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Basiceros conjugans
| Basiceros conjugans | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Attini |
| Genus: | Basiceros |
| Species: | B. conjugans |
| Binomial name | |
| Basiceros conjugans Brown, 1974
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Little is known about the biology of this dirt ant. Specimens have been collected from rotten logs or leaf litter samples, with most of the examined material collected via Winkler extractors. A colony, i.e., a partial nest (a few workers, larvae, and a pupa), was found nesting in a rotten trunk (Sachavacayoc Center, Peru, Madre de Díos, 2012). Adjacent to the nest was an unidentified gastropod shell, the body of a turtle ant worker (Cephalotes sp.), and two cephalic capsules: one from an unidentified trap-jaw ant worker (Odontomachus sp.) and the termite Uncitermes teevani (Termitidae, Syntermitinae). This suggests B. conjugans feeds on arthropod carcasses and may prey on termites. The latter has been observed for other Basiceros ants (see natural history accounts for Basiceros manni and Basiceros singularis). (Probst & Brandão 2022)
Identification
Probst & Brandão (2022) - Dark amber to black; integument punctuate-foveate; clypeomandibular space narrow; corners of vertexal margin rounded, sulcus present medially and separating posterofrontal tumosity; petiolar node truncate anteriorly; postpetiolar and petiolar nodes usually densely covered by squamiform hairs.
Workers of B. conjugans present variable integumentary and pilosity colorations, depth of the metanotal suture, shape of the petiolar node and subpetiolar process, integumentary sculpture (degree of impression and brightness), and size. However, together with B. convexiceps, it is one of the most morphologically “cohesive” species. The specialized pilosity pattern (with emphasis on the vertexal margin, back of propodeum, petiolar node, and dorsal margin of the postpetiole) and head and mesosoma morphologies are present similarly on all examined specimens. It is important to mention that the pilosity is present as described for specimens in good conditions, but some specimens—probably resultant of abrasion—lack several special hairs, such as those on the vertexal margin and the back of the mesoscutum (in the case of gynes).
The holotype has a reddish-brown color and is probably a young worker, as other examined specimens from Ecuador are darker colored. Other Ecuadorian specimens have a similar reddish-brown color, usually within series containing darker specimens. The most extraordinary integumental coloration comes from Peruvian specimens collected in Napo, close to the border with Ecuador: a clear yellowish-amber and very bright integument. Regarding the morphology of the subpetiolar process, in the case of gynes and workers, it varies from: a set of two spines, composed of an angulate anteroventral “boot”-shaped or spine, followed by a lamella; a process with an anteroventral projection followed by 5–6 spines; or by lamellar processes and/or fused spines. The male subpetiolar process varies from an anterior curved process to a set of several short spines followed by a lamellar process at the end of the peduncle’s ventral margin.
In addition, some specimens were partially covered by litter and soil particles, making it difficult to see certain structures, such as the ocelli on the gynes. Males may show variation in the forewing venation, with the length of transversal 1m-cu vein present differentially in the same specimen: it may be absent or present as a short appendix in one wing while present as complete in the other wing.
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Probst & Brandão (2022) - Known from the Eastern Amazonian rainforests (Brazil, Peru, and Guyana) and secondary forest (Arena Forest Reserve) in Trinidad. Based on the current records for Basiceros conjugans this species likely occurs in southern Venezuela and the Brazilian states of Roraima and Amazonas.
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: -0.383333° to -13.14048°.
| North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador (type locality), Trinidad and Tobago.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
| Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
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Estimated Abundance
| Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
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Biology
Castes
Worker
   
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| Worker. Photographer Estella Ortega, Antweb, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by The Natural History Museum. |
Queen
Male
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Probst & Brandão 2022. Figure 1. Wing venation of Basiceros males. A. forewing and B. hindwing of B. conjugans (RSPPC, Peru). C. forewing of B. manni male (MCZ, Costa Rica: Heredia). Fused veins are indicated with a plus sign and crossveins by a dash. Cell names (in white) are indicated in italics. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Larva
Phylogeny
| Basiceros |
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Based on Probst et al., 2019.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- conjugans. Basiceros conjugans Brown, 1974c: 134, figs. 1, 2 (w.q.m.) ECUADOR, COLOMBIA.
- Type-material: holotype worker, >2 paratype workers (number not stated, “a few other workers”), 8 paratype queens, 3 paratype males.
- [Note: Probst & Brandão, 2022: 16, cite 5w, 1q, 3m paratypes (1w ANIC, 4w, 2m MCZC, 1q, 1m NHMB).]
- Type-locality: holotype Ecuador: Limoncocha, ix.-xi.1964 (H.R. Hermann); paratypes: unnumbered workers, 8 queens, 3 males with same data, 2 workers Colombia: 7 km. N Leticia, ii.1972, B-230 (S. & J. Peck).
- Type-depositories: MCZC (holotype); ANIC, MCZC, NHMB (paratypes).
- Probst & Brandão, 2022: 20 (l.).
- Status as species: Brandão, 1991: 330; Bolton, 1995b: 80; Feitosa, et al. 2007: 19 (in key); Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 115; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 844; Probst & Brandão, 2022: 16 (redescription).
- Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Trinidad.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Probst & Brandão (2022)
Worker
(n=4). HL 1.25–1.28, HL2 1.25–1.30, HW1 1.28–1.31, MdL 0.72–0.78, SL1 0.84–0.89, SL2 0.89–0.94, PDL 0.11–0.13, A3L 0.03–0.05, AFL 0.36–0.38, FuL 0.97–1.00, EL 0.16–0.17, EW 0.14–0.16, ML 1.69–1.72, MfL 1.33–1.34, MtL 1.00–1.06, PH 0.38, PL 0.77–.081, PW 0.36–0.38, PPL 0.47–0.50, PPW 0.53–0.61, GL 1.59–1.63, GW 1.13–1.19, TL 6.58–6.61, CI 100–105, CS 1.27–1.28, MCI 56–62, SI 69–73, ESI 17–19, SAI2 247–252, EI1 0.23–0.26, MFI 95–97, PTI 204–216.
Body yellowish-amber to dark brown; appendages slightly lighter, yellowish to dark brown. Mandibles covered by tiny piligerous punctures, apex with short yellowish setae; interdental setae present, yellowish and filiform, subequal to teeth length. Basimandibular seta present, narrow and erect, slightly clavate. Suberect and clavate hairs in the median portion of the stipe dorsa. Frontoclypeal margin covered by spaced piligerous punctuation; lateroclypeal region with short and squamiform, decumbent yellow hairs. Occipital region predominantly covered by coarse (foveolar) piligerous punctuations; pilosity close to the posterolateral region of the head and the vertexal margin composed of whitish to yellowish, short and subdecumbent, squamiform hair. Lateral and vertexal margins of head covered by erect to suberect clavate hairs, yellowish and in the following conformation: one hair above the eyes, at the anterior limit of the antennal scrobe; four hairs on the posterolateral margin of the head, surrounding the meeting point between the posterior limit of the scrobe and the vertexal margin; one hair near the posterolateral corner of the head; four or five hairs on each side of the vertexal margin, separated by the median groove. A pair of yellowish erect and clavate hairs in the frontal region, close to the vertexal margin. Lateroventral head margin covered by whitish and squamiform hairs, subdecumbent; ventral surface of head with curved suberect and subdecumbent filiform setae, length variable. Occipital carina surrounded by four to six long and filiform hairs. Yellowish to whitish plumose pilosity, usually subdecumbent, on the mesosoma and metasoma in the following conformation: surrounding the anterolateral margin of pronotum; on the mesonotum and propodeum dorsa; marginating the sloping face of propodeum; densely on petiolar and postpetiolar node dorsa; three pairs on each side of the anterolateral region of the postpetiolar sternite; on the anterolateral region of procoxae and meso and metacoxae dorsa; on legs, from trochanters to basitarsi dorsum. Clavate hairs in the following conformation: one pair of erect hairs present on mesonotum dorsum close to promesonotal suture; erect to suberect hairs close to gastral sternite and tergite margins. Mesosternum shelf (surrounded by the epicnemial fossa) with short, filiform setae along its length. Long and filiform setae present on the anterior portion of procoxae and median portion of first gastral sternite. Thick and suberect setae present on the ventral margin of basitarsus to apex of distal tarsomere. Antennae pilosity: dorsal surface of the scape primarily covered by short, subdecumbent and squamiform hairs; external margin of scape with long, erect, and squamiform (on its apical half) hairs; funiculus densely covered with short yellowish setae; ventral margin of scape with longitudinal rows of median, curved and subdecumbent setae. Remaining of integument with thick piligerous punctuations.
Body mostly smooth and shiny on glabrous regions. Mandible and clypeus dorsa sparsely covered with punctuations. Anteroventral portion of mandibles and ventral margin of scapes finely alveolate. Head punctuate-foveate, posterolateral surface of antennal scrobe punctuate-rugose. Pronotum sparsely foveate. Dorsum of mesonotum, anterodorsal region of the propodeum, dorsal surface of the meso- and metacoxae, and dorsum of petiolar and postpetiolar node punctuate-rugose. Mesopleuron and lateral of the propodeum smooth and shiny or subopaque. Surface of propodeal declivity punctuate-rugose. Gaster densely punctuate-reticulate; tergite of abdominal segments V, VI, and VII finely and densely punctuate, slightly opaque, tergal margins smooth and shiny; sculpture sparser in the first gastral sternite, especially in the longitudinal axis of median region. Antennal scapes smooth or finely rugulose, usually shiny. Funiculi densely and finely punctuate, usually opaque. Legs smooth or superficially rugose; procoxae punctuate-foveate.
Head subtrapezoidal, sides delimited by raised margin extending from eye height to posterolateral region. Vertexal margin with gently convex corners slightly projected posterad, and with median groove dividing tumosity on the posterofrontal region of the head. Cervical margin carinate. Palp formula 2,2; palps strongly fused, giving the impression of being unsegmented; maxillary palp slightly larger in size and slightly wider than labial; labial palp apically clavate. Stipes subrectangular. Labrum cuneiform; distal margin bilobed, lobes separated by a narrow cleft, basal region canaliculate. Mandibles triangular; in full-face view, external margins slightly concave; basal margin lamellar; basal angle obtuse, followed by a masticatory margin with ten triangular teeth, apical tooth slightly curved; in lateral view mandibular apex slightly curved ventrally. Clypeomandibular space narrow. Anterior clypeal margin lamellate; anterolateral portion gently convex; anterior margin slightly concave in its median portion. Scape with slightly obtuse basal angle, followed by translucent and crenulated lamellar portion. Antennal fossa deeply impressed. Antennal scrobe comparatively deep in its lower half, posterior limit faintly distinct.
Lateral profile of mesosoma with promesonotal complex subglobular. In dorsal view, promesonotal suture practically indistinct; metanotal suture broad and strongly impressed, longitudinally costulate. Mesopleuron anteriorly marginate, interrupted at the meeting of a conspicuous epicnemial fossa. In dorsal view, propodeum subrectangular. In lateral view, anterior portion of propodeum slightly oblique posteriorly, abruptly followed by the sloping face. Propodeal slope laterally carinate and with transverse carina connecting to short, triangular and acute projections. Opening of propodeal spiracle rounded. Metapleural gland bulla prominent, protruding; opening transversal and covered by cuticular lamella. Petiolar peduncle longitudinally carinate on dorsal surface. In dorsal view, propodeal spiracle projected laterally. In lateral view, petiolar node with anterior face truncate, posterior face covered by pilosity; postpetiole slightly longer than petiolar node. Subpetiolar process highly variable: anterior process, followed by spiniform lamella or anterior process bifid, followed by spines and/or angular lamellar process.
In dorsal view, petiolar node longitudinally subrectangular; postpetiole (pilosity excluded) slightly wider than long; posterior margin convex and widely inserted in the anterior gastral cavity. Calcar of strigil pectinate. Pro-, meso-, and metabasitarsi longer than the sum of other tarsomeres. Tarsal claws simple.
Queen
(n=3). HL 1.31–1.35, HL2 1.34–1.39, HW1 1.14–1.19, MdL 0.72–0.75, SL1 0.84–0.88, SL2 0.85–0.94, PDL 0.13–0.14, A3L 0.05, AFL 0.38–0.41, FuL 0.97–1.00, EL 0.20–0.23, EW 0.16–0.19, LOD 0.07–0.08, MOD 0.08–0.10, OOD 0.37–0.43, ML 1.70–1.84, MSL 0.75–0.81, MSW 0.82–0.87, MLL 0.30–0.31, MLW 0.45–0.50, MfL 1.23–1.25, MtL 0.97–1.00, PH 0.41–0.44, PL 0.75–0.81, PPL 0.53–0.55, PW 0.21–0.34, PPW 0.5–0.63, GL 1.88–2.03, GW 1.25–1.36, TL 6.91–7.30, CI 84–88, CS 1.23–1.27, MCI 54–55, SI 74–79, ESI 22–26, SAI2 226– 232, EI1 0.31–0.32, MTI 105–116, MLI 145–160, MFI 92–95, PTI 184–188.
Color and sculpture similar to the worker; size slightly larger. Cephalic dorsum with three ocelli: median ocelli inserted slightly below and lateral ocelli inserted just above a pair of clavate and erect hairs. Head and waist pilosity as in workers. Pilosity of anterolateral margin of pronotum denser and longer than in workers. Whitish and subdecumbent, squamiform hairs close to humeral angles and surrounding the posterior limit of pronotum; short and sparse on the dorsum of mesoscutum; on the scutoscutellar sulcus axillae; on the dorsum of mesoscutellum; a suberect pair on the metanotal flange. Whitish erect to suberect and clavate hairs on each side of pronotum, one pair close to the pronotal suture; a pair on the metanotal flange; narrower and arranged in eight pairs on the dorsum of mesoscutum; one pair in each parapside; one on each lateral portion of axilla, one on the lateral margin of mesoscutellum. Hairs on gaster more abundant than on workers. In dorsal view, mesoscutum anteriorly rounded, slightly cuneiform, posterior margin slightly convex in the meeting with the scutellar suture; notauli indistinct; parapsidal lines narrow and inconspicuous, involved by the sculpture; shallow, parapsis rudimentary; tegula narrow, apical margin rounded. Prescutellum narrow; axillae projected posteriorly, rounded and slightly depressed. Scutellar sulcus well marked. Mesoscutellum transversely subrectangular, posterior limit concave. Dorsal face of propodeum strongly inclined. In lateral view, anapleural sulcus broader anteriorly at the connection with the epicnemial fossa, narrowing posteriorly. First gastral sternite with median region slightly projecting on its basal half. Forewing mostly conforming to type 2, transversal vein 1m-cu present as an appendage; hindwing with fix submedian hamuli.
Male
(n=2). HL 0.85–0.93, HW1 0.77–0.81, HW2 0.63–0.95, MdL 0.40–0.43, SL2 0.15–0.21, PDL 0.10–0.13, A3L 0.28–0.31, AFL 0.44–0.48, EL 0.30–0.33, EW 0.23–0.26, LOD 0.09, MOD 0.08–0.09, OOD 0.31–0.34, ML 1.43–1.59, MSL 0.75–0.85, MSW 0.70–0.78, MLL 0.30–0.34, MLW 0.43–0.48, MfL 1.15–1.25, MtL 0.83–0.88, PH 0.25–0.30, PL 0.63–0.70, PW 0.23–0.33, PPL 0.31–0.36, PPW 0.34–0.40, GL 1.36–1.50, GW 0.98–1.10, TL 5.01–5.41, CI 84–91, CS 0.81–0.87, MCI 44–47, SI 19–28, ESI 150–200, SAI 50–70, SAI2 34–50, EI1 0.65–0.71, EI2 80–124, MTI 87–98, MLI 136–141, MFI 61–67, PTI 231–250. (In bold: measurements suffered influence of prolegs partially covering compound eyes).
Size slightly smaller than the conspecific gyne. Color black; postpetiole and first gastral tergite disc brown; appendages yellowish to light brown. Apical portion of mandibles smooth and yellowish. Wings yellowish to brown. Mandible dorsa and apex with long and fine yellow hairs, semi-erect to subdecumbent, slightly longer on apical portion of mandibles. Head with two main types of hair: medium and fine, yellow and subdecumbent, primarily on the frontal disc of clypeus; long and whitish to yellowish (sometimes with a curved apex), present along the genal carina, on the vertexal margin, and the ventral surface. The second hair type widely present throughout the body: on mesosomal dorsum, waist, and gaster, exceptionally long on the ocellar region, on procoxae and dorsum of petiole. Antennomeres with short and yellowish appressed setae. Legs with medium and yellowish decumbent to decumbent setae.
Body uniformly punctuate-reticulate, sculpture varying on diameter and degree of impression. Apical portion of mandibles smooth and shiny. Irregular longitudinal rugae present in the neck to faintly on the vertex margin, close to occipital carina. Irregular transverse rugae on the dorsum of mesoscutellum, on the metakatepisternum and propodeum. Mesoanepisternum slightly darker, smooth and shiny over a little more than half its length; posteromedial portion of mesokatepisternum smooth and shiny. Dorsolateral rugae present on the anterior portion of petiolar node.
Head subpiriform; occipital margin wide and lamellar, medially concave. Palp formula 1,1; palpi slightly swollen and flattened on apical half; maxillary palp appears to be slightly longer and wider than labial. Mentum narrow and triangular. Stipes subrectangular. Labrum elongated, distal margin bilobed; approximately ten long setae present. Mandibles triangular, curved towards their apexes; masticatory margin with nine teeth of similar size. Clypeus with central disc convex, slightly elevated; lateral regions depressed; anterior margin lamellar and slightly concave. Postgenal carina present, shaped like a longitudinal line, smooth and shiny just after the supraclypeal region and extending posteriorly on the head until close to the upper limits of the antennal scrobes. Antennal arch medially expanded as swollen posterolateral lobe, completely hiding the antennal bulb in frontal view. Antenna pedicel longer than wide, third antennomere about three times longer than the pedicel. Eyes large and globular, protruding from the cephalic capsule. Ocelli caramel-colored, projected. Mesoscutum cuneiform in dorsal view, elongated anteriorly. Smooth and shiny carina present on the anteromedial region of mesoscutum, extending as a line near the dorsal margin. Notauli V-shaped, converging at the center of mesoscutellum and extending as a median longitudinal sulcus to the line of the scutellar suture. Parapsidal lines shiny; curved on its anterior portion, subparallel and directed anterolaterally to the parascutal flange. Parapsis oval. Transcutellar sulcus slightly angled medially. Axillae protruded, strongly curved posteriorly; hook-shaped. Anapleural suture broad, strongly impressed and scrobiculate—mesoanepisternum conspicuously elevated relative to mesokatepisternum. Scutoscutellar sutured narrower compared to other Basiceros males; smooth and with a median transverse carina. Mesoscutellum subrectangular; posteromedially depressed; posterior margin strongly concave and depressed. Metanotum with posterior margin lamellar. Propodeum armed with triangular, laminar projections. Propodeal lobes auricular. Calcar of strigil short and pectinate. Tarsal claws simple; short arolia present. Petiole claviform; in lateral view petiolar node low; petiolar spiracle projected in dorsal view. Subpetiolar process with anteriorly curved projection followed by 1–4 teeth or with lamella or both (as Brown (1974) mentioned: “very inconstant”). Postpetiole approximately half the length of petiole in lateral view. In dorsal view, petiolar node rounded. Forewing type 1 or type 2. Hindwing with six submedian hamuli.
Larva
(first description, based on three specimens). Approximate length through spiracles: 3.7 mm; profile pogonomyrmecoid: largest diameter near middle of abdominal region, thoracic region slender than abdominal region; curved ventrally. Anus ventral, anal opening weakly convex. Spiracles small. Integument of ventral region densely covered by spinules arranged in transverse rows. Pilosity moderately dense, denser near abdominal apex, sparse on the rest of the body; hairs long (0.10–0.30 mm), flexible and indented; alveolus and articular membrane present or not. Cranium suboctagonal, antennae very small. Clypeus protruded. Labrum bilobed, slightly wider than twice its length; ventral face densely spinulose; anteroventral margin of each lobe with about 4–5 rounded sensilla; anterodorsal border with two isolated short setae resembling trichoid sensilla. Mandibles pogonomyrmecoid, long and narrow, medially curved; apical tooth slightly curved and with rounded apex, separated from other teeth by conspicuous diastema; two protruding teeth projected from the basal margin; anteroventral margin with spiculae in short and arcuate subtransversal lines. Maxillae parabolic, dorsum with 4 setae, apex spinulose; maxillary palps digitiform, elongated and narrow, with three apical encapsulated sensilla and one spinulose lateral sensillum; galea digitiform, with two apical encapsulated sensilla. Labium covered by short transverse rows of spinules; those developed, capillary (about 0.02 mm) and densely covering the rest of labium surface; labial palp papillary, with five apical sensilla (two encapsulated and three with spinules); opening of sericeous gland transversal, bearing a short isolated sensillum on each side. Hypopharynx spinulose.
Type Material
Probst & Brandão (2022) - ECUADOR: Limoncocha & vic.: IX–XI.1964, H.R. Hermann col., n. (one worker—holotype; 4 workers, 2 males—paratypes) [MCZ 32179] (examined); (one alate gyne, one male—paratypes) [NHMB] (examined). COLOMBIA: Leticia: 7 km North of Leticia, 10–25.ii.1972, Stewart B. Peck & Jarmila Peck cols., (one worker—paratype) [ANIC] (examined).
Etymology
Probst & Brandão (2022) - from the Latin conjugant- (conjugans), present participle of the verb conjugare, meaning “connecting”, “uniting”. Such an epithet is undoubtedly a reference to the intermediate morphology of this species among the other taxa of the then considered separate genera Aspididris and Basiceros. When describing the species, Brown (1974) refers to B. conjugans as the “additional intergradient” and formally synonymizes Aspididris under Basiceros.
References
- Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
- Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. (page 80, catalogue)
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1974c. A supplement to the revision of the ant genus Basiceros (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 82: 131-140. (page 134, figs. 1, 2 worker, queen, male described)
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Delabie, J. H. C. 2000a. First record of Basiceros conjugans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Basicerotini) in Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop 48: 272 (page 272, record in Brazil)
- Probst, R.S., Brandão, C.R.F. 2022. A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 5149 (1): 1-75 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5149.1.1).
- Probst, R.S., Wray, B.D., Moreau, M.S. and Brandão CRF. 2019. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3(4): 1–12.
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- Alonso L., M. Kaspari, and A. Alonso. 2001. Assessment of the Ants of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru. Pp 87-93. In: Alsonso A, Dallmeier F, Campbell P, editors. Urubamba: The biodiversity of a Peruvian rainforest. SI/MAB Biodiversity Program-Smithsonian Institution. 204 p.
- Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412.
- Brown W. L. J. 1974. A supplement to the revision of the ant genus Basiceros (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 82: 131-140.
- Cover S. P., J. E. Tobin, and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The ant community of a tropical lowland rainforest site in Peruvian Amazonia. Pp. 699-700 in: Veeresh, G. K.; Mallik, B.; Viraktamath, C. A. (eds.) 1990. Social insects and the environment. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of IUSSI, 1990. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., xxxi + 765 pp.
- Delabie J. H. C. 2000. First record of Basiceros conjugans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Basicerotini) in Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 272.
- Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
- Mertl A. L., J. F. A. Traniello, K. Ryder Wilkie, and R. Constantino. 2012. Associations of two ecologically significant social insect taxa in the litter of an amazonian rainforest: is there a relationship between ant and termite species richness? Psyche doi:10.1155/2012/312054
- Probst R. S., B. D. Wray, C. S. Moreau, and C. R. F. Brandao. 2019. A phylogenetic analysis of the dirt ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): inferring life histories through morphological convergence. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3(4): 1–12.
- Probst da Silva R. 2015. Revisao taxonomica e analise filogenetica de Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Formicidae, Myrmicinae, Basicerotini). Master Thesis Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo. 263 pages.