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Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis
| Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Attini |
| Genus: | Mycetomoellerius |
| Species: | M. jamaicensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis (André, 1893)
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| Subspecies | |
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| Synonyms | |
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A fungus growing ant that occurs in southeastern Florida and on numerous Caribbean islands.
Identification
A member of the jamaicensis species group. Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis is a unique species in the context of the US American fauna. No other Mycetomoellerius shows the combination of large body size, dark coloration, almost quadrate head shape, antennal scrobes extending to posterior corners of head, long scapes, and four tuberculate longitudinal ridges on the first gastric tergite. (Rabeling et al. 2007)
Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão (2007) - Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis presents noticeable variation in color and several morphological characters. In relation to the typical Jamaican form, specimens from Haiti, Cuba, and Florida are darker and present more slender and a little longer lateral pronotal spines. Specimens from the Bahamas may have, in relation to the other localities, very slender lateral pronotal spines, relatively short projections on the tip of frontal and preocular carinae, as well as smaller second mesonotal projection pair, thinner occipital projections, and longer petioles. Some specimens from Cuba and Puerto Rico also present relatively long petioles. Workers from Cuba and Florida may have two midpronotal teeth, and in the case of some Florida specimens, arising from separate bases. All Florida specimens present mesosomal projections stouter than in other samples and more expanded frontal lobes in relation to specimens from other localities, but agree in all other details with the description we provide above.
Santos et al. (2025) provide a multi-entry interactive key based on the xper3 platform which contains 27 characters and, as terminals, 30 species of Mycetomoellerius, representing almost all described species except for Mycetomoellerius echinus, Mycetomoellerius gaigei and Mycetomoellerius guianensis, which are excluded due to lack of clear information or available specimens for study.
Keys including this Species
Distribution
In the United States M. jamaicensis occurs only in southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, but it is also widely distributed through much of the Caribbean (see distribution map). Smith (1954) suggested that Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis is a non-native species that was recently introduced from the Caribbean, whereas Deyrup (1994) argues for an early, natural introduction because of morphological differences between the Florida and Caribbean populations. A thorough study of population genetics and morphology would be required to test these hypotheses. (Rabeling et al. 2007)
The first published record of this West Indian species in Florida is Smith 1951. His note says, "introduced?" On the one hand, this is a large conspicuous ant that one might expect to have been found earlier if it had been present. On the other hand, it is only common in a few places in tropical Florida, and it does not seem to occur in heavily disturbed or cultivated areas, either in the Keys or in the Bahamas, so it may have been displaced by the early attempts at agriculture. There is a hypothesis that it may have been affected by spraying for mosquitos (Deyrup et al. 1988). The nests are deep and it is unlikely that they would be in containers of plants. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 27.08° to 16.251°.
| North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Bahamas, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Greater Antilles, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica (type locality), Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
| Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
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Estimated Abundance
| Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
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Habitat
In Florida, M. jamaicensis inhabits coastal tropical hardwood hammocks on shallow, sandy, coralline-rock-derived soils. Also see the biology section below for habitat related information for Haiti.
Biology
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Worker from Las Caobas Ecological Park, San Cristóbal, República Dominicana. Video by Judá Isaí Martínez Uribe.
From Rabeling et al. (2007): "Nests usually have several chambers; Weber (1967) found eight chambers in a colony excavated in the Bahamas. Based on partial nest excavations, Wheeler (1905, 1907) estimated that M. jamaicensis colonies contain 150 to several hundred workers. Due to the increasing urbanization of the coastline, Deyrup (1994) considers M. jamaicensis potentially endangered in Florida, which would give M. jamaicensis the distinction of being the first endangered fungus-growing ant species (IUCN 2006)."
Regional Notes
Bahamas
Wheeler (1905): This species is common on both Andros and New Providence Islands. On the former it was seen wherever I landed and searched for it - at Big Wood Key, Mangrove Key, and on several of the uncharted keys along the course of the Southern Bight and about Crawl Creek. In New Providence I found it only near Fort Charlotte. It prefers to nest in the pure foraminiferous sand of the seashore at or just above high-water mark. Its nests, which are inconspicuous and are most readily found by tracking foraging workers, are surmounted by a very flat moundlet 1 - 1 1/2 ft. across, with a single somewhat excentric entrance 1/3 - 1/4 in. in diameter. This opening leads down into a chamber about as large as an egg some 8 in. below the surface, and this is apparently connected at a lower level with other similar chambers, which, however, are reached through crevices in the aeolian limestone, and cannot be excavated with the trowel. In one of the superficial chambers I unearthed a poorly developed fungus garden, closely resembling that of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis. Like this species jamaicensis collects buds, small flowers, bits of dead and living leaves, and caterpillar excrement as a substratum for its gardens. When rudely touched the workers fall over and 'feign death.' There are hardly more than 150 ants in a colony. At first I was inclined to believe that the species must be restricted to the sea beaches, but on walking inland about two miles from All Saints' Rectory at Mangrove Key, I found it nesting also in the clearings among the 'coppets,' wherever a small amount of soil in the cavities of the rough limestone has induced locals to plant maize, etc. Here the ants were busily engaged in cutting and collecting bits of green maize leaf, after the manner of the species of Atta sensu stricto. In other places, like Fort Charlotte, N. P., the ants were nesting in the dry, shady 'coppets,' but here, too, they inhabit inaccessible nests in the ubiquitous limestone.
Haiti
Wheeler and Mann (1914): "This ant forms rather large colonies. At Manneville it was found nesting in dry, sandy soil on the plain near Lake Assuei. Here the insects had thrown up broad, low craters about the nest entrances. In other localities the nests were in more humid situations. In all cases, however, they were in the shade. The ants collect small pieces of leaves, buds and other vegetable substances as a substratum for the fungus which they cultivate, as has been shown by the senior author in a former paper (The Fungus Growing Ants of North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Rist., XXII, 1907, p. 760). The workers are diurnal but seem to prefer the late afternoon for foraging. "
Castes
Worker
   
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Queen
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Male
Images from AntWeb
   
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| Male (alate). Specimen code casent0102744. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA. |
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Phylogeny
| Mycetomoellerius |
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Based on Micolino et al., 2020 (selected species only).
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- jamaicensis. Atta (Acromyrmex) jamaicensis André, 1893b: 149 (w.) JAMAICA.
- Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 713 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. 1949: 674 (l.).
- Combination in Atta (Trachymyrmex): Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 712.
- Combination in Trachymyrmex: Gallardo, 1916b: 242.
- Combination in Mycetomoellerius: Solomon et al., 2019: 948.
- Senior synonym of cubaensis, frontalis, maritima, sharpii: Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007: 13.
- Current subspecies: nominal plus antiguensis. See also: Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 41; Rabeling, Cover, et al. 2007: 11.
- sharpii. Atta (Trachymyrmex) sharpii Forel, 1893g: 372 (w.) ANTILLES. Combination in Trachymyrmex: Kempf, 1972a: 254. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 712. Revived from synonymy: Kempf, 1972a: 254. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007: 13.
- maritima. Atta (Trachymyrmex) maritima Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 107, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8 (w.) BAHAMAS. Combination in Trachymyrmex: Kempf, 1972a: 253. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 712. Revived from synonymy as subspecies of jamaicensis: Mann, 1920: 428. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007: 13.
- frontalis. Trachymyrmex jamaicensis var. frontalis Santschi, 1925d: 238 (w.) HAITI. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007: 13.
- cubaensis. Trachymyrmex jamaicensis subsp. cubaensis Wheeler, W.M. 1937b: 459 (w.) CUBA. Junior synonym of jamaicensis: Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007: 13.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão (2007) - (n = 10). TL 5.3 (4.5–5.7); DHL 1.42 (1.23–1.49); HW 1.38 (1.25–1.48); IFW 0.83 (0.69–0.94); ScL 1.17 (1.08–1.31); HWL 0.86 (0.78–0.92); MeL 2.03 (1.75–2.18); PL 0.42 (0.32–0.48); PPL 0.53 (0.45–0.58); GL 1.48 (1.23–1.58); HfL 2.04 (1.75–2.18).
Dark ferruginous, with lighter spots on coxae and inferior margin of pronotum; in most specimens, the head and gaster are darker than the rest of the body. Integument opaque and finely granu lose. Pilosity: scarce very short curved hairs confined to body projections, more abundant on antennal scapes and gaster tip.
Head, in full face view (Fig. 19), from a little longer than broad to a little broader than long (DCI average 100; 92–117). Outer border of mandible feebly sinuous; eight teeth on chewing border, gradually diminishing in size towards base. Clypeus median apron without conspicuous projections. Frontal area shallowly impressed. Frontal lobe semicircular, moderately approximate to moderately expanded (FLI average 60; 50–67), with faintly crenulated free border, lacking prominent denticles on the antero-lateral border. Frontal carina moderately diverging caudad, reaching the antennal scrobe posterior end in a small tooth at the posterior margin of head; preocular carina posteriorly ending in the posterior margin of head as a stout blunt spine larger than the frontal carinae projections. Occipital spine slender and as long as the preocular carinae projections. Supraocular projection tuberculiform. Paired denticulate vertexal carinae indicated by a series of weakly connected piligerous denticles, flanking the shallowly impressed sagital furrow, which in front joins the transverse impression of frons behind the frontal area. Inferior corner of occiput, in side view, with a small denticulate ridge. Eye convex, weakly surpassing the head lateral border, with 13 facets in a row across the greatest diameter. Antennal scape, when lodged in the scrobe, projecting beyond the tip of the preocular carinae projections by nearly one fourth of its length; gradually thickened towards apex, covered with small piligerous tubercles.
Mesosoma (Figs. 20, 21). Pronotal dorsum marginate in front and on sides; antero-inferior corner with a strong and blunt tooth; inferior margin smooth; pair of median pronotal teeth absent or, when present, very small and arising from a common or separate bases, their tip microtuberculated or acute, not projected above the tip of the stronger lateral pronotal spines, which point obliquely upwards (with the pronotum in frontal view). Anterior pair of mesonotal spines nearly of the same length of the lateral pronotal pojections, with more robust base and upward directed; the second smaller, but much stronger than the almost always absent third pair. Anterior margin of katepisternum smooth, without a projecting tooth. Metanotal constriction impressed. Basal face of propodeum laterally marginated by a row of two denticles on each side; propodeal spines as long as the distance between their inner bases. Hind femora varying from a little shorter to a little longer than mesosoma length.
Waist and gaster (Figs. 20, 22). Dorsum of petiolar node with one pair of truncate teeth, the sides parallel in dorsal view, with a series of lateral denticles; sternum without sagital keel. Postpetiole almost as long as broad in dorsal view, and shallowly impressed dorsally, with straight postero-dorsal border. Gaster, when seen from above, suboval. Tergum I with convex lateral faces separated from the dorsal face by a weak longitudinal row of piligerous tubercles on each side; anterior two thirds of dorsum with three glabrous shallow longitudinal furrows, separated by a pair of rows of piligerous tubercles. Sternum I without an anterior sagital keel.
Rabeling et al. (2007): HL 1.2–1.35, HW 1.35–1.45, CI 107–113, SL 1.2–1.25, SI 86–89, ML 2–2.1. A large, relatively slender species with relatively long antennae and legs. Antennal scapes surpass posterior corners of head by 1–2 times their maximum diameter. Head shape slightly longer than broad (CI 107–113) in full-face view, sides subparallel behind the eyes, slightly tapering anteriorly between the eyes and mandibular insertions. Posterior margin moderately concave. Clypeus with row of coarse, long hairs on anterior margin, projecting forwards over the dorsal surface of the mandibles; in side view a few shorter erect hairs often present posterior to the anterior row. Preocular carinae relatively short, stopping at about 1/3 the distance between eye and posterior corner of head, always subparallel to frontal carinae, not traversing antennal scrobe. Frontal carinae long, reaching back to posterior corner of head. Antennal scrobe well developed but shallow, extending above the posterior margin of the head as a small tooth. In full-face view, frontal lobes broad, rounded, symmetrical in shape. Anterolateral promesonotal tooth long, thin, sharply pointed, projecting forward and upwards. Propodeal teeth sharply pointed, variable in size, approximately as long as the distance between their bases. Head and mesosoma sparsely tuberculate, with small tuberculi bearing short, fine, recurved setae. In full-face view, two ridges are present on the posterior third of head, between the frontal carinae. Gaster strongly tuberculate, in dorsal view tuberculi form four more or less distinct longitudinal ridges on first gastric tergite. Color dark reddish-black or gray-black, appendages and two petiolar segments usually a lighter reddish-brown.
Queen
Rabeling et al. (2007): HL 1.25, HW 1.6–1.7, CI 128–136, SL 1.15–1.2, SI 68–75, ML 2–2.05. As in worker diagnosis but with typical caste-specific mesosomal morphology related to wing-bearing and head with small ocelli. In dorsal view, dorsolateral pronotal teeth large and conspicuous, sharp, narrowly triangular. Ventrolateral pronotal teeth large, lobelike (rarely triangular). Mesoscutum with coarse, longitudinal, finely tuberculate rugulae; tuberculi bearing short, stiff, slightly recurved suberect setae. Posterior portion of scutellum bearing two prominent lobelike teeth projecting posteriorly. Pronotal sides, mesopleura, and propodeum with only a few miniscule tuberculi, if any.
Male
Rabeling et al. (2007): HL 0.72–0.75, HW 0.69–0.75, CI 96–100, SL 0.87–0.99, SI 121–139, ML 2.1–2.4. A comparatively large male with relatively long appendages and antennal scapes. Posterior corners of head much rounded in full-face view, ocelli very large, elevated above remainder of head, forming a short, vertical “turret” in side view. Dorsolateral pronotal teeth unique, taking the form of thin, needlelike spines. Ventrolateral teeth absent. Gaster finely tuberculate, each tubercle bearing a short erect to suberect more or less recurved seta.
Type Material
Two syntype workers, repository unknown [not examined]. (Rabeling et al. 2007).
André (1893) described this species from two undated T. jamaicensis workers collected by M. Fox in Jamaica.
Etymology
Named after the island where the types were collected.
References
- André, E. 1893b. Description de quatre espèces nouvelles de fourmis d'Amérique. Rev. Entomol. (Caen) 12: 148-152.
- Deyrup, M. (1994) Jamaican fungus ant Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André). In: Deyrup, M. & Franz, R. (Eds.), Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Volume IV. Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 719–721 pp.
- Deyrup, M., Davis, L. & Cover, S. 2000. Exotic ants in Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 126, 293-325.
- Gallardo, A. 1916c. Notas acerca de la hormiga Trachymyrmex pruinosus Emery. An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. B. Aires 28: 241-252 (page 242, Combination in Trachymyrmex)
- IUCN (2006) 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (access date: 23 March 2007).
- Mayhé-Nunes, A.J., Brandão, C.R.F. 2007. Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa. 1444:1-21 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1444.1.1).
- Mera-Rodríguez, D., Serna, F., Sosa-Calvo, J., Lattke, J., Rabeling, C. 2020. A checklist of the non-leaf-cutting fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Colombia, with new biogeographic records. Check List 16, 1205–1227 (doi:10.15560/16.5.1205).
- Meurgey, F. 2020. Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography. Insecta Mundi 786: 1–183.
- Rabeling C, Cover SP, Mueller UG & Johnson RA. 2007. A review of the North American species of the fungus-gardening ant genus Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1664:1-54.
- Santos, C.D.A.D., Chaul, J.C.M., Serrao, J.E. 2025. Taxonomic contributions to Mycetomoellerius Solomon et al., 2019 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae): description of two new species and a key for the genus. Zootaxa 5569(1), 93–118 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.3)
- Smith, M. R. (1954) Ants of the Bimini Island group, Bahamas, British West Indies (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). American Museum Novitates, 1671, 1–16.
- Solomon, S.E., Rabeling, C., Sosa-Calvo, J., Lopes, C.T., Rodrigues, A., Vasconcelos, H.L., Bacci Jr, M., Mueller, U.G., Schultz, T.R. 2019. The molecular phylogenetics of Trachymyrmex Forel ants and their fungal cultivars provide insights into the origin and coevolutionary history of ‘higher-attine’ ant agriculture. Systematic Entomology 44: 939-956 (doi:10.1111/syen.12370).
- Weber, N.A. (1967) The fungus-growing ant, Trachymyrmex jamaicensis, on Bimini Island, Bahamas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News, 28, 107–109.
- Wetterer, J.K. 2021. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of St. Vincent, West Indies. Sociobiology 68, e6725 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v68i2.6725).
- Wheeler, G. C. 1949 [1948]. The larvae of the fungus-growing ants. Am. Midl. Nat. 40: 664-689 (page 674, larva described)
- Wheeler, W. M. (1905) The ants of the Bahamas, with a list of the known West Indian species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21, 79-135.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1907d. The fungus-growing ants of North America. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23: 669-807 (page 712, Combination in Atta (Trachymyrmex); page 713, queen, male described)
- Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1914. The ants of Haiti. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 33: 1-61.(page 41, see also)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
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- André E. 1893. Description de quatre espèces nouvelles de fourmis d'Amérique. Rev. Entomol. (Caen) 12: 148-152.
- Deyrup M., C. Johnson, G. C. Wheeler, J. Wheeler. 1989. A preliminary list of the ants of Florida. Florida Entomologist 72: 91-101
- Deyrup M., L. Davis, and S. Buckner. 1998. Composition of the ant fauna of three Bahamian islands. Proceedings of the seventh symposium on the natural history of the Bahamas. 23-32. Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador, Bahamas
- Deyrup, M. 2003. An updated list of Florida ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist 86(1):43-48.
- Fernández Triana J. L., J. L. Fontenla, E. Portuondo Ferrer, and J. A. Genaro. 2005. Especies de himenópteros registrados en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba, 17-22 de junio del 2003 y 2-10 de febrero del 2004. In Maceira F., D., A.Fong G., W. S. Alverson, y/and T. Wachter, eds. 2005. Cuba: Parque Nacional La Bayamesa. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 13. The Field Museum, Chicago.
- Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
- Field Museum Collection, Chicago, Illinois (C. Moreau)
- Fontanla Rizo J.L. 1997. Lista preliminar de las hormigas de Cuba. Cocuyo 6: 18-21.
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- Fontenla Rizo J. L. 1993. Mirmecofauna de Isla de la Juventud y de algunos cayos del archipielago cubano. Poeyana. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba 444:1-7.
- Fontenla Rizo J. L. 1997. Lista preliminar de las hormigas de Cuba (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Cocuyo 6: 18-21.
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- Jaffe, Klaus and Lattke, John. 1994. Ant Fauna of the French and Venezuelan Islands in the Caribbean in Exotic Ants, editor D.F. Williams. 182-190.
- Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
- Kusnezov N. 1963. Zoogeografia de las hormigas en sudamerica. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 19: 25-186
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- Perez-Gelabert D. E. 2008. Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): A checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa 1831:1-530.
- Portuondo E. F., and J. L. Reyes. 2002. Mirmecofauna de los macizos montañosos de Sierra Maestra y Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa. Cocuyo 12: 10-13
- Portuondo E. F., and J. L. Reyes. 2006. Species of hymenopterans recorded in Siboney-Juticí Ecological Reserve, Santiago de Cuba Province, compiled from collections during the rapid inventory of 27-28 September 2002. Fong G., A., D. Maceira F., W. S. Alverson, y / and J. M. Shopland, eds. 2005. Cuba: Siboney-Juticí. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 10. The Field Museum, Chicago.
- Portuondo Ferrer E., and J. L. Fernández Triana. 2005. Species of hymenopterans (bees, wasps, and ants) recorded in Alejandro de Humboldt National Park, from literature records, revision of the collection at BIOECO, and collections before and during the rapid inventory, 12-22 February 2004. In Fong G., A., D. Maceira F., W. S. Alverson, y/and T. Wachter, eds. 2005. Cuba: Parque Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 14. The Field Museum, Chicago.
- Portuondo Ferrer, E. and J. Fernandez Triana. Biodiversidad del orden Hymenoptera en Los Macizos Montanosos de Cuba Oriental. Boletin S.E.A. 35:121-136.
- Rabeling C., S. P. Cover, R. A. Johnson, and U. G. Mueller. 2007. A review of the North American species of the fungus-gardening ant genus Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1664: 1-53
- Reyes, J. L. "Inventario de la colección de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba." Boletín de la Sociedad Aragonesa 36 (2005): 279-283.
- Rojas M. L. 2012. Fauna de insectos en cayos del golfo de Ana María, Cuba. Rev. Invest. Mar. 32(2): 66-72.
- Santschi F. 1925. Nouveaux Formicides brésiliens et autres. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 65: 221-247.
- Smith M. R. 1937. The ants of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 20: 819-875.
- Smith, Marion R. 1954. Ants of the Bimini Island Group, Bahamas, British West Indies. American Museum of Natural History. 1671. 1-16.
- Snelling R. 1993. Ants of Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Notes From Underground 8: 11-12.
- Solomon S. E., C. Rabeling, J. Sosa-Calvo, C. Lopes, A. Rodrigues, H. L. Vasconcelos, M. Bacci, U. G. Mueller, and T. R. Schultz. 2019. The molecular phylogenetics of Trachymyrmex Forel ants and their fungal cultivars provide insights into the origin and coevolutionary history of ‘higher-attine’ ant agriculture. Systematic Entomology 44: 939–956.
- Torres, Juan A. and Roy R. Snelling. 1997. Biogeography of Puerto Rican ants: a non-equilibrium case?. Biodiversity and Conservation 6:1103-1121.
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