Formica pratensis

Identification
Bicoloured with gaster, occiput and frons matt black, not shining; gaster more or less thickly pubescent. Black patch on promesonotum variable but in typical specimens clearly demarcated. Eyes thickly haired; occiput with short to medium length fringing hairs, sometimes reduced to very few. Antennal scapes without protruding hairs. Femora and tibiae fringed with hairs on extensor surfaces. Length; 4.5-9.5mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution
Portugal to Siberia. Central Italy to Central Sweden and the Russian Federation.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Biology
Collingwood (1979) - This is the black backed meadow ant characteristic of rough alpine pastures but also common on woodland borders and scrubby heathland throughout lowland Europe and South Fennoscandia. Colonies are isolated single nests with one or very few queens. Jensen (1977) gives population estimates for this species in Denmark of up to 60,000 workers. Nests are smaller than with Formica rufa and other species of this group and nest materials are coarser. A morphologically indistinguishable form pratensoides Gosswald (1951), which is polygynous with many grouped nests, occurs locally in Germany and the Netherlands, often in shaded woodland, but has not been recorded from Denmark or Fennoscandia. Brood development begins later in the spring with sexuals normally appearing in July.

Nomenclature

 *  pratensis. Formica pratensis Retzius, 1783: 75 (w.) no locality given. Forel, 1874: 52 (q.m.). Subspecies of rufa: Forel, 1874: 52; Forel, 1892i: 307; Ruzsky, 1905b: 337; Emery, 1909b: 186; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 428; Forel, 1915d: 57; Emery, 1916b: 256; Emery, 1925b: 254; Ruzsky, 1925b: 43; Karavaiev, 1929b: 217; Stitz, 1939: 341; Gösswald, 1941: 81; Holgersen, 1942: 13. Status as species: André, 1882b: 184; Nasonov, 1889: 17; Ruzsky, 1902d: 10; Bondroit, 1912: 352; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 267; Bondroit, 1917a: 174; Müller, 1923: 142; Ruzsky, 1926: 110; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 105; Boven, 1947: 188; Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Kutter, 1965: 140; Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Tarbinsky, 1976: 194; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Collingwood, 1979: 152; Gösswald, 1989: 19; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225. Senior synonym of nigricans (and its junior synonyms cordieri, pratensoides, thyssei): Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225; of ciliata: Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Seifert, 1992a: 225; of grouvellei: Seifert, 1996a: 200. Current subspecies: nominal plus nuda, staerckei.
 * pratensoides. Formica minor subsp. pratensoides Gösswald, 1951: 436 (w.q.m.) GERMANY. Junior synonym of nigricans: Yarrow, 1955a: 4. [Revived from synonymy: Gösswald, 1989: 20; returned to synonymy: Bolton, 1995b: 201.]
 * nigricans. Formica pratensis var. nigricans Bondroit, 1912: 352 (w.) SPAIN. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. nigricans Emery, 1909b: 187; unavailable name.] Subspecies of pratensis: Novak & Sadil, 1941: 105; Boven, 1947: 189. Raised to species: Yarrow, 1955a: 4. Status as species: Betrem, 1960b: 77; Bernard, 1967: 314; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 220; Paraschivescu, 1972: 534; Collingwood, 1979: 153. Senior synonym of pratensoides, thyssei: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; of cordieri: Betrem, 1962: 38; Kutter, 1965: 140. Junior synonym of pratensis: Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225.
 * cordieri. Formica pratensis var. cordieri Bondroit, 1917a: 174 (diagnosis in key) (q.) FRANCE. Raised to species: Betrem, 1960b: 77. Junior synonym of nigricans: Betrem, 1962: 38; Kutter, 1965: 140.
 * grouvellei. Formica rufa var. grouvellei Bondroit, 1918: 60 (q.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of pratensis: Seifert, 1996a: 200.
 * ciliata. Formica pratensis var. ciliata Ruzsky, 1926: 110 (w.q.) RUSSIA. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. ciliata Ruzsky, 1915b: 7; unavailable name.] [Unresolved junior primary homonym of ciliata Mayr, above.] Junior synonym of pratensis: Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177.