of known ant species of Thailand. The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal 1(1): 9-54.
- Karavaiev V. 1930. Ameisen von den Molukken und Neuguinea. (Ergebnisse der Sunda-Expedition der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft 1929/30.). Zool. Anz. 92: 206-214.
- Karavaiev V. 1935. Neue Ameisen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet, nebst Revision einiger Formen. Treubia 15: 57-118.
- Karmaly K. A.; S. Sumesh, T. P. Rabeesh, and L. Kishore. 2010. A checklist of ants of Thirunelli in Wayanad, Kerala. J. of the Bombay Natural History Society 107(1): 64-67.
- Kishimoto-Yamata K., F. Hyodo, M. Matsuoka, Y. Hashimoto, M. Kon, T. Ochi, S. Yamane, R. Ishii, and T. Itioka. 2012. Effects of remnant primary forests on ant and dung beetle species diversity in a secondary forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Insect Conservation DOI 10.1007/s10841-012-9544-6
- Klimes P., M. Janda, S. Ibalim, J. Kua, and V. Novotny. 2011. Experimental suppression of ants foraging on rainforest vegetation in New Guinea: testing methods for a whole-forest manipulation of insect communities. Ecological Entomology 36: 94-103.
- Li Q., Y. Chen, S. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Zhu, and S. Wang. 2009. Diversity of ants in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Pu'er City, Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 17(3): 233-239.
- Li S., and J. Tang. 1986. The ant genus Pheidologeton of Guangxi and the description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Chinese.]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University 12(2): 160-165.
- Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
- Liu X. 2012. Taxonomy, diversity and spatial distribution characters of the ant family Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in southeastern Tibet. PhD Thesis 139 pages
- Liu X., Z. Xu, N. Yu, and C. Zhang. 2016. Distribution patterns of ant species ( Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Galongla Mountains and Medog Valley of Southeastern Tibet. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 52(11): 88-95.
- Lu Z., B. D. Hoffmann, and Y. Chen. 2016. Can reforested and plantation habitats effectively conserve SW China’s ant biodiversity? Biodivers. Conserv. DOI 10.1007/s10531-016-1090-1
- Lu Z., K. Li, N. Zhang, and Y. Chen. 2017. Diversity and indicator species of leaf-litter ants in Eucalyptus grandis plantations and secondary natural forests. Forest Research 29(4): 576-580
- Lu Z., Y. Chen, Q. Li, S. Wang, C. Liu, and W. Zhang. 2012. Effect of population of Kerria yunnanensis on diversity of ground dwelling ant. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(19): 6195-6202.
- Lu Z., and Y. Chen. 2016. Effects of habitat on ant functional groups: a case study of Luchun County, Yunnan Province, China. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 24(5): 801-810.
- Masayuki, Morita et al. 200?. Implication of predation incidences by ant species on green turtle nests in Chagar Hutang, Redang Island. Proc. 3rd. Intl. Symp. SEASTAR and Asian Bio-logging Science. Part I: Sea Turtle. 21-26.
- Mezger D., and M. Pfeiffer. 2011. Influence of the arrival of Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the composition of an ant community in a clearing in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Myrmecology 4: 89-98.
- Mezger D., and M. Pfeiffer. 2011. Partitioning the impact of abiotic factors and spatial patterns on species richness and community structure of ground ant assemblages in four Bornean rainforests. Ecography 34: 39-48.
- Mezger D., and M. Pfeiffer. 2011. Partitioning the impact of abiotic factors and spatial patterns on species richness and community structure of ground assemblages in four Bornean rainforest. Ecography 34: 39-48.
- Mohanraj P., M. Ali, and K. Veerakumari. 2010. Formicidae of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal). Journal of Insect Science 10: Article 172
- Mohanraj, P., M. Ali and K. Veenakumari. 2010. Formicidae of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean: Bay Of Bengal). Journal of Insect Science 10:172.
- Musthak Ali T. M. 1992. Ant Fauna of Karnataka-2. Newsletter of IUSSI Indian Chapter 6(1-2): 1-9.
- Narendra A., H. Gibb, and T. M. Ali. 2011. Structure of ant assemblages in Western Ghats, India: role of habitat, disturbance and introduced species. Insect Conservation and diversity 4(2): 132-141.
- Ohkawara K. 2001. Effects of two army ant species, Dorylus laevigatus and Pheidologeton affinis, on seed survival and germination in bird-dispersed plant Dysoxylum alliaceum. Tropics 10(3): 421-425.
- Pfeiffer M., D. Mezger, and J. Dyckmans. 2013. Trophic ecology of tropical leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a stable isotope study in four types of Bornean rain forest. Myrmecological News 19: 31-41.
- Pfeiffer M., and D. Mezger. 2012. Biodiversity Assessment in Incomplete Inventories: Leaf Litter Ant Communities in Several Types of Bornean Rain Forest. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040834
- Pfeiffer M., and D. Mezger. 2012. Biodiversity Assessment in Incomplete Inventories: Leaf Litter Ant Communities in Several Types of Bornean Rain Forest. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040937
- Pfeiffer M., and D. Mezger. 2012. Biodiversity Assessment in Incomplete Inventories: Leaf Litter Ant Communities in Several Types of Bornean Rain Forest. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041086
- Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58
- Rajan P. D., M. Zacharias, and T. M. Mustak Ali. 2006. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka). Conservation Area Series, Zool. Surv. India.i-iv,27: 153-188.
- Ramachandra T. V., M. D. Subash Chandran, N. V. Joshi, A. Narendra, and T. M. Ali. 2012. Ant species composition and diversity in the Sharavathi Rivers basin, central Western Ghats. Sahyadri Conservation Series 3, ENVIS Technical Report 20. 51 pages.
- Reichel H., and A. N. Andersen. 1996. The rainforest ant fauna of Australia's Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 44: 81-95.
- Rizali A., M. M. Bos, D. Buchori, Sk. Yamane, and C. H. Schulze. 2008. Ants in tropical urban habitats: the myrmecofauna in a densely populated area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 15(2): 77-84.
- Rizali A., M.M. Bos, D. Buchori, Sk. Yamane, C. Hans, and J. Schulze. 2008. Ants in tropical urban habitats: the myrmecofauna in a densely populated area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 77-84.
- Sagata, K., A.L. Mack, D.D. Wright and P.J. Lester. 2010. The influence of nest avaiability on the abundance and diversity of twig-dwelling ants in a Papua New Guinea forest. Insectes Sociaux 57:333-341
- Sakchoowong W., W. Jaitrong, and K. Ogata. 2008. Ant diversity in forest and traditional hill-tribe agricultural types in northern Thailand. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 42: 617-626.
- Sheela S. 2008. Handbook of Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Zoological Survey of India, 56 pages
- Smith F. 1861. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo. [part]. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 6: 36-48.
- Smith F. 1863. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Mysol, Ceram, Waigiou, Bouru and Timor. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 7: 6-48.
- Snelling R. R. 1998. Insect Part 1: The social Hymenoptera. In Mack A. L. (Ed.) A Biological Assessment of the Lakekamu Basin, Papua New Guinea, RAP 9. 189 ppages
- Snelling R. R. 2000. Ants of the Wapoga river area, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. In Mack, Andrew L. and Leeanne E. Alonso (eds.). 2000. A Biological Assessment of the Wapoga River Area of Northwestern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 14, Conservation International, Washington, DC.
- Song Y., Z. H. Xu, C. L. Li, Y. Q. Hao, and H. B. Li. 2014. Ant communities of Nangun River Nature Reserve in Yunnan. Journal of West China Forestry Science 45(5): 93-100.
- Song Y., Z. Xu, C. Li, N. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Jiang, and F. Mo. 2013. An Analysis on the Ant Fauna of the Nangun river Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China. Forest Research 26(6): 773-780.
- Stitz H. 1925. Ameisen von den Philippinen, den malayischen und ozeanischen Inseln. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1923: 110-136.
- Sukimin S., M. Mohamed, and H. Aris. 2010. Ant diversity of Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 6:89-101.
- Tak N. 2009. Ants Formicidae of Rajasthan. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 288, iv, 46 p
- Tak N., N. S. Rathore, and S. Kumar. 2007. Insecta: Hymenoptera. Fauna of Pichhola lake (Rajasthan). Wetland Ecosystem series. Zool. Surv. India. 8 : 127-130.
- Tak N., and S. I. Kazmi. 2013. On some ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Nagaland, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 113(1): 169-182.
- Taylor R. W. 1991. Nomenclature and distribution of some Australasian ants of the Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30: 599-614.
- Terayama M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts 17:81-266.
- Terayama, M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta; Hymenoptera). The Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University 17: 81-266.
- Tiwari R. N. 1999. Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18(4): 1-96.
- Tiwari R.N., B.G. Kundu, S. Roychowdhury, S.N. Ghosh. 1999. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 211-294 in: Director; Zoological Survey of India (ed.) 1999. Fauna of West Bengal. Part 8. Insecta (Trichoptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera and Anoplura). Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, iv + 442 pp.
- Tiwari R.N., B.G. Kundu, S. Sheela, and S. N. Ghosh. 2004. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Alfred, J.R.B. [Ed.], Fauna of Manipur, part - 2 (insects). State fauna series 10. Zool.Surv.India.i-v, 1-625. Chapter pagination: 605-625.
- Tiwari, R.N. 1999. Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18(4):1-96
- Varghese T. 2004. Taxonomic studies on ant genera of the Indian Institute of Science campus with notes on their nesting habits. Pp. 485-502 in : Rajmohana, K.; Sudheer, K.; Girish Kumar, P.; Santhosh, S. (eds.) 2004. Perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity. Prof. T.C. Narendran commemoration volume. Kerala: Systematic Entomology Research Scholars Association, xxii + 666 pp.
- Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
- Watanasit S., S. Sonthichai, and N. Noon-anant. 2003. Preliminary survey of ants at Tarutao National Park, Southern Thailand. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 25(1) : 115-122
- Wheeler W. M. 1919. The ants of Borneo. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63:43-147.
- Wheeler W. M. 1921. Chinese ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64: 529-547.
- Wheeler W. M. 1927. Burmese ants collected by Professor G. E. Gates. Psyche (Cambridge) 34: 42-46.
- Wheeler W. M. 1929. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24: 27-64.
- Wheeler W. M. 1930. A list of the known Chinese ants. Peking Natural History Bulletin 5: 53-81.
- Wheeler W.M. 1935. Check list of the ants of Oceania. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 11(11):1-56.
- Wheeler, William Morton.1935.Checklist of the Ants of Oceania.Occasional Papers 11(11): 3-56
- Woodcock P., D. P. Edwards, R. J. Newton, C. Vun Khen, S. H. Bottrell, and K. C. Hamer. 2013. Impacts of Intensive Logging on the Trophic Organisation of Ant Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot. PLoS ONE 8(4): e60756. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060756
- Woodcock P., D. P. Edwards, T. M. Fayle, R. J. Newton, C. Vun Khen, S. H. Bottrell, and K. C. Hamer. 2011. The conservation value of South East Asia's highly degraded forests: evidence from leaf-litter ants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 366: 3256-3264.
- Wriedt J., D. Mezger, L. Chong, and M. Pfeiffer. 2008. Observations on the foraging behaviour of Myrmicaria brunnea subcarinata (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a tropical rainforest in Sarawak (Malaysia). Asian Myrmecology 2: 109-120.
- Xu F. F., and J. Chen. 2009. Comparison of the Differences in Response to the Change of the Extrafloral Nectar-ant-herbivore Interaction System Between a Native and an Introduced Passiflora Species. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 31(6): 543-550.
- Yamane S. 2003. Preliminary survey on the distribution pattern of southeast Asian Pheidologeton species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pp. 73-86 in: Mohamed, M.; Fellowes, J. R.; Yamane, S. (eds.) 2003. Proceedings of the 2nd ANeT workshop and seminar. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah
- Yamane S.; Bui T. V.; Ogata K.; Okido H.; Eguchi K. 2002. Ant fauna of Cuc Phuong National Park, North Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University 25: 51-62.
- Zhang N. N., Y. Q. Chen, Z. X. Lu, W. Zhang, and K. L. Li. 2013. Species diversity, community structure difference and indicator species of leaf-litter ants in rubber plantations and secondary natural forests in Yunnan, southwestern China. Acta Entomologica Sinica 56(11): 1314-1323.
- Zhang R. J., L. W. Liang, and S. Y. Zhou. 2014. An analysis on the ant fauna of Nonggang Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China. Journal of Guangxi Normal university: Natural Science Edition 32(3): 86-93.
- Zhou S. Y., S. Zhao, and F. L. Jia. 2006. A taxonomic study on the ant genus Pheidologeton Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 31(4): 870-873
- Zhou S.-Y., S. Zhao and F.-L. Jia. 2006. A taxonomic study on the ant genus Pheidologeton Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Myrimcinae) from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 31(4): 870-873
- Zryanin V. A. 2011. An eco-faunistic review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Structure and functions of soil communities of a monsoon tropical forest (Cat Tien National Park, southern Vietnam) / A.V. Tiunov (Editor). – M.: KMK Scientific Press. 2011. 277 р.101-124.