Formica fusca

In Korea this species is common in mountainous highlands of more than 1000 meters (Dong & Kim, 2019). In Greece it is a mountain species noted from all mainland provinces, on islands reported only from Ionian Islands: Ainos Mts. of Cephalonia. It prefers shadow mountain coniferous forests. In Achaia and Aetolia-Acarnania, its nests were observed under stones on mountain pasture, fir forest and border area between pasture and fir forest (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).

Identification
Black, legs brownish. Gula, occiput, mid femora and promesonotum without standing hairs - occasionally one or two weak pronotal hairs. Pubescent hairs on gaster longer than their interspace width. Frons with fine microsculpture. Length: 4.5-7.0 mm.

Mackay and Mackay (2002) - Metasternal lobe is absent or very poorly developed and usually has erect hairs around the metasternal cavity. It is concolorous black with abundant appressed pilosity. The underside of the head has no erect hairs, and the first tergite of the gaster (excluding the posterior edge) has only about 4 course, erect hairs.

Distribution
Holarctic.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: Canada. Oriental Region: India, Nepal, Pakistan. Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Isle of Man, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Foraging/Diet
Formica fusca collect honeydew. Novgorodova (2015b) investigated ant-aphid interactions of a dozen honeydew collecting ant species in Western Siberia pine and aspen-birch-pine forests (54°7´N, 83°06´E, 200 m, Novosibirsk) and mixed-grass-cereal steppes with aspen-birch groves (53°44´N, 78°02´E, 110 m, near Karasuk) in the Novosibirsk Region and coniferous forests in the northeastern Altai (north end of Lake Teletskoe, 51°48´N, 87°17´E, 434 m). All of the ants studied had workers that showed high fidelity to attending particular aphid colonies, i.e, individual foragers that collect honeydew tend to return to the same location, and group of aphids, every time they leave the nest. F. fusca showed no specialization beyond this foraging site fidelity. F. fusca tended Symydobius oblongus (Heyden), Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer) and Aphis craccivora Koch.

Europe
This is the common black ant of Europe. It nests variously in banks, under stones and in tree stumps along hedgerows and woodland borders. Workers are timid, fast moving and forage singly, predating small insects but also feeding on extra floral nectaries and on aphid honeydew. Colonies are usually small with up to 500 workers and one or a few queens present. Alatae are developed in June and July and fly off the nests in July and early August (Collingwood 1979).

This species is known to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an, in Spain (Espadaler & Riasol, 1981; Elton, 1991).

Other Insects

 * Host for the slave-making ants:
 * (Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021)
 * (Trager, 2013; Sulger et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021)


 * Host for the temporary parasites:




 * This species is associated with the aphids, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and  (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).

Fungi
This ant is a host for the fungi , ,  (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012) and (Małagocka et al., 2017).

Nematodes


The records of this species being enslaved by Formica aserva noted by Ruano et al. (2019) are in error as this species is outside the geographic distribution of F. aserva (Palearctic host, Nearctic parasite) (de la Mora et al., 2021).

Castes
Queens of different fecundity levels differed in their Cuticular Hydrocarbons profiles. This was associated with worker behaviour; the higher a queen’s fecundity, the more attention she received from workers (Hannonen et al. 2002).

Nomenclature

 *  fusca. Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758: 580 (w.) EUROPE.
 * Latreille, 1802c: 159 (q.m.)
 * Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 164 (l.).
 * Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1913i: 361.
 * Senior synonym of barbata: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451; of flavipes, libera: Latreille, 1802c: 159; Smith, F. 1851: 3; Roger, 1863b: 13; of pallipes, rufipes: Dlussky, 1967a: 58; of tristis: Emery, 1892b: 162; of glebaria: Mayr, 1855: 346; Yarrow, 1954a: 230; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Radchenko, 2007: 35.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus alpicola, fuscolemani, hyrcana, maura, tombeuri.
 * See also: Emery, 1893i: 657; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 494; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 304; Stitz, 1939: 348; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 148; Francoeur, 1973: 189; Tarbinsky, 1976: 180; Collingwood, 1979: 120; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 183; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 260; Seppä, et al. 2011: 31.
 * Status as species: Schar et al., 2018: 6.
 * libera. Formica libera Scopoli, 1763: 313 (w.) AUSTRIA. Junior synonym of fusca: Latreille, 1802a: 159.
 * flavipes. Formica flavipes Geoffroy, in Fourcroy, 1785: 452 (m.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of fusca: Latreille, 1802c: 161.
 * barbata. Formica barbata Razoumowski, 1789: 225, fig. 12 (w.) SWITZERLAND. Junior synonym of fusca: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451.
 * tristis. Formica tristis Christ, 1791: 513, pl. 60, fig. 13 (m.) no locality given. Junior synonym of fusca: Emery, 1892b: 162.
 * glebaria. Formica glebaria Nylander, 1846a: 917, pl. 18, fig. 23 (w.q.) FINLAND. Foerster, 1850a: 31 (m.). Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1915d: 63. Subspecies of fusca: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451; Wheeler, W.M. 1908g: 408; Emery, 1909b: 196; Ruzsky, 1914b: 104; Forel, 1915d: 63; Emery, 1916b: 254; Santschi, 1925g: 353; Karavaiev, 1927c: 286; Stitz, 1939: 353; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 108; of rufibarbis: Karavaiev, 1936: 237. Status as species: Bondroit, 1918: 49; Müller, 1923: 139; Boven, 1947: 188. Junior synonym of cunicularia: Bernard, 1967: 296; Boven, 1977: 164; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 59; of fusca: Mayr, 1855: 346; Yarrow, 1954a: 230; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Radchenko, 2007: 35.
 * pallipes. Formica fusca var. pallipes Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 97 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of pallipes Latreille, above.] Junior synonym of fusca: Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Tarbinsky, 1976: 180.
 * rufipes. Formica fusca var. rufipes Stitz, 1930: 238 (w.q.) RUSSIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of rufipes Fabricius, 1775: 391, above.] Junior synonym of fusca: Dlussky, 1967a: 58.

Taxonomic Notes
Dong & Kim (2019): This species was previously known as Formica lemani in Korea but we treated this species as a misidentication of Formica fusca by the following characteristics: 1. No more than 6 erect hairs (Radchenko, 2005) on the pronotum of worker. 2. Workers with less than 3 hairs in mid femur. However, according to Dlussky and Pisarski (1971), there are some variable individuals without any setae on the pronotum, which requires close examination.

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