Formica lugubris

This ant was found by Boulay et al. (2007) to be one of two important ant dispersers (also Camponotus cruentatus) of myrmecochorous seeds of the plant Helleborus feotidus. F. lugubris was responsible for 67% of the observed visits and 80% of the observed seed removals from a population from northwestern Spain.

Identification
A sibling species of Formica paralugubris, these two species can be separated using queen pilosity characters and morphometrics (tables and discriminant functions to separate these two species and Formica aquilonia are provided by Seifert 1996).

Collingwood (1979) - Bicoloured with distinct but not well demarcated dark patch on promesonotum. Frontal groove distinctly shining. Large punctures coarse and deep, widely dispersed among close set microscopic puncturation. Occiput with a thick fringe of hairs extending forward over area between ocelli and sides of head and laterally round to the eyes. Eye hairs erect and prominent. Body pilosity including gula, tibiae and femora more or less densely pilose. Some populations have scape hairs. Head width of largest workers 2.1 mm. Length: 4.5-9.0 mm.

Distribution
Northern Eurosiberia and European mountains from Pyrenees to Kamchatka and Japan, Italy to North Norway (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Biology
Collingwood (1979) - This is a robust active species. Colonies are often in groups with inter-connecting nests. It has similar habits to Formica rufa but is able to forage at much lower temperatures and replaces F. rufa entirely from Central Fennoscandia to the far north. This species varies in the presence, abundance or absence of scape hairs in the female castes and some local populations in South Finland and in the Alps with such hairs have widely spaced micropunctures on the dorsum of the gaster as in F. rufa. Because of great variability among local populations in these areas it has not been possible to demarcate the extreme forms as a separate species but samples mainly from coastal areas and offshore islands in Nylandia include some extremely hairy specimens with queens consistently having wide spaced micropunctures which are well outside the range of F. lugubris as described by Yarrow (1955) and Betrem (1960). Bondroit (1917) briefly described a form, F. rufa var. nylanderi, as having long outstanding body and antennal hairs and F. nylanderi could be a suitable name for this form, if distinguished as a species.

F. lugubris spreads by colony fission but also by the adoption of fertile queens by Formica lemani. Such mixed incipient nests often under stones have frequently been seen in Norway and North Sweden (Collingwood, 1959).

Foraging/Diet
Formica lugubris collect large quantities of honeydew.

Novgorodova (2015b) investigated ant-aphid interactions of a dozen honeydew collecting ant species in Western Siberia pine and aspen-birch-pine forests (54°7´N, 83°06´E, 200 m, Novosibirsk) and mixed-grass-cereal steppes with aspen-birch groves (53°44´N, 78°02´E, 110 m, near Karasuk) in the Novosibirsk Region and coniferous forests in the northeastern Altai (north end of Lake Teletskoe, 51°48´N, 87°17´E, 434 m). All of the ants studied had workers that showed high fidelity to attending particular aphid colonies, i.e, individual ants tend to return to the same location, and group of aphids, every time they leave the nest. F. lugubris' honeydew collecting activities were highly coordinated during the summer months when the aphids and ants were most active. Individual foragers specialized on specific tasks and could be classified as shepherds (collect honeydew), guards (protect aphids from competitors), scouts (search for new aphid colonies) and transporters (transport honeydew to the nest). Individuals performed the same type of work day after day, with groups of the same workers, thereby forming teams. F. lugubris tended: Symydobius oblongus (Heyden) and Cinara laricis (Hartig).

This species is polydomous and is considered to be a member of a Formica species group known as wood ants. Ellis and Robinson (2015) conducted a 3 year field-study of a population (2012-2014, Peak District, England) of Formica lugubris to ascertain the potential benefit of non-foraging nests. Abstract - A colony of red wood ants can inhabit more than one spatially separated nest, in a strategy called polydomy. Some nests within these polydomous colonies have no foraging trails to aphid colonies in the canopy. In this study we identify and investigate the possible roles of non-foraging nests in polydomous colonies of the wood ant Formica lugubris. To investigate the role of non-foraging nests we: (i) monitored colonies for three years; (ii) observed the resources being transported between non-foraging nests and the rest of the colony; (iii) measured the amount of extra-nest activity around non-foraging and foraging nests. We used these datasets to investigate the extent to which non-foraging nests within polydomous colonies are acting as: part of the colony expansion process; hunting and scavenging specialists; brood-development specialists; seasonal foragers; or a selfish strategy exploiting the foraging effort of the rest of the colony. We found that, rather than having a specialised role, non-foraging nests are part of the process of colony expansion. Polydomous colonies expand by founding new nests in the area surrounding the existing nests. Nests founded near food begin foraging and become part of the colony; other nests are not founded near food sources and do not initially forage. Some of these non-foraging nests eventually begin foraging; others do not and are abandoned. This is a method of colony growth not available to colonies inhabiting a single nest, and may be an important advantage of the polydomous nesting strategy, allowing the colony to expand into profitable areas.

Nomenclature

 *  lugubris. Formica lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838: 449 (m.) NORWAY. Junior synonym of rufa: Nylander, 1856b: 60; Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 425; Emery, 1925b: 253; Stitz, 1939: 328. Revived from synonymy and status as species: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Betrem, 1960b: 77; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 180; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 218; Kutter, 1977c: 271; Gösswald, 1989: 19; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 198; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 274. Senior synonym of congerens: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Radchenko, 2007: 36; of nylanderi, santschii: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; of montana Sadil: Samsinak, 1964: 157; of unicolor: Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 180. Material of the unavailable name tir referred here by Yarrow, 1955a: 5.
 * congerens. Formica congerens Nylander, 1846a: 906 (w.) FINLAND. Nylander, 1849: 30 (m.); Foerster, 1850a: 17 (q.). Junior synonym of pratensis: Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Nasonov, 1889: 17; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 428; Forel, 1915d: 57; Emery, 1916b: 256; Müller, 1923: 142. Revived from synonymy: Betrem, 1953: 324. Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Radchenko, 2007: 36.
 * alpina. Formica rufa var. alpina Santschi, 1911j: 349 (w.) ITALY. [Junior primary homonym of alpina Wheeler, above.] Replacement name: santschii Wheeler, 1913f: 428. Raised to species: Bondroit, 1918: 59.
 * santschii. Formica rufa var. santschii Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 390 (in key). Replacement name for alpina Santschi, 1911j: 349. [Junior primary homonym of alpina Wheeler, W.M. 1909e: 85.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5.
 * nylanderi. Formica rufa var. nylanderi Bondroit, 1920a: 145 (q.) FRANCE. [Also described as new by Bondroit, 1920b: 300.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Seifert, 1996: 200.
 * unicolor. Formica pratensis subsp. unicolor Ruzsky, 1926: 110 (w.) RUSSIA. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. unicolor Ruzsky, 1914b: 102; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Dlussky, 1967a: 91.
 * montana. Formica rufa var. montana Sadil, 1953b: 198, fig. 1 (q.) CZECHOSLOVAKIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of montana Wheeler, W.M., above.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Samsinak, 1964: 157.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
 * AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
 * Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
 * Antarea (at www.antarea.fr on June 11th 2017)
 * Antonov I. A. 2012. Ant complexes of Baikalsk town. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University 4: 143-146.
 * Antonov I. A. 2013. Ant Assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Cities of the Temperate Zone of Eurasia. Russian Journal of Ecology 44(6): 523526.
 * Arnan X., M. Gracia, L. Comas, and J. Retana. 2009. Forest management conditioning ground ant community structure and composition in temperate conifer forests in the Pyrenees Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management 258(2): 5159.
 * ArtDatabanken Bugs (via GBIG)
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2011. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2011. Iberomyrmex 3: 30-31.
 * Astric A., and H. Callot. 2006. Presence d'Anergates atratulus (Schenck, 1852) et Strongylognathus testaceus (Schenck, 1852) en Alsace. Bull. Soc. Ent. Mulhouse 62(2): 19-21.
 * Banert P, and B. Pisarski. 1972. Mrówki (Formicidae) Sudetów. Fragmenta Faunistica (Warsaw) 18: 345-359.
 * Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1976. A Numerical Analysis of the Distribution of British Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 85: 51-91.
 * Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1977. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Northern Europe. Acta Zoologica Fennica 152: 1-34.
 * Barrett K. E. J. 1970. Ants in France, 1968-69. Entomologist 103: 270-274.
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319462
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319463
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319464
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319465
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319466
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319467
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319468
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319469
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319470
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319471
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319472
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319473
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319474
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319475
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319476
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319477
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319478
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319479
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319480
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319481
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319482
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319483
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319484
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319485
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319486
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319487
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319488
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319489
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319490
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319491
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319492
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319493
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319494
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319495
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319496
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319497
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319498
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319499
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319500
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319501
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319502
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319503
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319504
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319505
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319506
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319507
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319508
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319509
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319510
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319511
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319512
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319513
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319514
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319515
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319516
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319517
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319518
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319519
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319520
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319521
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319522
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319523
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319524
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319525
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319526
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319527
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319528
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319529
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319530
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319531
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319532
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319533
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319534
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319535
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319536
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319537
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319538
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319539
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319540
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319541
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319542
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319543
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319544
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319545
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319546
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319547
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319548
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319549
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319550
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319551
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319552
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319553
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319554
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319555
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319556
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319557
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319558
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319559
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319560
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319561
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319562
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319563
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319564
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319565
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319566
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319567
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319568
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319569
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319570
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319571
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319572
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319573
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319574
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319575
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319576
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319577
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319578
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319579
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319580
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319581
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319582
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319583
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319584
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319585
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319586
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319587
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319588
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319589
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319590
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319591
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319592
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319593
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319594
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319595
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319596
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319597
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319598
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319599
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319600
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319601
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319602
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319603
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319604
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319605
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319606
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319607
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319608
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319609
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319610
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319611
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319612
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319613
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319614
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319615
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319616
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319617
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319618
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319619
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319620
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319621
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319622
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319623
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319624
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319625
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319626
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319627
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319628
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319629
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319630
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319631
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319632
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319633
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319634
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319635
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319636
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319637
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319638
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319639
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319640
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319641
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319642
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319643
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319644
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319645
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319646
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319647
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319648
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319649
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319650
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319651
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319652
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319653
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319654
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319655
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319656
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319657
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319658
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319659
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319660
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319661
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319662
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319663
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319664
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319665
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319666
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319667
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319668
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319669
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319670
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319671
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319672
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319673
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319674
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319675
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319676
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319677
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319678
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319679
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319680
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319681
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319682
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319683
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319684
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319685
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319686
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319687
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319688
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319689
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319690
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319691
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319692
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319693
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319694
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319695
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319696
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319697
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319698
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319699
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319700
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319701
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319702
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319703
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319704
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319705
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319706
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319707
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319708
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319709
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319710
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319711
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319712
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319713
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319714
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319715
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319716
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319717
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319718
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319719
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319720
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319721
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319722
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319723
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319724
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319725
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319726
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319727
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319728
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319729
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319730
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319731
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319732
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319733
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319734
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319735
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319736
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319737
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319738
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319739
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319740
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319741
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319742
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319743
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319744
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319745
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319746
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319747
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319748
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319749
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319750
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319751
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319752
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319753
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319754
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319755
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319756
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319757
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319758
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319759
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319760
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319761
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319762
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319763
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319764
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319765
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319766
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319767
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319768
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319769
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319770
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319771
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319772
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319773
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319774
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319775
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319776
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319777
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319778
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319779
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319780
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319781
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319782
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319783
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319784
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319785
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319786
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319787
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319788
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319789
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319790
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319791
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319792
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319793
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319794
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319795
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319796
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319797
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319798
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319799
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319800
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319801
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319802
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319803
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319804
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319805
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319806
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319807
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319808
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319809
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319810
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319811
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319812
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319813
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319814
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319815
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319816
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319817
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319818
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319819
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319820
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319821
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319822
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319823
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319824
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319825
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319826
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319827
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319828
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319829
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319830
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319831
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319832
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319833
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319834
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319835
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319836
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319837
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319838
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319839
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319840
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319841
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319842
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319843
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319844
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319845
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319846
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319847
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319848
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319849
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319850
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319851
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319852
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319853
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319854
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319855
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319856
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319857
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319858
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319859
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319860
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319861
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319862
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319863
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319864
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319865
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319866
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319867
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319868
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319869
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319870
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319871
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319872
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319873
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319874
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319875
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319876
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319877
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319878
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319879
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319880
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319881
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319882
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319883
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319884
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319885
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319886
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319887
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319888
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319889
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319890
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319891
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319892
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319893
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319894
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319895
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319896
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319897
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319898
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319899
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319900
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319901
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319902
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319903
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319904
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319905
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319906
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319907
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319908
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319909
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319910
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319911
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319912
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319913
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319914
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319915
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319916
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319917
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319918
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319919
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319920
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319921
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319922
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319923
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319924
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319925
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319926
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319927
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319928
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319929
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319930
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319931
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319932
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319933
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319934
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319935
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319936
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319937
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319938
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319939
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319940
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319941
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319942
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319943
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319944
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319945
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319946
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319947
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319948
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319949
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319950
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319951
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319952
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319953
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319954
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319955
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319956
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319957
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319958
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319959
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319960
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319961
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319962
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319963
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319964
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319965
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319966
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319967
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319968
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319969
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319970
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319971
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319972
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319973
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319974
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319975
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319976
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319977
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319978
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319979
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319980
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319981
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319982
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319983
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319984
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319985
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319986
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319987
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319988
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319989
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319990
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319991
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319992
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319993
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319994
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319995
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319996
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319997
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319998
 * Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society 243319999
 * Belskaya E., A. Gilev, and E. Belskii. 2017. Ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) diversity along a pollution gradient near the Middle Ural Copper Smelter, Russia. Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-017-8736-8
 * Bernadou A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. 2006. Etude des communautés de fourmis d'une vallée andorrane. Union International pour l'Etude des Insectes Sociaux, Colloque annuel de la section francaise, 4pp.
 * Bernadou A., X. Espadaler, A. Le Goff, and V. Fourcassie. 2015. Ant community organization along elevational gradients in a temperate ecosystem. Insect. Soc. 62:5971
 * Bernadou, A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. "Les formigues de la Vall del Madriu-Perafita-Claror : diversitat i distribució." Hàbitats, 13 (2006): 10-21.
 * Bernard F. 1967. Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp.
 * Bernasconi C., A. Maeder, A. Freitag and D. Cherix. 2006. Formica paralugubris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Italian Alps from new data and old data revisited. Myrmecologische Nachrichten. 8: 251-256
 * Bezdecka P., and K. Bezdeckova. 2012. Updated list of the ants of the Czech Republic. Pp 7-12. Bezd??ka P. & Bezd??ková K. (eds) 2012: Blanok?ídlí v ?eských zemích a na Slovensku 8, Chaloupky, 1.-3. ?ervna 2012, sborník abstrakt? z konference.  MVJ Jihlava, 37 pp.
 * Blatrix R., C. Lebas, C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, P. Pimenta, and D. Morichon. 2016. Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. – Myrmecological News 22: 119-127.
 * Blinov V. V. 1984. New for the fauna of Byelorussia ant species. Vestsi Akademii Navuk BSSR. Seryia Biialahichnykh Navuk 1984(5): 113-115.
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Bra?ko G. 2007. Checklist of the ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natura Sloveniae 9: 15-24
 * Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
 * Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
 * Carniel A. 1988. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna del Cansiglio (Prealpi Carniche). Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., Genova 119(3): 179-190.
 * Carniel A. 1998. Ricerche sulla mirmecofauna delle Prealpi Orobiche (Lombardia) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Atti. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Morbegno 9: 29-39.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and C. Galkowski. 2009. Liste actualisee des Fourmis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 114: 475-510.
 * Ceballos, P., and G. Ronchetti. "Le formiche del gruppo Formica rufa sui Pirenei orientali spagnoli, nelle province di Lerida e Gerona." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 45 (1966): 153-168.
 * Cherix D., and S. Higashi. 1979. Distribution verticale des fourmis dans le Jura vaudois et recensement prelimaire des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Formicidae et Apidae). Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 356(74): 315-324.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1951. The distribution of ants in north-west Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 63: 45-49
 * Collingwood C. A. 1951. The distribution of ants in north-west Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 63: 45-49.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1956. Ant hunting in France. Entomologist 89: 106-108.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1961. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. Scotish Naturalist 70: 12-21.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1971. A synopsis of the Formicidae of north Europe. Entomologist 104: 150-176
 * Collingwood C. A. 1976. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from North Korea. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 68:
 * Collingwood C. A., and J. Hughes. 1987. Ant species in Yorkshire, England. Naturalist (Leeds) 112: 95-101.
 * Collingwood C.A. 1959. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. The Scottish Naturalist. 70: 12-21
 * Collingwood C.A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants. Entomol. Rec. 71: 78-83
 * Collingwood C.A. 1961. Ants in Finland. Entomol. Rec. 73: 190-195
 * Collingwood C.A. 1961. New Vice-County Records for British Ants. Entomologist. 73: 90-93
 * Collingwood C.A. and Satchell J.E. 1956. The Ants of the South Lake District. Journal of the Society for British Entomology. 5: 159-164
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1958b. A key to the species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found in Britain. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol. 13: 69-96
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1964. The Identification of British Ants (Hym. Formicidae). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology. 16:93-121.
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1974. A revised list of Norwegian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 21: 31-35.
 * Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
 * Collingwood, C. A.. "The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark." Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8 (1979): 1-174.
 * Collingwood, C.A. 1958. A survey of Irish Formicidae. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 59B:213-219
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Donisthorpe H. 1914. Myrmecophilous notes for 1913. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 26: 37-45.
 * Dubovikoff D. A., and Z. M. Yusupov. 2018. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
 * Else G., B. Bolton, and G. Broad. 2016. Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - aculeates (Apoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8050. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e8050
 * Entomological Society of Latvia. 2003. http://leb.daba.lv/Formicidae.htm (Accessed on December 1st 2013).
 * Espadaler X., X. Roig, K. Gómez, and F. García. 2011. Formigues de les Planes de Son i mata de València (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Treballs de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural 16: 609-627.
 * Espadaler, X.. "Contribución al conocimiento de los formícidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Pirineo catalán." Tesis Universida (1979): 285 pp.
 * Field Museum Collection, Chicago, Illinois (C. Moreau)
 * Fowles, A.P. 1996. A provisional checklist of the invertebrates recorded from Wales. 2. Aculeate wasps, bees and ants (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Countryside Council for Wales
 * Gaspar C. 1968. Les fourmis de la Drome et des Basses-Alpes, en France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturaliste can. 95: 747-766.
 * Gilev A. V., I. V. Kuzmin, V. A. Stolbov, and S. D. Sheikin. 2012. Materials on the fauna and ecology of ants (formicidae) Southern part of the Tyumen region. Tyumen State University Herald 6: 86-91.
 * Gjershaug J. O., F. Odegaard, A. Staverlokk, and K. M. Olsen. 2016. Records of bilateral gynandromorphism in three species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Norway. Norwegian. Journal of Entomology 63: 65–70.
 * Glaser F. 2009. Die Ameisen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Amtlicher Lehrmittelverlag, Vaduz, 2009 (Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein; Bd. 26).
 * Glaser, F., M. J. Lush, and B. Seifert. "Rediscovered after 140 years at two localities: Myrmica myrmicoxena Forel, 1895 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Myrmecological News 14 (2010): 107-111.
 * Gulzar A. 2014. Classification and Distribution of ants in Kashgar, Xinjiang. Master's Thesis Shaanxi Normal University, 75 pages.
 * Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
 * Heatwole H. 1989. Changes in ant assemblages across an artic treeline. Revue d'Entomologie du Quebec 34(1-2): 10-22.
 * Huang Ren-Xing, Ouyang Tong, Wu Wei, and Fan Zhao-tian. 2004. Forty two new record species of Family Formicidae (Hymenoptera: Formicoidea) from Xinjiang, China. Entomotaxonomia 26 (2): 156-160.
 * Hågvar S. 2005. Altitudinal zonation of ants (Formicidae) in a steep fjord landscape in Sogndal, Western Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 52: 3-12.
 * Kim B., S. Park, J. Kim, K. Kim. 1997. Ants from Mount Moak (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Korean Journal of Soil Zoology 2(1): 41-58.
 * Kim B.J. 1996. Synonymic list and distribution of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) in Korea. Entomological Research Bulletin Supplement 169-196.
 * Kim B.J., S.J. Park, and J.H. Kim. 1996. Ants from Naejangsan national park (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Korean J. Soil. Zoology &(2): 120-133.
 * Kofler A. 1995. Nachtrag zur Ameisenfauna Osttirols (Tirol, Österreich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 1: 14-25.
 * Kupianskaia A.N. 1990. Murav'I (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR (1989). Vladivostok. 258 pages.
 * Kvamme T. 1982. Atlas of the Formicidae of Norway (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Insecta Norvegiae 2: 1-56.
 * Lapeva-Gjonova, L., V. Antonova, A. G. Radchenko, and M. Atanasova. "Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria." ZooKeys 62 (2010): 1-124.
 * Le Moli F., and A. Zaccone. 1995. Ricerche sulla mirmecofauna del Cansiglio (Prealpi Carniche). Soc. Ven. Sc. Nat. 20: 33-52.
 * Lebas C., C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, X. Espadaler, and R. Blatrix. 2015. The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France. R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1): 24  33
 * Legakis Collection Database
 * Malozemova L. A. 1972. Ants of steppe forests, their distribution by habitats, and perspectives of their utilization for protection of forests (north Kazakhstan). [In Russian.]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 51: 57-68.
 * Martin, S.J., E.A. Jenner and F.P. Drijfhout. 2007. Chemical Deterrent Enables a Socially Parasitic Ant to Invade Multiple Hosts. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 274(1626):2717-2721
 * Neumeyer R., and B. Seifert. 2005. Commented check list of free living ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species of Switzerland. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 78: 1-17.
 * Nielsen M. G. 2011. A check list of Danish ants and proposed common names. Ent. Meddr. 79: 13-18.
 * Nylander, W.. "Synopsis des Formicides de France et d'Algérie." Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie (4)5 (1856): 51-109.
 * Paik W.H. 1984. A checklist of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Korea. Korean J. Plant Prot. 23(3): 193-195.
 * Paukkunen J., and M. V. Kozlov. 2015. Stinging wasps, ants and bees (Hy menoptera: Aculeata) of the Murmansk region, Northwest Russia. — Entomol. Fennica. 26: 53–73.
 * Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
 * Poldi B., M. Mei, and F. Rigato. 1995. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Vol 102. Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana: 1-10.
 * Punttila P., Y. Haila, and H. Tukia. 1996. Ant communities in taiga clearcuts: habitat effects and species interactions. Ecography 19: 16-28.
 * Punttila P., and Y. Haila. 1996. Colonisation of a burned forest by ants in the southern Finnish Boreal forest. Silva Fennica 30(4): 421-435.
 * Radchenko A. G. 2007. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the collection of William Nylander. Fragmenta Faunistica (Warsaw) 50: 27-41.
 * Radchenko, A. 2005. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 55: 127-221.
 * Radchenko, A. 2005. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici 55(2): 127-221.
 * Ran H., and S. Y. Zhou. 2012. Checklist of chinese ants: formicomorph subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) II. Journal of Guangxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition 30(4): 81-91.
 * Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1989. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Val Gesso (alpi Marittime) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 7(2): 427-442.
 * Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1991. The myrmecofauna of the Gesso Valley (Maritime Alps) (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution Special Issue 1: 87-89.
 * Santschi, F.. "Une nouvelle variété de Formica rufa L. (Hym. Formicidae)." Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1911 (1911): 349-350.
 * Scupola A. 2016. First records of the ant genus Formica Linnaeus 1758 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) from the coastal pine woods of Salento Peninsula (Apulia, southern Italy). Thalassia Salentina 38: 137-141.
 * Seifert B. 1996. Formica paralugubris nov. spec. - a sympatric sibling species of Formica lugubris from the western Alps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicoidea: Formicidae). Reichenbachia 31: 193-201.
 * Seifert B. 1998. Rote Liste der Ameisen. - in: M. Binot, R. Bless, P. Boye, H. Gruttke und P. Pretscher: Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere Deutschlands. Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1998: 130-133.
 * Seifert B. 2007. Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Tauer: lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, 368 pp.
 * Siberian Zoological Museum. Website available at http://szmn.sbras.ru/old/Hymenop/Formicid.htm. Accessed on January 27th 2014.
 * Terayama M., Choi, B.M., Kim, C.H. 1992. A check list of ants from Korea, with taxonomic notes. Bulletin of the Toho Gakuen 7:19-54.
 * Terayama. M. 2004. Geological and ecological distribution of Japanese ants communities. (translated from Japanese) Reports of the Saitama Prefecture Animal Research Association. 48:24
 * Vagalinski B., and A. Lapeva-Gjonova. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Plana Mountain (Bulgaria). Historia naturalis bulgarica 20: 87-101.
 * Vesni? A. 2011: Revidirani sistematski prijegled mrava Bosne i Hercegovine. Unutar : S. Lelo (urednik),  Fauna  Bosne  i  Hercegovine    Biosistematski  pregledi.  7.  izmijenjeno  i popravljeno interno izdanje Udruenja za inventarizaciju i zatitu  ivotinja, Ilija, Kanton Sarajevo, pp: 205-207.
 * Vespalainen K., B. Pisarski, R. Kantorek, and K. J. Laine. 1984. Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Inari Lapland. Kevo Notes 7: 115-116.
 * Wegnez P., D. Ignace, E. Lommelen, M. Hardy, J. Bogaert, and C. Nilsson. 2015. Redécouverte de Teleutomyrmex schneideriKutter, 1950 dans les Alpes françaises (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 151: 52-57.
 * Wegnez P., S. De Greef, C. Degache, D. Ignace, and W. Dekoninck. 2011. Observations recentes de la fourmi Formicoxenus nitidulus (NYLANDER, 1846) en Belgique et en France (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 20-26.
 * Wegnez P., and F. Mourey. 2016. Formica uralensis Ruzsky, 1895 une espèce encore présente en France mais pour combien de temps ? (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 152: 72-80.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1913. A revision of the ants of the genus Formica (Linné) Mayr. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 53: 379-565.
 * Yarrow I. H. H. 1955. The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae). Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol. 12: 1-48.
 * Zhuytszyuan D. 2016. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Nizhne-Svirsky reserve and their environmental features. Master's thesis Saint Petersburg State University.
 * Zryanin V. A., and T. A. Zryanina. 2007. New data on the ant fauna Hymenoptera, Formicidae in the middle Volga River Basin. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127(2): 226-240.