Ponera swezeyi

A lightly colored and relatively small Ponera species.

Identification
Taylor (1967) - Known only from the Hawaiian and Samoan Islands. Easily recognized by the combination of small size (worker head width 0.29-0.33 mm, Sf HW 0.32-0.33 mm) with the characters of the japonica species group (5-segmented antennal club, and incised mesometanotal suture). In addition, the queen wing venation (and presumably that of the male) is peculiar. The 2nd abscissa of Rs + M arises distal to the anterior base of the medio-cubital crossvein (m-cu) (fig. 8). This character occurs in only one other Ponera species, the much larger Ponera chapmani (Philippine Islands).

P. swezeyi is the only known Ponera occurring in Hawaii. In Samoa it is easily distinguished from its congeners by its smaller size and light coloration.

Only 3 other species (Ponera petila, Ponera szaboi and Ponera szentivanyi) are known to have HW values less than 0.34 mm; they all have 4-segmented antennal clubs, and lack the dorsal mesometanotal suture.

Distribution
Samoa and Hawaii. P. swezeyi had been recorded only from Hawaii, and was considered by Wilson (1957) to have probably been introduced there by man. This opinion has been supported by discovery of the species on Samoa, where it is widespread on all 3 main islands. (Taylor 1967)

This taxon was described from United States (Hawaii). It is also found in Tanzania.

Biology
Taylor (1967) - The only Samoan nest records are those from Le Mafa, Upolu. Several colonies were found at this site, about 1 .5 meters above ground level, in an almost vertical clay road cutting, in an area of rather disturbed rain forest. P. swezeyi appears to differ in nesting preferences from the other small Samoan species (Ponera incerta and Ponera tenuis), colonies of which were almost always taken in rotting logs, or under moss on logs or trees. Occasional swezeyi workers were taken in moss berlesates but no nests were found in such sites, and the only sexuals taken were from soil/leaf-mold samples. This apparent preference for soil nesting may have been important in the distributional history of swezeyi, which would thus readily be carried by Polynesian and European man in soil attached to root crops such as taro or kumara, sugar cane or pineapple plants, etc. Recall that most Hawaiian records are from soil in pineapple plantations.

One wonders whether swezeyi is a Samoan autochthon secondarily introduced into Hawaii, or whether it has reached these island groups from a third source area, presumably in E. Melanesia. The new records from primary rain forest at high elevations on Upolu and Savaii could indicate that it is a Samoan autochthon. However, the Samoan fauna contains numerous introduced species, including some not usually considered tramps, though clearly carried to the islands by man. Most of the latter are, like P. swezeyi, cryptobiotic or soil-nesting forms, which could easily have been transported in soil attached to plant roots.

Nomenclature

 *  swezeyi. Pseudocryptopone swezeyi Wheeler, W.M. 1933g: 16, fig. 6 (w.q.) HAWAII. Combination in Ponera: Wilson, 1957b: 370. See also: Taylor, 1967a: 85.

Worker
Taylor (1967) - Wilson's (1957) measurements and indices require modification because of additional material: HW 0.29-0.33 mm; HL 0.38-0.44 mm; SL 0.25-0.28 mm; CI 72-78 mm; SI 84-85; PW 0.21-0.24 mm; PH 0.24-0.26 mm; DPW 0.18-0.19 mm. There is no apparently significant structural variation between the Hawaiian and Samoan material.

Wheeler (1933) stated that eyes were not present in swezeyi workers; an opinion accepted by Wilson (1957). Examination of Samoan specimens and re-examination of the types, indicates that eyes are developed in this species. They consist of minute single facets, lying about 0.84-0.86 X the distance from the lateral occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior genal border. They are distinctly pigmented in fresh specimens, but fade on drying. Palpal formula: Maxillary 2: Labial 2: (2 Upolu specimens dissected). Mesometanotal suture finely but distinctly incised on mesosomal dorsum.

Taylor (1967) - [Notes based on 2 Hawaiian specimens (including a syntype), and 4 Samoan ones, 3 from Upolu, 1 from Tutuila]: HL 0.42-0.43 mm; HW 0.32-0.33 mm; SL 0.26-0.28 mm; CI 76-78; SI 81-85; PW 0.27-0.28 mm; PNL 0.13-0.14 mm; PH 0.25-0.28 mm; DPW 0.19-0.20 mm; PNI 71-74; maximum diameter of compound eye 0.09 mm; ocular index 27-28; palpal formula: Maxillary 2: Labial 2 (1 Samoan specimen dissected). Agreeing with the generic plan for this caste, and differing from workers in the usual characters. Wing venation peculiar and diagnostic (see identification section above).

Type Material
Taylor (1967) - Vicinity of Honolulu, Hawaii.