Dorylus laevigatus

Dorylus laevigatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Dorylinae
Genus:	Dorylus
Species:	D. laevigatus
Binomial name
Dorylus laevigatus (Smith, F., 1857) Specimen Labels
Synonyms
Dichthadia glaberrima Gerstäcker, 1863 Dorylus breviceps Emery, 1889 Dorylus klugi Emery, 1887

Identification

A member of the Dorylus laevigatus-group.

Highly polymorphic. Number of antennal segments varying allometrically from 10 to 12. Concolorous yellow brown. (Wilson 1964)

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 5.809722222° to -6.966667°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Indo-Australian Region: Borneo (type locality), Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore.
Oriental Region: India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Castes

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0249441. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Worker. Specimen code casent0249442. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Syntype of Dorylus laevigatus. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0902696. Photographer Z. Lieberman, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.

Syntype of Dorylus breviceps. Worker. Specimen code casent0903709. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Wilson 1964 Army Ant fig 1-14

Phylogeny

Relationships among selected Dorylus species based on Kronauer et al. (2007).

Dorylus

Dorylus laevigatus Dorylus conradti Dorylus orientalis Dorylus fimbriatus laevipodex Dorylus fulvus Dorylus spininodis Dorylus mayri Dorylus nigricans rubellus Dorylus nigricans molestus Dorylus nigricans terrificus Dorylus wilverthi Dorylus nigricans burmeisteri Dorylus nigricans sjostedti Dorylus nigricans arcens Dorylus nigricans Dorylus emeryi Dorylus gerstaeckeri Dorylus gribodoi Dorylus kohli Dorylus emeryi opacus Dorylus braunsi Dorylus affinis Dorylus helvolus

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• laevigatus. Typhlopone laevigata Smith, F. 1857a: 70 (w.) BORNEO (East Malaysia: Sarawak).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Malaysia: Borneo, Sarawak (A.R. Wallace).
  • Type-depository: BMNH.
  • [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 449, could not fine these specimens in OXUM. However, there are 3 syntype workers in BMNH, labelled “SAR”.]
  • [Misspelled as laeviceps by Smith, F. 1862a: 49; misspelled as levigata by Roger, 1863b: 20, Emery, 1901c: 186, and others.]
  • Forel, 1901a: 464 (q.m.).
  • Combination in Dorylus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 12;
  • combination in Dorylus (Dichthadia): Emery, 1895j: 729.
  • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 112; Roger, 1861a: 45; Smith, F. 1862a: 49; Mayr, 1862: 737; Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 457; Mayr, 1867a: 91 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 324; Mayr, 1872: 151; Emery, 1887b: 449; Emery, 1888b: 350; Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1893g: 259; Emery, 1895j: 729; Emery, 1895k: 453; Emery, 1900d: 661; Forel, 1901a: 464; Emery, 1901c: 186; Emery, 1901g: 566; Bingham, 1903: 3; Forel, 1909d: 221; Emery, 1910b: 8; Forel, 1912d: 104; Forel, 1913k: 20; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 61; Santschi, 1920h: 160; Santschi, 1924c: 97; Wheeler, W.M. 1924b: 239; Karavaiev, 1926d: 422; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 448; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 21; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 35; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 26; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 22; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 26.
  • Senior synonym of breviceps: Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1895j: 729; Emery, 1895k: 453; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179.
  • Senior synonym of glaberrima: Emery, 1888b: 350; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Emery, 1910b: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 161; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 61; Santschi, 1931d: 407; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179.
  • Senior synonym of klugi: Emery, 1888b: 350; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Emery, 1910b: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 61; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179.
  • Distribution: China, India, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
• breviceps. Dorylus (Typhlopone) breviceps Emery, 1889b: 488 (w.) MYANMAR.
  • Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: Myanmar (“Birmania”): Tenasserim, Kawkareet (L. Fea).
  • Type-depository: MSNG.
  • Combination in D. (Dichthadia): Emery, 1895j: 729.
  • Subspecies of laevigatus: Emery, 1910b: 9; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 110; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9.
  • Junior synonym of laevigatus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1895j: 729; Emery, 1895k: 453; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 178.
• glaberrima. Dichthadia glaberrima Gerstäcker, 1863: 93, pl. 1, fig. 2 (q.) INDONESIA (Java).
  • Type-material: holotype queen.
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Java (no further data).
  • Type-depository: unknown (“Mus. Berol.”).
  • Combination in Dorylus (Dichthadia): Emery, 1888b: 345.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 407; Roger, 1863b: 42; Dalla Torre, 1893: 10; Emery, 1895j: 729.
  • Junior synonym of laevigatus: Emery, 1888b: 350; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Emery, 1910b: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 161; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 61; Santschi, 1931d: 407; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179.
• klugi. Dorylus klugi Emery, 1887b: 448, pl. 1, fig. 10 (m.) INDONESIA (Sumatra) (attributed to Hagenbach).
  • Type-material: holotype male.
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Sumatra, Padan Panjan, Mt Singalang (O. Beccari).
  • Type-depository: MSNG.
  • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1895j: 729; Forel, 1901h: 47.
  • Junior synonym of laevigatus: Emery, 1888b: 350; Forel, 1901a: 464; Bingham, 1903: 3; Emery, 1910b: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 61; Wilson, 1964a: 440; Bolton, 1995b: 179.

Description

Worker

Major

Smith (1857): Chestnut-red: smooth and shining, longitudinally channeled, slightly interrupted, in some examples, near the margin of the vertex; the inner margin, and apex of the mandibles, black. Thorax: a slightly impressed channel in front; the peduncle narrowed and rounded in front; the abdomen and legs rather paler than the head, the margins of the segments slightly constricted.

Bingham (1930): Castaneous brown, smooth and shining, punctures very small and sparse. Head rectangular, much longer than broad, the occiput emarginate, the front of the head bearing a short medial longitudinally impressed line or furrow. Thorax short, flat above, about as long as the head; legs short, robust. Node of the pedicel much broader than long, anteriorly with a gradual slope forwards, posteriorly vertical; abdomen massive, somewhat lighter in colour than the head and thorax.

Length: 8 mm

Minor

Smith (1857): About half the size, pale testaceous, and more abruptly truncated on the thorax.

Bingham (1930): Similar, smaller, much lighter in colour.

Length: 4 - 5 mm

Queen

Bingham (1903): Apterous, reddish brown, smooth and shining. Head broad, transverse, destitute of eyes or ocelli; the mandibles narrow, sickle-shaped; antennae short, geniculated; the flagellum 11-jointed: thorax somewhat narrow and constricted; legs short and feeble, claws simple; pedicel with a trapezoidal node, broader than long, widely separated from the 1st abdominal segment; abdomen very long, heavy and massive. (After Gerstäcker)

Length: 32 mm

Male

Bingham (1903): Dusky brownish yellow, with a long, fairly abundant, semierect covering: of yellow hairs, and beneath it, especially on the abdomen, a pale sericeous pubescence; head and scape of the antennae fuscous black or brown, flagellum of the antennae, mandibles, and legs castaneous; wings hyaline with a fulvous brownish tint. Head short, transverse, the region of the ocelli only slightly raised. Thorax gibbous in front; mesonotum very convex; scutellutn prominent, the apex bearing a longitudinal impression; metanotum rounded posteriorly; legs very short. Node of pedicel broader than long, very convex and rounded above; abdomen massive, robust, curved downwards, clavate towards the apex.

Length: 24 mm

References

• Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 3, see also)
• Borowiec, M.L. 2019. Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 68, 642–656 (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy088).
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 12, Senior synonym of breviceps)
• Dias, R.K.S., Rajapaksa, R.P.K.C. 2017. Geographic records of subfamilies, genera and species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the four climatic zones of Sri Lanka: A review. Journal of Science of the University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka 11, 23-45. (doi:10.4038/josuk.v11i2.7999).
• Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 729, Combination in Dorylus (Dichthadia), Senior synonym of breviceps)
• Emery, C. 1895m. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXIII. Formiche di Birmania del Tenasserim e dei Monti Carin raccolte da L. Fea. Parte II. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 34[=(2(14): 450-483 (page 453, see also)
• Forel, A. 1901a. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part VIII. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 462-477 (page 464, queen, male described, Senior synonym of klugi and glaberrima)
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• Kronauer, D. J. C.; Schöning, C.; Vilhelmsen, L. B.; Boomsma, J. J. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: Article 56 (doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-56).
• Liu, C., Fischer, G., Hita Garcia, F., Yamane, S., Liu, Q., Peng, Y.Q., Economo, E.P., Guénard, B., Pierce, N.E. 2020. Ants of the Hengduan Mountains: a new altitudinal survey and updated checklist for Yunnan Province highlight an understudied insect biodiversity hotspot. ZooKeys 978, 1–171 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.978.55767).
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• Wang, W.Y., Soh, E.J.Y., Yong, G.W.J., Wong, M.K.L., Benoit Guénard, Economo, E.P., Yamane, S. 2022. Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology 15: e015006 (doi:10.20362/am.015006).
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References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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