Pheidole alfaroi

Pheidole alfaroi occurs on the ground, either under second growth forest or in cloud forest pastures, nesting under dead wood.

Identification
See the description in the nomenclature section.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama.

Biology
Both species (in reference to Pheidole innupta) are so far only known from Costa Rica, although similar montane species occur in the mountains of Colombia. Pheidole innupta workers are dark brown to black; P. alfaroi workers are light orange brown. Pheidole innupta occurs in cloud forest habitats in the northern cordilleras of Costa Rica, from the Cordillera Volcanica Central to the Cordillera de Guanacaste. Pheidole alfaroi is only known from the Cordillera Volcanica Central. Pheidole innupta occurs in heavily forested areas, nesting under thick epiphyte mats either in the canopy or in gaps where epiphyte-laden branches have fallen. Pheidole alfaroi occurs more on the ground, either under second growth forest or in cloud forest pastures, nesting under dead wood.

In the Project ALAS quantitative sampling along the Barva Transect in Costa Rica, intensive sampling was carried out at 1100m, 1500m, and 2000m elevation. The 1100m site was all dense primary forest. The 1500m site was an ecotone between primary forest and actively maintained cow pastures. The 2000m site was a mosaic of primary forest and regenerating second growth vegetation. Ants were collected using Winkler samples of sifted litter from the forest floor, flight intercept traps, and Malaise traps. At the 1100m site, P. alfaroi was moderately abundant in all sample types, while P. innupta was rare, occurring in only one of 20 Malaise traps. At the 1500m site P. alfaroi was one of the most abundant ants, occurring in all sample types and in many hand collections of nests under dead wood, and P. innupta was absent. At the 2000m site, P. innupta workers were collected occasionally in Malaise traps and flight intercept traps, but never in Winkler samples from the forest floor litter. Pheidole alfaroi was absent. These observations suggest that P. innupta and P. alfaroi are ecological replacements, with P. innupta being arboreal and adapted to the coldest conditions and highest elevations, while P. alfaroi is ground-nesting and adapted to slightly warmer, lower elevation, and/or more disturbed habitats. This is an interesting species pair to observe with respect to climate change.

Worker
Minor

Nomenclature

 *  alfaroi. Pheidole alfaroi Emery, 1896g: 70 (s.w.q.m.) COSTA RICA.

Description
From Wilson (2003): A member of the diligens group closest to the Costa Rican Pheidole diana but distinguished from it and other members of the group by the following combination of traits.

Major: in side view propodeal spine reduced to a denticle (but in innupta syntype reduced to an obtuse angle; see illustration); in dorsal-oblique view, promesonotum weakly bilobate and humerus subangulate; promesonotal dorsum and all of propodeum “striped” with parallel carinulae.

Minor: circular carinulae around antennal fossae reach all the way to the eye and are succeeded by other circular, “wraparound” carinulae that continue to the sides of the head; most of promesonotal dorsum and all of propodeum carinulate.

The types of alfaroi and Pheidole innupta are virtually identical except for color (see below) and possibly a small difference in the propodeal angle (see illustration), and I have interpreted them as no more than color forms of the same species in the upland area around La Palma and Vara Blanca. Longino (1997). considers them sibling species, noting that innupta is “always black and nests under epiphytes,” whereas the types of alfaroi are light colored and were found in rotting wood. If subsequent field research upholds these differences, Longino’s interpretation is probably correct, and the nomenclature can be easily adjusted. Series from upland Panama and Colombia placed by me in alfaroi are intermediate in color: light to medium reddish brown.

MEASUREMENTS (mm) Lectotype major of alfaroi: HW 1.42, HL 1.52, SL 1.04, EL 0.20, PW 0.74. Lectotype major of innupta: HW 1.44, HL 1.46, SL 1.06, EL 0.22, PW 0.72. Paralectotype minor of alfaroi: HW 0.62, HL 0.74, SL 0.86, EL 0.12, PW 0.44. Paralectotype minor of innupta: HW 0.62, HL 0.78, SL 0.92, EL 0.12, PW 0.44.

COLOR Major of alfaroi: concolorous light reddish yellow.

Major of innupta: body medium brown, appendages light brown.

Minor of alfaroi: concolorous clear yellow.

Minor of innupta: medium brown, appendages light brown.



'''Figure. Upper: major. Lower: minor. COSTA RICA: Vara Blanca (lectotype and paralectotype of junior synonym P. innupta Menozzi). The second, upper outline in the figure of the major propodeum is of the alfaroi lectotype major. Scale bars = 1 mm.'''

Type Material
La Palma, near Bajo la Hondura, Costa Rica, 1500 m. - as reported in Wilson (2003)

Etymology
Eponymous. (Wilson 2003)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
 * Longino J. T. L., and M. G. Branstetter. 2018. The truncated bell: an enigmatic but pervasive elevational diversity pattern in Middle American ants. Ecography 41: 1-12.
 * Longino J. et al. ADMAC project. Accessed on March 24th 2017 at https://sites.google.com/site/admacsite/