Proceratium Species Groups

The following is based on Baroni Urbani, C., de Andrade, M.L. (2003) The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Monografie, 36, 1–492.

Arnoldi Clade

 * Proceratium arnoldi
 * Proceratium burundense
 * Proceratium galilaeum
 * Proceratium lunatum

The first three species inhabit the African continent, while P. galilaeum is known from Israel only. The species belonging to this clade share a pair of transparent maculae on the vertexal angles and the presence of an often salient, transparent bulla on the posterior border of the postpetiole.

Itoi Clade

 * Proceratium bhutanense
 * Proceratium itoi
 * Proceratium malesianum

The workers of this clade share the following character: first gastral sternite (fourth abdominal) protruding over the third abdominal sternite (postpetiole).

Micrommatum Clade

 * Proceratium brasiliense
 * Proceratium catio
 * Proceratium colombicum
 * Proceratium convexiceps
 * Proceratium cubanum
 * Proceratium dominicanum
 * Proceratium ecuadoriense
 * Proceratium transitionis
 * Proceratium poinari
 * Proceratium lattkei
 * Proceratium longiscapus
 * Proceratium mexicanum
 * Proceratium micrommatum
 * Proceratium panamense
 * Proceratium taino

The species of the micrommatum clade are distributed from south Texas to south Brazil. The members of the clade share the following combination of synapomorphies: traces of a transversal propodeal sulcus in the worker, worker and gyne mid basitarsi with at least a hair long 1/2 or more of the basitarsus (this character seems to have been secundarily lost in 4 species, cubanum, dominicanum, longiscapus and taino), worker and gyne with first gastral tergite partially or entirely granulate, (this character is shared by the basal species of the micrommatum clade only), worker, gyne and male (when known) with palp formula 3,2.

P. transitionis appears in our analysis as the basalmost species of the micrommatum clade and lattkei results as the next in-group species of transitionis. Transitionis and lattkei are the most peculiar species of the clade. In fact both resemble in some characters the species of the goliath group by sharing with them the broad diverging frontal carinae and the dense and long pilosity. However, they share with all the remaining Proceratium species the mid legs with a spur, a character absent in all the other species of the micrommatum clade.

The other 13 species of the micrommatum clade are very similar to each other and often difficult to differentiate. These species can be easily separated from the two basal species, transitionis and lattkei, by the lack of spurs on the mid legs and by the narrow, raised frontal carinae.

Microsculptum Clade

 * Proceratium microsculptum

Sabah

Microsculptum shares with the members of the stictum clade and with the basalmost species of the micrommatum clade, transitionis, the anterior clypeal border broad and protruding anteriorly.

Microsculptum shares with terroni and toschii (the sole two species of the toschii clade) the frontal carinae very close to each other and fused posteriorly. It shares with three members of the pergandei clade (cornpitale, creek and confinium) the first funicular joint 1/2 longer than broad. With the six species of the pergandei clade and with two species of the itoi clade it shares the propodeum with lateral lamellae. Microsculptum, in addition, shares with the members of the itoi clade the gastral sternite II protruding over the postpetiolar sternite.

Microsculptum, in addition, results characterised by 4 autapomorphies: frontal carinae close each other and posteriorly attached; first funicular joint 1/2 longer than broad; presence of propodeal lamellae and second gastral sternite protruding medially. All these peculiarities largely justify inclusion of this species in a clade of its own.

Pergandei Clade

 * Proceratium algiricum
 * Proceratium californicum
 * Proceratium chickasaw
 * Proceratium compitale
 * Proceratium creek
 * Proceratium melitense
 * Proceratium melinum
 * Proceratium morisitai
 * Proceratium confinium
 * Proceratium pergandei
 * Proceratium watasei

Five species (californicum, chickasaw, creek, compitale and pergandei) are confined to the southern Nearctic Region and six to the southern Palaearctic.

The members of this clade share the following synapomorphy: worker, gyne and male, spur of fore tibiae with a basal spine. This character is synapomorphic for the 11 species of the pergandei clade in spite of its homoplastic occurrence in the species of the stictum clade. There are another two characteristic traits shared by the species of the pergandei clade: worker and gyne head without genal carinae, and funicular joints 2-10 about as broad as long. The synapomorphic status of both these characters, however, results as equivocal from our cladistic analysis.

Silaceum Clade

 * Proceratium austronesicum
 * Proceratium australe
 * Proceratium angulinode
 * Proceratium banjaranense
 * Proceratium caledonicum
 * Proceratium crassicorne
 * Proceratium croceum
 * Proceratium dayak
 * Proceratium dusun
 * Proceratium gigas
 * Proceratium gracile
 * Proceratium hirsutum
 * Proceratium ivimka
 * Proceratium japonicum
 * Proceratium lombokense
 * Proceratium longigaster
 * Proceratium mancum
 * Proceratium numidicum
 * Proceratium oceanicum
 * Proceratium papuanum
 * Proceratium politum
 * Proceratium pumilio
 * Proceratium relictum
 * Proceratium robustum
 * Proceratium siamense
 * Proceratium silaceum
 * Proceratium snellingi
 * Proceratium striativenter
 * Proceratium sulawense
 * Proceratium terraealtae

This clade includes 30 species. The main synapomorphies of this clade are, for the worker and gyne: mandibular base with light macula, mid basitarsi with at least one hair 1/2 of the basitarsal length and arolia small or absent. Three other characters uniquely shared by the members of the silaceum clade are: worker and gyne: palp formula 2,2 and male palp formula 5,2 and clypeus anteriorly straight to weakly concave. These do not emerge as synapomorphic because of their equivocal ancestral state. Two species, relictum and oceanicum, both from the Fiji Islands, can be easily separated from the remaining 27 included in this clade by the petiole squamiform and with thin apex. They rnay constitute a small and homogeneous group within the clade: all the remaining species have a rectangular petiole and are much more difficult to characterize.

One species, longigaster from Vietnam, is currently placed here but it is insufficiently known. We were unable to examine specimens for this study.

Stictum Clade

 * Proceratium avium
 * Proceratium boltoni
 * Proceratium gibberum
 * Proceratium deelemani
 * Proceratium denticulatum
 * Proceratium diplopyx
 * Proceratium foveolatum
 * Proceratium goliath
 * Proceratium stictum
 * Proceratium cavinodus
 * Proceratium tio

This clade corresponds to the former stictum group of Brown (1958a, 1974) originally comprising four species only: stictum, goliath, aviurn and boltoni. Another four species were added by subsequent publications: diplopyx, deelemani, denticulatum, and tio. In this paper we describe another four species belonging to the same clade: avioide, gibberum, foveolatum and cavinodus.

The members of the stictum clade share the following worker, gyne and male synapomorphy: the presence of a basal spine on the protibial spur. This character results synapomorphic for the stictum clade in our analysis but it is also present in all the members of the phylogenetically distant pergandei clade. Lattke (1990) already described this character under the name of 'seta of the protibial spur' for the fossil species denticulatum.

Five species within the stictum clade appear in a distinct group named here as goliath group: deelemani, foveolatum, goliath, stictum and tio. These species share the following synapomorphy: worker and gyne with gular area deeply concave (char. 24). They also share large, deep, irregular roveae and granulation on the head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole and dense, long hairs. We did not use these characters for the cladistic analysis because the sculpture is less impressed in stictum, the basal species of the goliath group and similar sculptures can be found also among members of other clades like the micrommatum and arnoldi clades. In an analogous way, a pubescence similar to that of the goliath group can be encountered in members of the micrommatum and silaceum clades.

Five of the remaining 7 species of the stictum clade constitute a group of species named here as avium group. This group comprises the following species: avium, avioide, gibberum, denticulatum and diplopyx. These five species share synapomorphically the antennal joints 2-10 at least as broad as long. This trait is also shared by other species of a far clade.

Two species, boltoni and cavinodus appear in an unresolved position within the clade. P. boltoni and cavinodus in general morphology resemble the fossil members of the avium group: gibberum and denticulatum. This similarity is supported by the following characters: integument reticulate-foveolate and granulate, subpetiolar process spiniform, and with the fossil denticulatum only, frontal carinae low and subparallel and clypeal notch laterally denticulate.

The 12 species of the stictum clade appear to be irregularly distributed in the tropics of the world. Goliath and tio are known respectively from Mexico and Costa Rica, gibberum and denticulatum from Dominican amber, foveolatum from Malaysia, boltoni from Ghana, cavinodus and stictum from Australia, avium and avioides from Mauritius, diplopyx from Madagascar, and deelemani from Thailand and Malaysia.

Brown (1958a, 1974) considers the shape of the clypeus, of the mandibles and of the petiole of the species of this clade as 'primitive' within the genus Proceratium. This assumption is probably based on the fact that a nodiform petiole is likely to better represent the ponerine ancestral condition than the squamiform petiole "type Sysphincta". Unfortunately there is no morphological evidence for this since the two genera closer to Proceratium have a petiole either scale-like (Bradoponera) or scale-like to weakly nodiform (Discothyrea). We are unable to define two or more clear-cut mandibular morphologies to be used as discrete characters for phylogenetic purpose within Proceratium. According to the character evolution compatible with our phylogenetic reconstruction, however, the plesiomorphic clypeal morphology for Proceratium should be either convex and protruding (like in Discothyrea and Bradoponera), or straight (like in the basal silaceum clade). The members of the stictum clade, with their notched clypeus, appear to exhibit the derived and not the plesiomorphic clypeal morphology.

Toschii Clade

 * Proceratium toschii
 * Proceratium terroni

African tropics.

Toschii and terroni share the blunt propodeal spines and the frontal carinae very close to each other and posteriorly fused. Another character shared by these two species is the first gastral sternite strongly protruding anteriorly. This character is not specifically considered in our cladistic analysis because it appears in an unpredictable way among the other species of the genus.