Lasius lasioides

Nests in the presence of trees, from forests to open areas with at least a few trees present, across a wide range of habitats.

Identification
Seifert (2020) - Palaearctic Lasius s. str. species belonging to the Lasius brunneus species complex. It can be separated from its semipatric relatives Lasius brunneus and Lasius silvaticus by smaller head width, longer scape and larger torulo-clypeal distance.

Confusion with Lasius himalayanus is excluded by zoogeography. The potentially sympatric Iranian desert species Lasius excavatus differs by head shape and coloration. Coloration in L. lasioides: head, mesosoma, gaster, femora and tibiae dark to medium brown; tibio-femoral joint region, scape and (frequently) anterior margin of clypeus pale yellowish-brown.

The Holomediterranean population of L. lasioides is polymorphic; there is in particular an extreme variance in scape length. This polymorphism shows a rather clear geographic structuring. Exclusively the long-scaped morph, which corresponds to the types of L. lasioides, was found in Italy and Greece and the islands of Mallorca, Malta, and Sardinia. Only the short-scaped morph, which corresponds to the types of Lasius barbarus, was found in the Spanish mainland and on Cyprus. Sympatric occurrence of both morphs is observed in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, and Israel. The Iberian shortscaped population and the Italian long-scaped population are in contact in southern France.

Distribution
Seifert (2020) - Lasius lasioides is a Holomediterranean species and presumably the lack of records from Libya and Egypt are caused by a lack of sampling. The most southwestern site is in Morocco at 30.8°N, 8.8° W. The northern distributional border runs along 43.5° N in France, 44.6° N in Italy, 40.5°N in Greece and Turkey whereas the easternmost truly Mediterranean site is at 35.6°N, 36.2°E in Syria. The distribution farther east is poorly known. Samples from two sites in the East Anatolian highland (PR_N 502, 39.43°N, 39.88°E, 1800 m; PR_N 460, 38.63°N, 43.45°E, 2300 m) might possibly represent a separate population or even species with special adaptation to a cold winter climate. A sample from Ghaemshar / Iran (36.46°N, 52.86°E, 49 m) represents the easternmost known site and raises the question if there is a continuous distribution from Syria and Israel east to the northern Iran. The highest latitude site in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains is at 33.00°N, 5.07°W, at 2240 m. It may be expected to have colonized all sufficiently large islands in the Mediterranean Sea which have some tree stands.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Balearic Islands, Croatia, France, Georgia, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Spain, Turkey.

Habitat
Seifert (1992) - Lasius lasioides is found in all habitats where at least few trees were present. Recorded were: a sand dune with trees (Malta), pastures with scattered trees which are often Quercus species (4 observations), open Quercus forests (2 observ.), dense Quercus forests (4 observ.), a dense Pinus nigra forest and a dense Abies pinsapo forest (Spain). Despite of similarities in habitat, there is only one observation of syntopic occurrence with L. brunneus in Spain.

Biology
Rigato & Toni (2011) - Species known from Mediterranean Europe, Anatolia and along the Atlas mountains (Morocco). This is the first published record for Sardinia. Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on parkland ground in a moderate rainfall area.

Seifert (2020) - Lasius lasioides is apparently dependent on the presence of trees. It inhabits diverse types of broad-leafed or coniferous forest, both such with closed canopies or more open stands, as well as urban areas, gardens, pastures and road sides with at least a few scattered trees. The nests may be found under bark of the trees, on the ground in dead logs, or under stones. Their behavior is similar to L. brunneus: it is fugitive and not aggressive and workers prefer runways in crevices of bark or other surface structures. Development of alates differs throughout the whole geographic range in dependence from latitude and altitude. Eleven observations of alates occurred 30 April – 29 July, ten of these before 8 July.

Nomenclature

 * . Prenolepis lasioides Emery, 1869b: 6, pl. 1, fig. 3 (w.q.m.) ITALY.
 * Combination in Lasius: Emery, 1869b: 25 (in text); Emery, 1870: 194;
 * combination in Lasius (Lasius): Forel, 1915d: 53;
 * combination in Donisthorpea: Donisthorpe, 1915d: 347;
 * combination in Formicina (Donisthorpea): Emery, 1916b: 241;
 * combination in Formicina: Bondroit, 1918: 27;
 * combination in Acanthomyops: Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1927e: 189;
 * combination in Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea): Donisthorpe, 1927b: 400;
 * combination in Lasius: Müller, 1923b: 126; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 38.
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Forel, 1904b: 386; Ruzsky, 1905b: 310.
 * Junior synonym of fumatus: Emery & Forel, 1879: 452.
 * [Note: the reference Emery & Forel, 1879: 452, reverses the seniority of lasioides established by Emery, 1870: 194, but does not affect the synonymy and is discounted here.]
 * Junior synonym of alienus: Wilson, 1955a: 77; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 58; Arakelian, 1994: 117.
 * Subspecies of alienus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 182; Cagniant, 1964: 92; Forel, 1915d: 53 (in key); Emery, 1916b: 241; Menozzi, 1925d: 34; Zimmermann, 1935: 49; Finzi, 1936: 191.
 * Subspecies of niger: Forel, 1911d: 352; Forel, 1913d: 434; Forel, 1915d: 53 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915d: 347; Emery, 1916b: 241; Santschi, 1921e: 170; Kulmatycki, 1922: 81; Finzi, 1923: 4; Emery, 1925b: 230; Schkaff, 1925: 275; Soudek, 1925b: 15; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 400; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1927e: 189; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 37; Finzi, 1936: 191; Bernard, 1945: 137.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1870: 194; Bondroit, 1918: 27; Stärcke, 1926: 124 (in key); Stärcke, 1944a: 155; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 44; Seifert, 1992b: 8 (redescription); Bolton, 1995b: 223; Mei, 1995: 768; Poldi, et al. 1995: 7; Schembri & Collingwood, 1995: 156; Bračko, 2006: 149; Cagniant, 2006a: 194; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 136; Paknia, et al. 2008: 154; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowsky, 2009: 484; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 40; Karaman, M.G. 2011: 85; Legakis, 2011: 27; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 501; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 12; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2013: 357; Borowiec, L. 2014: 87; Bračko, et al. 2014: 20; Lebas, et al. 2016: 218; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2018: 6; Salata & Borowiec, 2018b: 157 (in key); Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 46.
 * Senior synonym of barbarus: Seifert, 1992b: 8; Bolton, 1995b: 223; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * Senior synonym of fumatus: Emery, 1870: 194; Dalla Torre, 1893: 182; Forel, 1915d: 53; Emery, 1925b: 230; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Seifert, 1992b: 8; Bolton, 1995b: 223; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * Senior synonym of fuscula: Dalla Torre, 1893: 182; Forel, 1915d: 53; Emery, 1916b: 241; Emery, 1925b: 230; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Bolton, 1995b: 223; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * Senior synonym of nigrobrunneus: Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * barbarus. Lasius alienus var. barbarus Santschi, 1931a: 11.
 * [First available use of Lasius niger st. lasioides var. barbara Santschi, 1921e: 170 (w.) MOROCCO, TUNISIA; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1925b: 230; Bernard, 1945: 137.
 * Subspecies of brunneus: Santschi, 1936c: 208.
 * Junior synonym of alienus: Wilson, 1955a: 78; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435.
 * Junior synonym of lasioides: Seifert, 1992b: 8; Bolton, 1995b: 221; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * fumatus. Lasius fumatus Emery, 1869b: 26, fig. 3 (w.q.) ITALY.
 * Synonym of lasioides: Emery & Forel, 1879: 452.
 * Subspecies of niger: Emery & Forel, 1879: 452.
 * [Note: the species which is referred to as Prenolepis lasioides in the text of Emery, 1869b: 6, is referred to in the list of figures for that paper (p. 26) as Lasius fumatus. Both names refer to the same specimens and hence are automatically synonymous (Bolton, 1995b: 223).]
 * Junior synonym of lasioides: Emery, 1870: 194; Dalla Torre, 1893: 182; Forel, 1915d: 53; Emery, 1925b: 230; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Seifert, 1992b: 8; Bolton, 1995b: 223; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * fuscula. Prenolepis fuscula Emery, 1869b: 8, pl. 1, fig. 4 (w.) ITALY.
 * Combination in Lasius: Emery, 1869b: 25 (in text), 26 (in figure captions).
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery & Forel, 1879: 452.
 * Junior synonym of lasioides: Dalla Torre, 1893: 182; Forel, 1915d: 53; Emery, 1916b: 241; Emery, 1925b: 230; Bolton, 1995b: 223; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Seifert, 2020: 49.
 * nigrobrunneus. Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus var. nigrobrunneus Donisthorpe, 1926b: 18 (w.) ITALY.
 * Subspecies of brunneus: Donisthorpe, 1927a: 8.
 * Junior synonym of brunneus: Wilson, 1955a: 47; Bernard, 1967: 358; Seifert, 1992b: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 224; Radchenko, 2016: 366.
 * Junior synonym of lasioides: Seifert, 2020: 49.

Worker
Seifert (1992) - HL 848.1 ± 42.6 (64), HL/HW 1.0688 ± 0.0147 (64), SL/HL 0.9482 ± 0.0269 (64), CLCA 0.38 ± 0.14 (63), PDCL 31.41 ± 7.79 (63), nHS 0.0, nHHT 0.0, nBH 3.23 ± 1.27 (64), nUH 0.20 ± 0.34 (64), UHL/HL 0.0227 ± 0.0361 (64), PNHL/HL 0.1130 ±0.Ql08 (63).

Head: HL/HW (900) 1.059, SL/HL (900) 0.942. Mandibles normally 7-toothed (7.02 ± 0.53, 6-8, n = 27). Frontal line clearly visible. Carina well developed in center of clypeus, in anterior and posterior part frequently absent, lateral clypeal profile very convex. Genal setae completely absent. Mesosoma: reminiscent of L. brunneus; propodeum in lateral view with very straight posterior slope and conic dome, which is frequently slightly higher than promesonotum, mesopropodeal depression on average deeper than in L. brunneus. ScaIe: in anterior view wider than in L. brunneus and with moderately convex sides, always at least slightly emarginated; scale in lateral view thin and with convex anterior and straight posterior profile. Scape and hindtibia: seta and pubescence condition as in L. brunneus. Surface characters: very similar to L. brunneus; dorsal head with rather dilute, very appressed (0-10°) pubescence, PLF 20-26 µm; cuticular surface mildly shining, with weak micropunctures and weak microreticulum. Frontal pronotum with fine microreticulum and less dilute pubescence compared to head. Clypeal pubescence very sparse. Colour: head, meso soma, gaster, femora and tibiae dark to medium brown; tibio-femoral joint region, scape and (frequently) anterior margin of clypeus pale yellowish brown.

Queen
Seifert (1992) - N=7: HL 1234.9 ± 26.8, HW 1396.3 ± 50.4, ML 2470.9 ± 64.7, HL/HW 0.885 ± 0.0243, SL/HL 0.887 ± 0.0137, SL/HW 0.785 ± 0.0191, MH/ML 0.462 ± 0.0172, PDCL 20.86 ± 4.71, nHS 0.0, nHHT 0.0, nBH 1.14 ± 0.80, nUH 0.71 ± 1.07, PNHL 139.1 ± 12.4. Lectotype (n=1) NHMW: HL 1225, HW 1401, ML 2535, HLlHW 0.874, SLlHL 0.883, SLIHW 0.772, MH/ML0.471, PDCL 18.6, nHS 0, nHHT 0, nB H 0.5, nUH 0, PNHL 118, MW/ML 0.632.

Head: short, occipital margin straight; frontal groove fully developed from frontal triangle to midocellus, set in the middle of a shallow trough; mandibles in the 4 specimens with fully visible masticatory border 7-toothed. Genal setae completely absent. Mesosoma: strongly flattened, much wider than high. Scale: wide, clearly emarginate and with more rounded dorsal corners compared to L. brunneus. Scape and hindtibia: seta and pubescence condition as in worker. Surface characters: frontal head in overall appearance very smooth and moderately shining, micropunctures slightly weaker than in L. brunneus, weak microreticulum; pubescence 10-20°, PLF 30-45 !lm. Colour: head, mesosoma and gaster dark reddish brown; scape and tibiae yellowish.

Type Material
Seifert (2020) - Lectotype, an alate gyne, labelled by Mayr ”Neapel Emery“, ”Collect. G.Mayr“, ”L. fumatus m., lasioides m., det. Emery“ and ”lectotype, des. E.O.Wilson“; 1 paralectotype worker labelled by Mayr ”Neapel Col. G.Mayr“, ”L. fumatus m., lasioides m., det. Emery“ and ”Typus“; both specimens in.

Seifert (1992) - The lectotype queen in the NHMW is in good condition and is labelled: 'L. fumatus m., lasioides m., det. Emery, Neapel, Emery, Collect. G. Mayr' and 'Lectotype, des. E. O. Wilson.' The lectotype is probably the only original material of Emery that is still available (a search in the Emery collection in was negative). The specimen compares well with the worker attributed queens from Malta, Mallorca, and Algeria.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Abril S., C. Gómez. 2012. Lista actualizada de las especies de hormigas de Menorca (Islas Baleares, España) y primera cita de Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de la isla Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 50: 403-407.
 * Aldawood AS, Sharaf MR (2011) Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106: 4754. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.106.139
 * Andoni V. 1977. Kontribut mbi Himenopteret e familjes Formicidae te vendit tone. Buletini I Shkencave te Natyres 31(2): 93-101.
 * AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
 * Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
 * Antarea (at www.antarea.fr on June 11th 2017)
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2011. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2010. Iberomyrmex 3: 32-33.
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2011. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2011. Iberomyrmex 3: 30-31.
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2012. List of species collected during the Taxomara Tres Cantos 2012. Iberomyrmex 4: 17-18.
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., C. Galkowski, and S. Salata. 2015. What is Tetramorium semilaeve André, 1883? (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 512:39-62.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2013. Ants of Greece  additions and corrections (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 24(3-4): 335-401.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2017. Ants of the Peloponnese, Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Polish Journal of Entomology 86: 193-236.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2018. Notes on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Samos Island, Greece. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-13.
 * Bracko G., H. C. Wagner, A. Schulz, E. Gioahim, J. Maticic, and A. Tratnik. 2014. New investigation and a revised checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Republic of Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology 10(1): 10-24.
 * Bracko G., K. Kiran, C. Karaman, S. Salata, and L. Borowiec. 2016. Survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Greek Thrace. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7945. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e7945
 * Bracko G., and L. Cesnik. 2016. Fist records of six ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for Slovenia. Natura Sloveniae 18(2): 39-46.
 * Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
 * Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
 * Cagniant, H. 2006. Liste actualisée des fourmis du Maroc. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 193-200.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and C. Galkowski. 2009. Liste actualisee des Fourmis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 114: 475-510.
 * Castracani C., D. A. Grasso, A. Fanfani, and A. Mori. 2010. The ant fauna of Castelporziano Presidential Reserve (Rome, Italy) as a model for the analysis of ant community structure in relation to environmental variation in Mediterranean ecosystems. J Insect Conserv 14: 585594.
 * Consani M., and P. Zangheri. 1952. Fauna di Romagna. Imenotteri - Formicidi. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 31: 38-48.
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Emery C. 1869. Enumerazione dei formicidi che rinvengonsi nei contorni di Napoli con descrizioni di specie nuove o meno conosciute. Ann. Accad. Aspir. Nat. Secunda Era 2: 1-26.
 * Emery C. 1916. Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47: 79-275.
 * Espadaler X. F. Garcia, K. Gomez, S. Serrano, and R. Vila. 2009. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Mont-Rebei gorge (Pallars Jussà). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 44: 393399.
 * Espadaler X., F. Garcia, X. Roig, and R. Vila. 2013. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Castell de Montesquiu park (Osona, north-east of the Iberian Peninsula). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 53: 223-227.
 * Espadaler, X., and X. Roig. "Ants from the Montnegre-Corredor Natural Park with description of the male lasius cinereus Seifert." Miscellanea Zoologica 23 (2) (2001): 45-53. Abstract
 * Forel A. 1904. Note sur les fourmis du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences à St. Pétersbourg. Ezheg. Zool. Muz. 8: 368-388.
 * Forel A. 1909. Études myrmécologiques en 1909. Fourmis de Barbarie et de Ceylan. Nidification des Polyrhachis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 45: 369-407.
 * Forel A. 1911. Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 47: 331-400.
 * Forel, A.. "Fourmis de la faune méditerranéenne récoltées par MM. U. et J. Sahlberg." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 21 (1913): 427-438.
 * Galkowski C. 2008. Quelques fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes pour la faune de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 143, N.S. 36, 4 : 423-433.
 * Galkowski C. 2011. Une liste des fourmis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) récoltées dans la région de Grasse, avec la mention dune nouvelle espèce de la faune de France. Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Provence, 62 : 41-44.
 * Garcia Garcia F., and A. D. Cuesta-Esgura. 2017. First catalogue of the ants of Burgos province, Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 60: 245–258.
 * Gomez C., D. Casellas, J. Oliveras, and J. M. Bas. 2003. Structure of ground-foraging ant assemblages in relation to land-use change in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 21352146.
 * Gomez K. 2017. Two species of exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to Malta. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 61: 233-235.
 * Gratiashvili N., Barjadze S. 2008. Checklist of the ants (Formicidae Latreille, 1809) of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Tbilisi) 23: 130-146.
 * Hernandez Cuba O., C. Perez Banon, and M. A. Marcos Garcia. 2008. Los formicidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Parque natural de la Font Roja. Iberis 6: 9-20.
 * Hernandez Cuba O., J. L. Perez-Bote, and J. M. Garcia Jimenez. 2006. Los formicidos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Parque Natural de Cornaldo (suroeste de la Peninsula Iberica). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 38: 356-358.
 * Karaman M. G. 2009. An introduction to the ant fauna of Macedonia (Balkan Peninsula), a check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Natura Montenegrina 8(3): 151-162.
 * Karaman M. G. 2011. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp.
 * Kiran K., and C. Karaman. 2012. First annotated checklist of the ant fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3548: 1-38.
 * Mei M. 1995. Arthropoda di Lampedusa, Linosa e Pantelleria (Canale di Sicilia, Mar Mediterraneo). Hymenoptera Formicidae (con diagnosi di due nuove specie). Il Naturalista Siciliano (4)19(suppl.): 753-772.
 * Ordóñez-Urbano C., J. Reyes-López, and S. Carpintero-Ortega. 2007. Estudio faunísidos de los formícidos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociados a los bosques de ribera en la Provincia de Córdoba (España). Primeras Aportaciones. Boletin Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 40: 367-375.
 * Palladini J. D., M. G. Jones, N. J. Sanders, and E. S. Jules. 2007. The recovery of ant communities in regenerating temperate conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 242: 619624.
 * Pashaei Rad S., B. Taylor, R. Torabi, E. Aram, G. Abolfathi, R. Afshari, F. Borjali, M. Ghatei, F. Hediary, F. Jazini, V. Heidary Kiah, Z. Mahmoudi, F. Safariyan, and M. Seiri. 2018. Further records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 64(2): 145-159.
 * Petrov I. Z. 2012. Preliminary data on ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) on Mountain Avala (Belgrade, Serbia). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 5: 95-99.
 * Rigato F., and J. K. Wetterer. 2018. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of San Marino. Natural History Sciences. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 5(2): https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2018.367
 * Rigato S., and I. Toni. 2011. Short notes 21. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Pp. 873-882 in: Nardi, G.; Whitmore, D.; Bardiani, M.; Birtele, D.; Mason, F.; Spada, L.; Cerretti, P. (eds.) 2011. Biodiversity of Marganai and Montimannu (Sardinia). Research in the framework of the ICP Forests network. Conservazione Habitat Invertebrati, 5. Sommacampagna, Verona: Cierre Edizioni, 896 pp.
 * Salata S., L. Borowiec, and A.Trichas. 2018. Taxonomic Revision of the Cretan Fauna of the Genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with Notes on the Endemism of Ant Fauna of Crete. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 68(4): 769-808.
 * Salata S., and L Borowiec. 2017. Species of Tetramorium semilaeve complex from Balkans and western Turkey, with description of two new species of (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 62:279–313.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. A new species of the ant genus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 from Crete (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 789: 139–159.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. Taxonomic and faunistic notes on Greek ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-51.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2019. Preliminary division of not socially parasitic Greek Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with a description of three new species. ZooKeys 877: 81-131.
 * Sanchez-Gil Jimeno R., and J. L. Reyes-Lopez. 2016. Study of ants species of the Sierra de San Carlos del Valle (Ciudad Real) and updating the provincial check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 40 (1-2): 93-109.
 * Santschi, F.. "Inventa entomologica itineris Hispanici et Maroccani, quod a. 1926 fecerunt Harald et Håkan Lindberg. Fourmis du Bassin Méditerranéen occidental et du Maroc récoltées par MM. Lindberg." Societas Scientiarum Fennica (Helsingfors) 3 (14) (1931): 1-13.
 * Santschi, F.. "Nouvelles fourmis paléarctiques. 3ème. Note." Boletín de la Real Sociedad española de Historia natural (Madrid) 21 (1921): 165-170.
 * Schar S., G Talavera, X. Espadaler, J. D. Rana, A. A. Andersen, S. P. Cover, and R. Vila. 2018. Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae. Journal of Biogeography 00: 1-12.
 * Schifani E., and A. Alicata. 2018. Exploring the myrmecofauna of Sicily: thirty-two new ant species recorded, including six new to Italy and many new aliens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Polish Journal of Entomology 87 (4): 323–348.
 * Scupola A., and R. Poggi. 2014. Ricerche zoologiche della nave oceanografica "minerva" (C.N.R.) sulle isole circumsarde. XXXIII. Formiche. Estratto dagli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria” 106: 93-131.
 * Seifert B. 1992. A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s.str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz 66(5): 1-67.
 * Seifert, B.. "A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str." Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Goerlitz 66(5) (1992): 1-66.
 * Taheri A., J. Reyes-Lopez, and N. Bennas. 2014. Contribution a l'etude de la fauna myrmecologique du parc national de Talassemtane (nord du Maroc): biodiversite, biogeographie et especes indicatrices. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), 54: 225236.
 * Talavera G., X. Espadaler, and R. Vila. Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change. Journal of Biogeography doi:10.1111/jbi.12438
 * Tinaut A. 2016. Ants of the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Mountains Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 40 (1-2): 125-159.
 * Vonshak M., and A. Ionescu-Hirsch. 2009. A checklist of the ants of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 39: 33-55.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por la península Tingitana al norte del Rif (Marruecos)." Orsis (Organismes i Sistemes) 12 (1997): 93-99.
 * del Campo Gracia P., M. D. Martinez Ibanez, A. Tinaut, and S. Montagud Alario. 2014. Faunistic study of the Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Comunitat Valenciana (Spain). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 38 (1-2): 33-65.