Tetraponera rufonigra

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Tetraponera rufonigra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Pseudomyrmecinae
Genus: Tetraponera
Species: T. rufonigra
Binomial name
Tetraponera rufonigra
(Jerdon, 1851)

Tetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 profile 1.jpg

Tetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms

The species nests in cavities in dead and living wood, and the workers can be rather aggressive (Bingham 1903). A colony that I encountered at Mandai, Singapore was occupying live beetle-bored branches of Sonneratia ovata and also extended into cavities in the bole of the tree. In Bangalore, India I found a nest in the primary stem of a Santalum album sapling. The nest inside the live stem conformed to the presumed burrows of a beetle larva (most likely a cerambycid), but also contained incomplete septa, apparently made of dirt that appeared to have been added by the Tetraponera workers. The nest in the Santalum sapling contained workers, eggs, larvae and a large, mature coccid. (Ward 2001)

At a Glance • Limited invasive  

Photo Gallery

  • Tetraponera rufonigra worker, Malaysia, Nicholas Tan (3).jpg
  • Tetraponera rufonigra worker, Malaysia, Nicholas Tan (1).jpg
  • Tetraponera rufonigra worker, Malaysia, Nicholas Tan (2).jpg
  • Tetraponera rufonigra alate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.

Identification

Ward (2001) - This species can be recognised by the traits listed in the species-group diagnosis and in the key. Although no type specimens of Tetraponera rufonigra are currently known to exist, the species is so distinctive that its identity has never been in doubt. It shows modest variation in integument sculpture (especially the sheen of the head), petiole shape (see range of PLI and PWI values), and pilosity (see CSC and MSC values). More striking is the variation in the color of the mesosoma and petiole-these parts of the body are usually a light orange-brown that contrasts strongly with the dark head and gaster, thereby imparting a bicolored appearance. But in some populations, especially those from Sri Lanka, the middle part of the body can be heavily infuscated. The darkest Sri Lankan workers are essentially unicolored (the basis of Forel's “variety” ceylonensis).

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent, and ranges through Southeast Asia as far south as Sumatra and Java. There is also an introduced population in the Seychelles.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 32.6528° to -18.41666667°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Indo-Australian Region: Indonesia, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Singapore.
Malagasy Region: Seychelles.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Island, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Habitat

Ward (2001) - Habitats occupied by T. rufonigra include semideciduous woodland, mangrove, urban parkland, gardens, and “degraded coastal hill forest”.

Biology

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis craccivora (a trophobiont) (Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019).

Castes

MCZ ENT Tetraponera rufonigra hef3-2.jpgMCZ ENT Tetraponera rufonigra hal1-25.jpgMCZ ENT Tetraponera rufonigra had1-25.jpgMCZ ENT Tetraponera rufonigra lbs.jpg
. Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Tetraponera rufonigra casent0103294 dorsal 2.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103294. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.
Tetraponera rufonigra casent0103311 head 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103311 profile 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103311 dorsal 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103311 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103311. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tetraponera rufonigra casent0103312 head 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103312 profile 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103312 profile 2.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103312 dorsal 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103312 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0103312. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 head 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 profile 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 dorsal 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0106099 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0106099. Photographer Michael Branstetter, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

Images from AntWeb

Tetraponera rufonigra casent0103294 head 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103294 profile 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103294 dorsal 1.jpgTetraponera rufonigra casent0103294 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103294. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • rufonigra. Eciton rufonigrum Jerdon, 1851: 111 (w.) INDIA. Smith, F. 1875: 35 (q.). Combination in Pseudomyrma: Smith, F. 1858b: 159; in Sima: Roger, 1863b: 25; Emery, 1921f: 24; in Tetraponera: Smith, F. 1877b: 68; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1015; Ward, 1990: 489. Senior synonym of ceylonensis, testaceonigra, yeensis: Ward, 2001: 649. See also: Bingham, 1903: 108.
  • yeensis. Sima rufonigra var. yeensis Forel, 1902c: 248 (q.) MYANMAR. Combination in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 82. Junior synonym of rufonigra: Ward, 2001: 649.
  • testaceonigra. Sima rufonigra var. testaceonigra Forel, 1903d: 402 (w.) INDIA (Nicobar Is). Combination in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 82. Junior synonym of rufonigra: Ward, 2001: 649.
  • ceylonensis. Sima rufonigra var. ceylonensis Forel, 1909e: 394 (w.q.) SRI LANKA. Combination in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 81. Junior synonym of rufonigra: Ward, 2001: 649.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Ward (2001) - HW 1.62-2.07, HL 1.76-2.37, LHT 1.52-2.04, CI 0.87-0.95, FCI 0.13-0.16, REL 0.31-0.34, REL2 0.35-0.37, SI 0.58-0.63, SI3 1.61-1.74, FI 0.30-0.36, PLI 0.46-0.53, PWI 0.43-0.52, PDI 0.99-1.03, LHT/HW 0.86-0.98, CSC 12-24, MSC 20-66.

Large species, with broad head (CI >0.85); masticatory margin of mandible with five teeth; anteromedial lobe of clypeus narrow but prominently protruding; distance between frontal carinae exceeding maximum scape width; eyes relatively small; ocelli well developed; profemur slender (FI <0.38); pronotum with lateral margins well developed, and with humeri angulate, when seen in dorsal view; mesonotum descending suddenly to mesopropodeal impression, latter moderately long, consisting of a rugulose transverse furrow, flanked by low tubercles (containing metanotal spiracles); propodeum about as high as wide, dorsal face broad and flattened, and rounding gradually into the shorter declivitous face; petiole with short anterior peduncle and somewhat elongate and flattened node; anteroventral petiolar tooth usually prominent, directed ventrad; petiole varying from about 1.9-2.3x longer than broad; postpetiole longer than broad; metabasitarsal sulcus well developed, occupying about 0.7-0.8x length of the metabasitarsus; mesobasitarsal sulcus also present, occupying 0.5-0.6x length of mesobasitarsus. Head densely punctate; punctures separated by their diameters or less, interspaces sublucid to subopaque; mesosoma and petiole densely punctate to rugulopunctate, subopaque; punctures finer on postpetiole and gaster, and integument correspondingly shinier. Standing pilosity abundant on most of body (see CSC and MSC values), including mesonotum and propodeum; appressed pubescence common, moderately dense on abdominal tergite IV Head and gaster dark brown to brownish-black, mesosoma and petiole usually a constrastingly lighter orange-brown, postpetiole variable (less commonly mesosoma and petiole darker, approaching color of head and gaster); mandibles, antennae, protibia and tarsi medium-brown to yellowish-brown.

Type Material

Ward (2001) - Syntypes, workers, southern India [apparently lost]. Original description: “very common in the Carnatic, less so in Malabar”.

References

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