Creighton, William Steel (1902-1973)

ANT TAXONOMY
As a student of William Wheeler at the Bussey Institute at Harvard, Creighton inherited the problem of an unwieldy system that made the field of ant systematics practically unusable. Although Creighton had access to a huge museum collection at Harvard, he came to see that field work provided more accurate classification of subspecies based on Ernst Mayr’s definitions. He challenged the system of his mentor, Wheeler, who had based his classifications on form, structure and behavior. In turn, his own protégés and younger colleagues, William Brown and E. O. Wilson, challenged his classifications and denied the reality of the subspecies that Creighton defined. Creighton, however, using field work as the bedrock of his classification system, eventually prevailed over those who based their system on museum types.

TAXONOMIC PUBLICATIONS

 * [[Media:Creighton 1927.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1927. The slave-raids of Harpagoxenus americanus. Psyche (Camb.) 34: 11-29 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1928a.pdf| Creighton, W. S. 1928a. Notes on three abnormal ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 35:51-55. PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1928b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1928b. A new species of Thaumatomyrmex from Cuba. Psyche (Camb.) 35: 162-166 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1929.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1929a. New forms of Odontoponera transversa. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 150-154 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1929b.pdf|Creighton, W.S. 1929b. Further Notes on the habits of Harpagoxenus amercianus. Psyche (Camb.) 36:48-50. PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1930a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1930a. A review of the genus Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 38: 177-192 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1930b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1930b. The New World species of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenop. Formicidae). Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 66: 39-151 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1932.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1932. A new female of Acamatus from Texas. Psyche (Camb.) 39: 73-78 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1933.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1933. Cyathomyrmex, a new name for the subgenus Cyathocephalus Emery. Psyche (Camb.) 40: 98-100 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1934.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1934. Descriptions of three new North American ants with certain ecological observations on previously described forms. Psyche (Camb.) 41: 185-200 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1935.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1935. Two new species of Formica from western United States. Am. Mus. Novit. 773: 1-8 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1937.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1937. Notes on the habits of Strumigenys. Psyche (Cambridge) 44:97-109. [1937-12] Stamp date in MCZ library: 1938.03.01. PDF]]


 * Creighton, W. S. 1938. On formicid nomenclature. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 46:1-9.


 * [[Media:Creighton 1939a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1939a. A generic reallocation for Myrmoteras kuroiwae. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 47: 39-40 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1939b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1939b. A new subspecies of Crematogaster minutissima with revisionary notes concerning that species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 46: 137-140 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1940a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1940a. A revision of the North American variants of the ant Formica rufa. Am. Mus. Novit. 1055: 1-10 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1940b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1940b. A revision of the forms of Stigmatomma pallipes. Am. Mus. Novit. 1079: 1-8 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1945.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1945. Observations on the subgenus Rhachiocrema (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of a new species from Borneo. Psyche (Camb.) 52: 109-118 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1950.pdf| Creighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104: 1-585 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1950b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1950b. Polyhomoa Azuma, a synonym of Kyidris Brown (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 57: 93-94 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1951.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1951. Studies on Arizona ants. 1. The habits of Camponotus ulcerosus Wheeler and its identity with C. bruesi Wheeler. Psyche (Camb.) 58: 47-64 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1952a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1952a [1951]. Studies on Arizona ants. 2. New data on the ecology of Aphaenogaster huachucana and a description of the sexual forms. Psyche (Camb.) 58: 89-99 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1952b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1952b. Studies on Arizona ants (3). The habits of Pogonomyrmex huachucanus Wheeler and a description of the sexual castes. Psyche (Camb.) 59: 71-81 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953a. New data on the habits of the ants of the genus Veromessor. Am. Mus. Novit. 1612: 1-18 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953b [1952]. Pseudomyrmex apache, a new species from the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 59: 131-142 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953c.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953c [1952]. Studies on Arizona ants (4). Camponotus (Colobopsis) papago, a new species from southern Arizona. Psyche (Camb.) 59: 148-162 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953d. New data on the habits of Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) ulcerosus Wheeler. Psyche (Cambridge) 60:82-84. [1953-09-28] PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953e.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953e. A new subspecies of Xenomyrmex stolli from northeastern Mexico (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 1634: 1-5 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1953f.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1953f. The rediscovery of Leptothorax silvestrii (Santschi) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 1635: 1-7 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1954.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1954. Additional studies on Pseudomyrmex apache (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 61:9-15. [1954-06-30] PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1955.pdf| Creighton, W. S. 1955. Studies on the distribution of the genus Novomessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 62:89-97. PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1956.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1956. Notes on Myrmecocystus lugubris Wheeler and its synonym, Myrmecocystus yuma Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 1807: 1-4 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1957a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1957a [1956]. Studies on the North American representatives of Ephebomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 63: 54-66 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1957b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1957b [1955]. Observations on Pseudomyrmex elongata Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 63: 17-20 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1957c.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1957c. A study of the genus Xenomyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 1843: 1-14 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1958.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1958 [1957]. A revisionary study of Pheidole vasliti Pergande (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65: 203-212 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1965a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1965a ("1964"). The habits of Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) clydei Gregg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 71:169-173. [1965-03-06 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1965b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1965b. Studies on southwestern ants belonging to Camponotus, subgenus Myrmobrachys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2239: 1-9 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1966a.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1966a ("1965"). The habits and distribution of Macromischa subditiva Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 72:282-286. [1966-05-10] PDF]]


 * [[Media: Creighton 1966b.pdf|Creighton, W. S. 1966b. The habits of Pheidole ridicula Wheeler with remarks on habit patterns in the genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 73:1-7. [1966-08-31] PDF']]


 * [[Media:Creighton 1967.pdf|Creighton, W. S.1967. Studies on free colonies of Cryptocerus texanus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge) 74:34-41. PDF]]


 * Creighton, W. S.; Crandall, R. H. 1954. New data on the habits of Myrmecocystus melliger Forel. Biol. Rev. (City Coll. N. Y.) 16: 2-6


 * [[Media:Creighton & Gregg 1954.pdf|Creighton, W. S.; Gregg, R. E. 1954. Studies on the habits and distribution of Cryptocerus texanus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 61: 41-57 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton & Gregg 1955.pdf|Creighton, W. S.; Gregg, R. E. 1955. New and little-known species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Univ. Colo. Stud. Ser. Biol. 3: 1-46 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton & Nutting 1964.pdf|Creighton, W. S.; Nutting, W. L. 1965. The habits and distribution of Cryptocerus rohweri Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 72: 59-64 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Creighton & Snelling 1966.pdf|Creighton, W. S.; Snelling, R. R. 1967 [1966]. The rediscovery of Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 73: 187-195 PDF]]


 * Creighton, W. S.; Snelling, R. R. 1974. Notes on the behavior of three species of Cardiocondyla in the United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 82:82-92.


 * [[Media:Creighton & Tulloch 1930.pdf|Creighton, W. S.; Tulloch, G. S. 1930. Notes on Euponera gilva (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 37: 71-79 PDF]]


 * [[Media:Wheeler & Creighton 1934.pdf|Wheeler, W. M.; Creighton, W. S. 1934. A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 69: 341-387 PDF]]