Ectatomma tuberculatum

This ant can be a common and readily observable constituent of ant communities in favorable habitat, e.g., Brazilian cerrado.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Biology
Sanz-Veiga et al. (2017) -  was found to be the most common ant visitor to extrafloral nectaries of Tocoyena formosa plants occurring in a southeastern Brazilian cerrado study-site.

De Oliveira et al. (2015), studying ant occupancy of Cecropia trees in southwest Bahia, Brazil, found two colonies of  nesting in Cecropia pachystachya trees.

Longino (2003) - Wheeler (1986) observed a behavioral association between Crematogaster limata and the large ponerine ant Ectatomma tuberculatum on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Ectatomma tuberculatum nests in the ground at the bases of trees. The nest entrance is surmounted by a 2-3cm wide thatch tube that extends about 15cm up the side of a tree trunk or smaller plant stem. Wheeler observed that polydomous C. limata nests were often located near the mouths of E. tuberculatum nests, and that C. limata carried out periodic “raids” into the these nests. The raids were abrupt and short-lived, with workers streaming into and out of a nest entrance for about an hour. Peak flux rates were about 170 workers entering and 170 workers exiting per 15 minute observation period. Wheeler writes “Encountering an E. tuberculatum, the smaller C. limata climbed up one of the larger ant's legs and onto its thorax and head. The E. tuberculatum worker stood still as the C. limata licked the dorsal surface, especially the head. E. tuberculatum did not react aggressively to the intruders. Occasionally, an E. tuberculatum worker opened her jaws as the C. limata licked the extended mouthparts. Then the C. limata worker climbed down and quickly left the nest.” Although Wheeler failed to observe the phenomenon during a brief visit to Finca La Pacifica in the dry forest habitat of northwestern Costa Rica, where she examined five E. tuberculatum nests, I suspect that the phenomenon occurs in Costa Rica. In the Atlantic lowlands I have seen several instances of large C. limata colonies with nests clustered in and around nest entrances of E. tuberculatum.

When alarmed, workers will feign death.

Koch et al. (2018) sampled this species in Caryocar barsiliense trees, in southeastern Brazil cerrado, as part of a study examining species interactions in ant-plants.

Genetics
Meza-Lazaro et al. (2018) - We assembled mitogenomes from 21 ant workers assigned to four morphospecies (Ectatomma ruidum spp. 1-4) and putative hybrids of the Ectatomma ruidum complex (E. ruidum spp. 2x3), and to Ectatomma tuberculatum using NGS data. Mitogenomes from specimens of E. ruidum spp. 3, 4 and 2 x 3 had a high proportion of polymorphic sites. We investigated whether polymorphisms in mitogenomes are due to nuclear mt paralogues (numts) or due to the presence of more than one mitogenome within an individual (heteroplasmy). We did not find loss of function signals in polymorphic protein-coding genes, and observed strong evidence for purifying selection in two haplotype-phased genes, which indicate the presence of two functional mitochondria' genomes coexisting within individuals instead of numts. Heteroplasmy due to hybrid paternal leakage is not supported by phylogenetic analyses. Our results reveal the presence of a fast-evolving secondary mitochondrial lineage of uncertain origin in the E. ruidum complex.

Association with Other Organisms


Workers are known to be hosts for an.

Castes
Two size categories of queens were thought to exist in E. tuberculatum. The small queens were believed to be microgynes. Macrogynes were found to be approximately 20% larger in size and twice as heavy as microgynes (and up to three times heavier in terms of dry weight). Both types can be inseminated. They differ in the number of ovarioles per ovary (20 vs. 14)(Lachaud et al. 1999). Presently these small queens are classified as a parasitic ant species Ectatomma parasiticum.



Nomenclature

 * . Formica tuberculata Olivier, 1792: 498 (q.) TRINIDAD.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) queen.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: Trinidad (“île de la Trinité”) (no further data) (Badier).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * [Misspelled as erubculattum by Emery, 1896b: 1.]
 * Smith, F. 1858b: 102 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 129 (l.).
 * Combination in Ponera: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192;
 * combination in Ponera (Ectatomma): Roger, 1860: 306;
 * combination in Ectatomma (Ectatomma): Mayr, 1887: 539;
 * combination in Ectatomma: Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Roger, 1863b: 17.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 210; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Roger, 1860: 306; Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1878a: ix (in list); Mayr, 1884: 32; Emery, 1890b: 40; Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 26; Emery, 1894k: 47; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 5; Forel, 1899d: 273; Emery, 1911d: 43; Forel, 1912c: 30; Forel, 1914e: 9; Mann, 1916: 405; Wheeler, W.M. 1916c: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 323; Crawley, 1916b: 367; Luederwaldt, 1918: 34; Wheeler, W.M. 1918b: 24; Santschi, 1921g: 83; Wheeler, W.M. 1921f: 138; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 3; Mann, 1922: 6; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 4; Menozzi, 1935b: 190; Santschi, 1939f: 160; Weber, 1946a: 2 (redescription); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 110; Brown, 1958g: 209, 298; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Kempf, 1970b: 324; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Kugler, C. & Brown, 1982: 6 (in key); Brandão, 1991: 342; Fernández, 1991: 554 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 187; Wild, 2007b: 26; Arias-Penna, 2008b: 65; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 254; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 110; Feitosa, 2015c: 97; Feitosa & Prada-Achiardi, 2019: 666.
 * Senior synonym of acrista: Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of ferrugineus: Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 6; Emery, 1911d: 43; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of irregularis: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of punctigerum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of tridentata: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1911d: 43; Weber, 1946a: 2; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela.
 * acrista. Ectatomma tuberculatum subsp. acrista Forel, 1909a: 254 (w.q.) PARAGUAY.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated), 1 syntype queen.
 * Type-locality: Paraguay: San Bernardino (Fiebrig).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of tuberculatum: Emery, 1911d: 43; Santschi, 1916e: 366; Santschi, 1921g: 83.
 * Status as species: Brown, 1958g: 208.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 186.
 * ferruginea. Ectatomma ferruginea Norton, 1868a: 61, pl. 2, fig. 4 (w.m.) MEXICO (no state data, probably Veracruz).
 * Type-material: 4 syntype workers, 1 syntype male.
 * Type-locality: Mexico: (no further data) (Sumichrast).
 * Type-depository: unknown (perhaps USNM?)
 * [Misspelled as ferrugiens by Weber, 1946a: 2.]
 * Status as species: Norton, 1868c: 5.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 6; Emery, 1911d: 43; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 186.
 * irregularis. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. irregularis Santschi, 1921g: 83 (w.) COLOMBIA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: Colombia: Santa Marta, 1896 (Santschi), and Colombia: Don Diego (Forel).
 * Type-depositories: MHNG, NHMB.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * punctigerum. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. punctigerum Emery, 1890a: 56 (w.) VENEZUELA.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Venezuela: San Esteban (E. Simon).
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Lever, 1930: 214 (q.).
 * Subspecies of tuberculatum: Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Emery, 1911d: 43.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * quadridens. Formica quadridens Fabricius, 1793: 362 (w.) FRENCH GUIANA.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: French Guiana: Cayenne (no collector’s name).
 * Type-depository: ZMUC.
 * [Junior primary homonym of Formica quadridens De Geer, 1773: 609.]
 * Mann, 1916: 405 (m.); Santschi, 1921g: 83 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 131 (l.).
 * Combination in Ponera: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 193;
 * combination in Ectatomma: Mayr, 1862: 732;
 * combination in Ectatomma (Ectatomma): Mayr, 1887: 539.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 213; Fabricius, 1804: 414; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 193; Roger, 1860: 307; Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Mayr, 1884: 32; Cameron, 1891: 91; Dalla Torre, 1893: 25; Forel, 1895b: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 120; Emery, 1906c: 113; Forel, 1907a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 123; Emery, 1911d: 43; Bruch, 1914: 213; Bruch, 1916: 295; Mann, 1916: 405; Santschi, 1916b: 509; Wheeler, W.M. 1916c: 2; Crawley, 1916b: 366; Gallardo, 1918b: 32 (redescription); Santschi, 1919f: 37; Santschi, 1921g: 83; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Borgmeier, 1923: 57; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 4; Menozzi, 1935b: 190; Santschi, 1939f: 160; Kusnezov, 1953b: 336; Kusnezov, 1957b: 14 (in key); Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1961b: 490; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Kugler, C. & Brown, 1982: 6 (in key); Fernández, 1991: 553 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of brunnea: Roger, 1860: 307; Roger, 1863b: 17; Mayr, 1863: 410; Dalla Torre, 1893: 25; Forel, 1895b: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 123; Emery, 1911d: 43; Bruch, 1916: 295; Gallardo, 1918a: 32; Borgmeier, 1923: 58; Kempf, 1972a: 105.
 * Replacement name: Ectatomma brunnea Smith, F. 1858b: 103.
 * [Note: brunnea junior synonym of quadridens Fabricius (synonymy by Roger, 1860: 307); hence brunnea first available replacement name (Bolton, 1995b: 187).]
 * tridentata. Formica tridentata Fabricius, 1804: 412 (w.) (no state data).
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: South America, "Habitat in America meridionali".
 * Type-depository: ZMUC.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1911d: 43; Weber, 1946a: 2; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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