Gnamptogenys

Gnamptogenys is a group of predatory ponerine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia and from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Most species nest at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter, but some are arboreal. Their colonies are relatively small, with at most a few hundred workers. Reproduction is generally through queens, though worker reproduction is known in some species from Southeast Asia. While many species are generalist predators, specialized diets such as millipede predation have arisen in several New World lineages. The New World species of Gnamptogenys were revised by Lattke in 1995 while the Asian and Australian species were revised by Lattke in 2004.

Identification
The forward sections of the frontal lobes and the antennal sockets are separated by the broadly rounded or triangular rearward extension of the clypeus. When viewed from above, the pronotum and mesonotum form a single, uninterrupted plate. The first segment (coxa) of the hind leg has a tooth or spine on its upper surface near the body in the vast majority of species. The node of the petiole has distinct front, top and rear faces.

While the majority of Gnamptogenys species can be diagnosed by the presence of the denticle on the metacoxal dorsum, this structure is absent in a number of species (currently 5 cases are known). An invariable autapomorphy for Gnamptogenys is the loss of the apical seta on the fore tibia. The absence of this seta will allow identification of the few species which lack the distinctive spine on the dorsum of the hind coxa.

These ants share many features with Ectatomma, Heteroponera and Rhytidoponera, but the fused pronotum and mesonotum and the spine on the coxa of the hind leg (near the body) are unique and will separate these ants from all others.

Biology
Gnamptogenys are predatory ponerine ants that inhabit tropical and subtropical mesic forests. Nesting is typically at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter. Some exceptions include species that are arboreal, a dry forest species and species that nests in sandy savannahs. Colony size tends to be, at most, in the hundreds. Queens are the reproductives in most species. Worker reproduction is known from a few species in Southeastern Asia. Generalist predation is the primary foraging/dietary strategy. Specialization on specific groups (millipedes, beetles, other ants) has developed in a few species.

Nomenclature

 *  GNAMPTOGENYS [Ectatomminae: Ectatommini]
 * Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863a: 174. Type-species: Ponera tornata, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 44.
 * [Type-species not Ectatomma concinna, unjustified subsequent designation by Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164; see Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 79.]
 * Gnamptogenys subgenus of Ectatomma: Mayr, 1887: 540; Dalla Torre, 1893: 23; Emery, 1911d: 44; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 644; Kusnezov, 1956: 14.
 * Gnamptogenys revived status as genus and senior synonym of Alfaria (and its junior synonym Opisthoscyphus), Barbourella, Commateta, Emeryella, Holcoponera, Parectatomma, Poneracantha, Rhopalopone (and its junior synonym Mictoponera), Spaniopone, Stictoponera, Tammoteca, Wheeleripone: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * ALFARIA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Alfaria Emery, 1896e: 177 (diagnosis in key). Type-species: Alfaria simulans, by original designation.
 * [Alfaria also described as new by Emery, 1896g: 41.]
 * Alfaria senior synonym of Opisthoscyphus: Brown, in Borgmeier, 1957: 115.
 * Alfaria junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * BARBOURELLA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Barbourella Wheeler, W.M. 1930f: 10 [as subgenus of Emeryella]. Type-species: Emeryella (Barbourella) banksi, by original designation.
 * Barbourella junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * COMMATETA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Commateta Santschi, 1929h: 476 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Parectatomma) bruchi, by original designation.
 * Commateta junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * EMERYELLA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Emeryella Forel, 1901e: 334. Type-species: Emeryella schmitti, by monotypy.
 * Emeryella junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * HOLCOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Holcoponera Mayr, 1887: 540 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Gnamptogenys striatula, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 40.
 * Holcoponera raised to genus: Emery, 1902b: 181.
 * Holcoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * MICTOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Mictoponera Forel, 1901e: 372 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Mictoponera) diehlii, by monotypy.
 * Mictoponera junior synonym of Rhopalopone: Emery, 1911d: 34.
 * Mictoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * OPISTHOSCYPHUS [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Opisthoscyphus Mann, 1922: 4. Type-species: Opisthoscyphus scabrosus (junior synonym of Alfaria minuta), by original designation.
 * Opisthoscyphus junior synonym of Alfaria: Brown, in Borgmeier, 1957: 115.
 * Opisthoscyphus junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * PARECTATOMMA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Parectatomma Emery, 1911d: 44 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma triangulare, by original designation.
 * Parectatomma subgenus of Gnamptogenys: Forel, 1917: 236; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 643.
 * Parectatomma subgenus of Ectatomma: Kusnezov, 1956: 14.
 * Parectatomma junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * PONERACANTHA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Poneracantha Emery, 1897d: 547 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Holcoponera) bispinosum, by original designation.
 * Poneracantha junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * RHOPALOPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Rhopalopone Emery, 1897d: 549. Type-species: Rhopalopone epinotalis, by monotypy.
 * Rhopalopone senior synonym of Mictoponera: Emery, 1911d: 34.
 * Rhopalopone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * SPANIOPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Spaniopone Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 11. Type-species: Spaniopone haytiana, by monotypy.
 * Spaniopone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * STICTOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Stictoponera Mayr, 1887: 539 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ponera coxalis, by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 82.
 * Stictoponera raised to genus: Emery, 1911d: 47.
 * Stictoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
 * TAMMOTECA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Tammoteca Santschi, 1929h: 476 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma concinnum, by original designation.
 * Tammoteca junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
 * WHEELERIPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
 * Wheeleripone Mann, 1919: 282. Type-species: Wheeleripone albiclava, by original designation.
 * Wheeleripone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.

Additional references

 * Paul, J. (2001). Mandible movements in ants . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 131 (A): 7–20.

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