Temnothorax longispinosus

Introductory text here.

Identification
Mackay (2000) "This is a small, brown species with an 11-segmented antenna and with very well developed propodeal spines. The spines are nearly twice the length of the distance between their bases, and are in about the same plane as the remainder of the mesosoma (Fig. 125). The head is nearly mostly smooth and glossy, but with fine striolae.

The long propodeal spines easily separate this species from most of the others in the subgenus. It can be separated from L. ambiguus and L. curvispinosus, which also have long propodeal spines, by the nearly glossy head and by the much darker color. The propodeal spines are nearly in the same plane as the mesosoma, which separates it from L. tuscaloosae (in which the spines are pointed somewhat upwards). The top of the mesosoma is roughly sculptured, whereas the top of the mesosoma of L. tuscaloosae is smooth."

Range
USA, CANADA: Minnesota. Wisconsin. Iowa. Missouri, Illinois, Michigan. Indiana. Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Ohio. Maine. New York. Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania. New Jersey. Maryland. Washington D. C.. West Virginia. Virginia, North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia; Canada: Quebec, Ontario. (Mackay 2000)

Abundance
Common.

Biology
Mackay (2000) This species nests in plant cavities such as hollow stems, twigs, and in acorns (Headley, 1943), as well as under stones (Wheeler, 1905; Cole, 1940) and between clefts in rocks, in stone walls or under bark (Wheeler, 1903a), including dead, standing trees (Dennis, 1938), or within rotting logs (Cole, 1940). Nests may be small, one nest was 1.2cm deep under a pebble with a diameter of 0.6cms (Cole, 1940). It is found in conifer forests (Letendre and Pilon, 1972) or mixed species forests, where shade of trees is dense (Dennis, 1938; Headley, 1943; Carter, 1962), or prefers open areas with good drainage (Herbers, 1985). It is found occasionally at lower elevations in the southern Blue Ridge ofVirginia (Van Pelt, 1963). Nest populations are relatively larger than in other species (Wheeler, 1903a), and average 46 workers, to a total (including sexuals and brood) average of 136 and a maximum of 419 (Headley, 1943). Egg laying begins in mid May, but brood are present in the nest through the year (Headley, 1943). Pupae are present in the nest by the second week of June (Headley, 1943). Worker populations peak late in the season (Headley, 1943). Winged females and males are found in nests in August (Wheeler, 1903a). Workers reproduce in queenright colonies (Frumhoff and Ward, 1992). They are polygynous (Alloway et al., 1982; Herbers, 1984; 1986a) andpolydomous (Alloway et al., 1982; Herbers and Tucker, 1986) with many nests found without queens (Headley, 1943). Scarcity of available nest sites may influence the pattern of polygyny (Herbers, 1986b). This species spreads by n6st fission and migration (Herbers and Tucker, 1986a). Mating flights occur from midJuly until earlySeptember (Leprince and Francoeur, 1986), with mating occurring on hilltops. Females are inseminated once, or use sperm from a single male for a given clutch (Herbers, 1986c). Nests are considerably more spread out in the summer than they are in the winter (Herbers, 1985). Apparently nests fractionate in the summer to occupy several nest sites (Herbers, 1986a). Many summer nests are queenless, whereas such nests are rarely found in the winter (Herbers 1986a), and survivorship of nests during the winter may be a function of the resident queen number (Herbers 1986b). Nest density can be as high as 1.7 (Headley, 1943) to 4 (Herbers, 1985) nests per square meter. This species forages on the low vegetation in the shade of trees (Wheeler, 1903a, 1905). Foraging activity peaks in summer and fall (Herbers, 1989). Herbers (1990) and Backus (1993) reported on the investment of this ant in workers and rcproductives. Social organization was discussed by Herbers (1983).

It is enslaved by Leptothorax (Leptothorax duloticus and Protomognathus americanus (Headley, 1943; Alloway et al., 1982; Alloway and del Rio Pesado, 1983; Alloway and Keough, 1990), and can recognize Protomognathus americanus as an enemy (Alloway. 1990).

Original Combination
Leptothorax longispinosus Roger 1863:180

Unless otherwise noted the taxonomic information that follows is from the same publication as the original combination.

Type Material
As stated in Mackay (2000) - None in this country (Creighton, 1950), and the types could not be located in Roger's collection (Museum fur Naturkunde Zentralinstitut der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin) and probably no longer exist.