Wilson, Edward Osborne

Watch the PBS special E.O. Wilson – Of Ants and Men.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
E.O. Wilson Date of birth: June 10, 1929

Edward Osborne Wilson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. His father, a government accountant, moved the family frequently, as he was reassigned from Washington, D.C. to Florida, Georgia and Alabama. Lacking steady friends, the young Edward found companionship in nature, exploring Rock Creek Park in Washington, and the wilds of the Deep South. At age seven, while fishing, the fin of a spiny fish scratched his right eye, permanently impairing his distance vision and depth perception. He enjoyed acute near-distance vision with his left eye, and used it to examine insect life at close range. By age 11, he was determined to become an entomologist. When a wartime shortage of pins interrupted his collecting of flies, he turned his attention to ants, which could be stored in jars, and set himself the task of cataloguing every species of ant to be found in Alabama.

At age 13, Wilson discovered a colony of non-native fire ants near the docks in Mobile, Alabama and reported his finding to the authorities. By the time he entered the University of Alabama, the fire ant, a potential threat to agriculture, was spreading beyond Mobile, and the State of Alabama requested that Wilson carry out a survey of the ant's progress. The resulting study, completed in 1949, was his first scientific publication. Wilson received his master's degree at the University of Alabama in 1950, and after studying briefly at the University of Tennessee, transferred to Harvard for doctoral studies.

Wilson was made a Junior Fellow of Harvard's Society of Fellows, an appointment that enabled him to pursue field research overseas. He embarked on a number of expeditions in the tropics, exhaustively collecting the ant species of Cuba and Mexico before moving on to the South Pacific. His scientific travels would take him from Australia and New Guinea to Fiji, New Caledonia and Sri Lanka. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. from Harvard and married Irene Kelley. The following year, he joined the Harvard faculty, a relationship that was to last his entire career. In the first of many contributions to our understanding of species evolution, Wilson tracked the evolution of the hierarchical caste system among ants. Comparing his observations of the ants of the South Pacific with the extensive collection in Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, he then devised the theory of the "taxon cycle" to explain how ants adapt to adverse environmental conditions by colonizing new habitats and splitting into new species. The same pattern has since been observed among other insect and bird species.

By the end of the 1950s, Wilson had won recognition as the world's foremost authority on ants, but his studies in taxonomy and ecology ran contrary to prevailing fashion. The discovery of the DNA molecule by James Watson and Francis Crick had focused the biological community's attention on the molecular basis of life and away from natural history and the study of species evolution. Watson went so far as to compare natural history to stamp collecting. Wilson knew better, and deployed advances in microchemistry to inform the traditional practices of natural history. Collaborating with the mathematician William Bossert, he investigated the phenomenon of chemical communication among ants. Wilson and Bossert identified the chemical compounds, known as pheromones, that permit ants and other species to communicate by sense of smell. In the 1960s, Edward Wilson enjoyed a fruitful collaboration with mathematician and ecologist Robert MacArthur. Together, they attempted to apply the theory of species equilibrium to the contained environment of small islands. The resulting book, The Theory of Island Biogeography, is now a standard work of ecology, and informs conservation policy and the planning of nature reserves around the world. Wilson effectively demonstrated the theory through a remarkable experiment. After eliminating the existing insect population of a tiny island in the Florida Keys, Wilson observed the repopulation of the island by new species, confirming the principles of island biogeographic theory.

Wilson synthesized his enormous body of knowledge on the social insects -- ants, bees, wasps and termites -- in his masterful work, The Insect Societies, published in 1971. This work invoked the evolving concept of sociobiology, the study of the biological basis of social behavior among different organisms. In 1973, Wilson was appointed Curator of Insects at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Wilson's work on the sociobiology of insects was well-received, but his next major work ignited a firestorm of controversy.

In Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975), Wilson extended his analysis of animal behavior to vertebrates, including primates, and in the last chapter, humans. Wilson speculated that hierarchical social patterns among human beings may be perpetuated by inherited tendencies that originally evolved in response to specific environmental conditions. A number of Wilson's colleagues took strong exception, and others condemned Wilson's work on the grounds that it justified sexism, racism, polygamy and a host of other evils. Although Wilson adamantly denied any such intent, demonstrators picketed his lectures, and in one instance protesters doused him with water during a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Through the commotion, Wilson stood his ground, and in 1978 published a highly acclaimed work, On Human Nature, in which he thoroughly examined the scientific arguments surrounding the role of biology in the evolution of human culture. Wilson was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Non-Fiction for his graceful and lucid explanation of his ideas. By the end of the decade, the furor over sociobiology had subsided and researchers in many fields now accept Wilson's ideas as fundamental.

In the decades that followed, Edward Wilson continued to extend the domain of his interests. With collaborator Charles Lumsden, he published Genes, Mind and Culture (1981), introducing the first general theory of gene-culture coevolution. He followed this with the intriguing Promethean Fire: Reflections On the Origin of Mind (1980). Wilson explored the bond between man and nature in Biophilia, a title that introduced yet another new term to the language of science. Wilson revisited his first scholarly love in The Ants, co-written with Bert Hölldobler, a monumental work that brought Wilson his second Pulitzer Prize for Non-Fiction.

Over the years, Wilson has been an active participant in the international conservation movement, as a consultant to Columbia University's Earth Institute, and as a director of the American Museum of Natural History, Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy and the World Wildlife Fund. In the 1990s, he continued to write and publish at a tremendous rate. His published works in this decade included The Diversity of Life (1992) and a memorable autobiography, Naturalist (1994). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998) outlined his view of the essential unity of the natural and social sciences.

Edward Wilson officially retired from teaching at Harvard in 1996. He continues to hold the posts of Professor Emeritus and Honorary Curator in Entomology. Edward Wilson's most recent books include Creation: An Appeal to Save Life On Earth; and Nature Revealed: Selected Writings, 1949-2006. He and his wife Irene still make their home in Lexington, Massachusetts.

ANT TAXONOMY
Wilson has described 418 new species in more than 58 documents.

Primary location of author's collection:.

PUBLICATIONS

 * [[Media:Baroni & Wilson 1987.pdf|Baroni Urbani, C.; Wilson, E. O. 1987. The fossil members of the ant tribe Leptomyrmecini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 94: 1-8.]]
 * [[Media:Blum & Wilson 1964.pdf|Blum, M. S.; Wilson, E. O. 1964. The anatomical source of trail substances in formicine ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 71:28-31. [1964-05-05] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Brown & Wilson 1957a.pdf|Brown, W. L., Jr.; Wilson, E. O. 1957a. Dacetinops, a new ant genus from New Guinea. Breviora 77: 1-7.]]
 * [[Media:Brown & Wilson 1957b.pdf|Brown, W. L., Jr.; Wilson, E. O. 1957b. A new parasitic ant of the genus Monomorium from Alabama, with a consideration of the status of genus Epixenus Emery. Entomol. News 68: 239-246.]]
 * [[Media:Brown & Wilson 1959b.pdf|Brown, W. L., Jr.; Wilson, E. O. 1959b. The evolution of the dacetine ants. Q. Rev. Biol. 34: 278-294.]]
 * [[Media:Cover, S.P., et al. 1990.pdf| Cover, S. P.; Tobin, J. E.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ant community of a tropical lowland rainforest site in Peruvian Amazonia. Pp. 699-700 in: Veeresh, G. K.; Mallik, B.; Viraktamath, C. A. (eds.) 1990. Social insects and the environment. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of IUSSI, 1990. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., xxxi + 765 pp. [1990-08] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Eisner & Wilson 1952.pdf|Eisner, T.; Wilson, E. O. 1952. The morphology of the proventriculus of a formicine ant. Psyche (Camb.) 59: 47-60.]]
 * [[Media:Fernandez F 2008.pdf|Fernández, F. & Wilson, E.O. 2008. José Celestino Mutis, the ants, and Pheidole mutisi sp. nov. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 34: 203-208. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Holldobler & Wilson 1971.pdf|Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1971 [1970]. Recruitment trails in the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex badius. Psyche (Camb.) 77: 385-399.]]
 * [[Media:Holldobler B and Wilson 1977.pdf|Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. 1977. Weaver ants. Scientific American (offprints) 237: 146-154. [xii.1977.] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Holldobler B and Wilson 1978.pdf|Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. 1978. The multiple recruitment systems of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3: 19-60. [1978.] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Holldobler B and Wilson 1986a.pdf|Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. 1986a. Soil-binding pilosity and camouflage in ants of the tribes Basicerotini and Stegomyrmecini. Zoomorphology 106: 12-20. [1986.] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Holldobler B and Wilson 1986b.pdf|Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. 1986b. Ecology and behavior of the primitive cryptobiotic ant Prionopelta amabilis. Insectes Sociaux 33: 45-58. [vi.1986.] PDF]]
 * Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.
 * [[Media:Holldobler & Wilson 1992.pdf|Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1992. Pheidole nasutoides, a new species of Costa Rican ant that apparently mimics termites. Psyche (Camb.) 99: 15-22.]]
 * [[Media:Regnier & Wilson 1968.pdf|Regnier, F. E.; Wilson, E. O. 1968. The alarm-defense system of the ant Acanthomyops claviger. J. Insect Physiol. 14: 955-970.]]
 * [[Media:Taylor & Wilson 1962.pdf|Taylor, R.W. & Wilson, E.O. 1962. Ants from three remote oceanic islands. Psyche 68 (1961): 137-143. [13.iii.1962.] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Breviora 548.pdf|Wetterer, J. K., D. Lubertazzi, J. D. Rana and E. O. Wilson. 2016. Ants of Barbados (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Breviora, 548:1-34.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1951b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1951b [1950]. A new Leptothorax from Alabama (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 57: 128-130.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1952a.pdf|Wilson, E.O. 1952a. Notes on Leptothorax bradleyi Wheeler and  L. wheeleri M.R. Smith. Entomological News 63: 67-71. [19.iii.1952.]PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1952b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1952b. O complexo Solenopsis saevissima na America do Sul (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz Rio J. 50: 49-59.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1954a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1954a [1953]. The ecology of some North American dacetine ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 46: 479-495.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1955a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1955a. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 113: 1-201.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1955b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1955b. Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 62: 82-87.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1955c.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1955c. Division of labor in a nest of the slave-making ant Formica wheeleri Creighton. Psyche (Cambridge) 62:130-133. [1955-11-08] 130345.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1955d.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1955d. The status of the ant genus Microbolbos Donisthorpe. Psyche (Camb.) 62: 136.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1956.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1956. Feeding behavior in the ant Rhopalothrix biroi Szabó. Psyche (Cambridge) 63:21-23. [1956-10-11] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1957a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1957a. The discovery of cerapachyine ants on New Caledonia, with the description of new species of Phyracaces and Sphinctomyrmex. Breviora 74: 1-9.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1957b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1957b. The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 116: 355-386.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1958c.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1958c. Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 118: 101-153.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1958d.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1958d [1957]. The organization of a nuptial flight of the ant Pheidole sitarches Wheeler. Psyche (Camb.) 64: 46-50.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1958e.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1958e ("1957"). Sympatry of the ants Conomyrma bicolor (Wheeler) and C. pyramica (Roger). Psyche (Cambridge) 64:76. [1958-05-01] PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1958g.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1958g. Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 119: 303-371.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1959a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1959a. Adaptive shift and dispersal in a tropical ant fauna. Evolution 13:122-144. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1959b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1959b ("1958"). Patchy distributions of ant species in New Guinea rain forests. Psyche (Cambridge) 65:26-38. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1959c.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1959c. Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia V. The tribe Odontomachini. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 120: 483-510.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1959d.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1959d. Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. VI. The tribe Cerapachyini. Pac. Insects 1: 39-57.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1959e.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1959e. Some ecological characteristics of ants in New Guinea rain forests. Ecology 40: 437-447.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1962a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1962a. The Trinidad cave ant Erebomyrma (=Spelaeomyrmex) urichi (Wheeler), with a comment on cavernicolous ants in general. Psyche (Camb.) 69: 62-72.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1962b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1962b. Behavior of Daceton armigerum (Latreille), with a classification of self-grooming movements in ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 127: 403-421.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1962c.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1962c. The ants of Rennell and Bellona Islands. Nat. Hist. Rennell Isl. Br. Solomon Isl. 4: 13-23.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1964.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1964a. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects. 6:427-483. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1964b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1964b. The ants of the Florida Keys. Breviora 210: 1-14.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1965.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1965a. Trail sharing in ants. Psyche. 72:2-7. [1965-06-25] PDF]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1971. The insect societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 548 pp.
 * [[Media:Wilson 1974a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1974a. The soldier of the ant, Camponotus (Colobopsis) fraxinicola, as a trophic caste. Psyche. 81:182-188. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1975b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1975b. Leptothorax duloticus and the beginnings of slavery in ants. Evolution 29: 108-119.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1976a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1976a. The organization of colony defense in the ant Pheidole dentata Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 63-81.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1976b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1976b. A social ethogram of the Neotropical arboreal ant Zacryptocerus varians (Fr. Smith). Anim. Behav. 24: 354-363.]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1976c. Behavioral discretization and number of castes in an ant species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1:141-154. [1976-08-05] PDF 130382
 * Wilson, E. O. 1976d. Which are the most prevalent ant genera? Studia Entomologica 19:187-200. [1976-12-30] PDF 130383
 * [[Media:Wilson 1977b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1977b [1976]. The first workerless parasite in the ant genus Formica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche. 83:277-281. PDF]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1981a. Epigenesis and the evolution of social systems. Journal of Heredity 72:70-77. [1981-04] 130386
 * Wilson, E. O. 1981b. Communal silk-spinning by larvae of Dendromyrmex tree-ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 28:182-190. [1981-09] 130387
 * [[Media:Wilson 1984b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1984b. Tropical social parasites in the ant genus Pheidole, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Soc. 31: 316-334.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1985a.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1985a. Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 1. Two new myrmicine genera and an aberrant Pheidole. Psyche (Camb.) 92: 1-9.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1985b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1985b. Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 2. The first fossil army ants. Psyche (Camb.) 92: 11-16.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1985c.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1985c. Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 3. The subfamily Dolichoderinae. Psyche (Camb.) 92: 17-37.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1985.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1985f. Ants from the Cretaceous and Eocene amber of North America. Psyche (Camb.) 92: 205-216.]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1986a ("1985"). Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 4. A giant ponerine in the genus Paraponera. Israel Journal of Entomology 19:197-200. [1986-02] PDF 130397
 * [[Media:Wilson 1986b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1986b. Caste and division of labor in Erebomyrma, a genus of dimorphic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insectes Soc. 33: 59-69.]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1986c. The defining traits of fire ants and leaf-cutting ants. Pp. 1-9 in: Lofgren, C. S.; Vander Meer, R. K. (eds.) 1986. Fire ants and leaf-cutting ants. Biology and management. Boulder: Westview Press, xv + 435 pp. [1986] [1986] 130399
 * Wilson, E. O. 1987a. Causes of ecological success: the case of the ants. The Sixth Tansley Lecture. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:1-9. [1987-02] 130400
 * [[Media:Wilson 1987b.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1987b. The earliest known ants: an analysis of the Cretaceous species and an inference concerning their social organization. Paleobiol. 13: 44-53.]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 1987c ("1986"). The organization of flood evacuation in the ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 33:458-469. [1987-06] 130402
 * Wilson, E. O. 1987d. The arboreal ant fauna of Peruvian Amazon forests: a first assessment. Biotropica 19:245-251. [1987-09] 130403
 * Wilson, E. O. 1988a. The current status of ant taxonomy. Pp. 3-10 in: Trager, J. C. (ed.) 1988. Advances in myrmecology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, xxvii + 551 pp. [1988] 130404
 * Wilson, E. O. 1988b. The biogeography of the West Indian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pp. 214-230 in: Liebherr, J. K. (ed.) 1988. Zoogeography of Caribbean insects. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ix + 285 pp. [1988] 130406
 * [[Media:Wilson 1989.pdf|Wilson, E. O. 1989. Chimaeridris, a new genus of hook-mandibled myrmicine ants from tropical Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Soc. 36: 62-69.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 1992.pdf|Edward O. Wilson. 1992. Dedication: Frank Morton Carpenter Psyche Volume 99 (1992), Issue 2-3, Pages 241-244.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson 2000.pdf|Edward O. Wilson. 2000. A memorial tribute to William L. Brown.Psyche 103:49-53, 2000. PDF]]
 * Wilson, E. O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, [ix] + 794 pp.: 794pp
 * [[Media:Wilson & Brown 1955.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1955. Revisionary notes on the sanguinea and neogagates groups of the ant genus Formica. Psyche (Camb.) 62: 108-129.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Brown 1956.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1956. New parasitic ants of the genus Kyidris, with notes on ecology and behavior. Insectes Soc. 3: 439-454.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Brown 1958a.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958a. The worker caste of the parasitic ant Monomorium metoecus Brown and Wilson, with notes on behavior. Entomol. News 69: 33-38.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Brown 1958b.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958b. Recent changes in the introduced population of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith). Evolution 12: 211-218.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Brown 1985.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1985 [1984]. Behavior of the cryptobiotic predaceous ant Eurhopalothrix heliscata, n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Basicerotini). Insectes Soc. 31: 408-428.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson Carpenter Brown 1967.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Carpenter, F. M.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1967a. The first Mesozoic ants, with the description of a new subfamily. Psyche (Camb.) 74: 1-19.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson et al 1956.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Eisner, T.; Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1956. Aneuretus simoni Emery, a major link in ant evolution. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 115: 81-99.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Holldobler 1986.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Hölldobler, B. 1986. Ecology and behavior of the Neotropical cryptobiotic ant Basiceros manni (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Basicerotini). Insectes Soc. 33: 70-84.]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Hunt 1967.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Hunt, G. L. 1967. Ant fauna of Futuna and Wallis Islands, stepping stones to Polynesia. Pacific Insects 9:563-584. PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wilson & Taylor 1964.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Taylor, R. W. 1964. A fossil ant colony: new evidence of social antiquity. Psyche (Camb.) 71: 93-103.]]
 * [[Media:Ants of Polynesia.pdf|Wilson, E. O.; Taylor, R. W. 1967b. The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pac. Insects Monogr. 14: 1-109.]]