Azteca alfari

Longino (2007) - Azteca alfari is an obligate Cecropia ant. It is the most widespread of the Cecropia ants, extending into the subtropics at both ends of its range. Throughout the range it is the Cecropia ant most likely to be found in open or highly disturbed areas. Founding queens are frequent in Cecropia saplings. As trees grow and form multiple branches, the nests become polydomous. Workers and brood are dispersed in branch tips, and the bole and inner portions of branches are progressively abandoned (Longino 1991a). Workers vary in aggressiveness geographically and over time. Workers in young colonies are usually aggressive, but in many cases workers in mature colonies are less aggressive, retreating inside of stems on disturbance (Longino 1991a).

Identification
Longino (2007) - Azteca alfari is most similar to Azteca ovaticeps. See differentiating characters in key and under A. ovaticeps. Workers of A. alfari may also be confused with workers of Azteca forelii. Mandibles of A. alfari workers are smooth and shiny; mandibles of A. forelii workers are roughened and dull.

Distribution
Central Mexico to northern Argentina.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Biology
De Oliveira et al. (2015) studied Cecropia diversity and ant occupancy of Ceropia by ants in southwest Bahia, Brazil. Azteca alfari was by far the commonest ant species, being found in 52% (273 trees) of the Cecropia examined. This ant was predominant in rainforest and was not found above 600 m or in dry forest.

Nomenclature

 * . Azteca alfari Emery, 1893b: 138, pl. 2, figs. 48, 49 (s.w.) COSTA RICA.
 * [Misspelled as alfaroi by Emery, 1896c: 4, Forel, 1899c: 112, many others; misspelled as alforoi by Forel, 1908e: 63.]
 * Emery, 1896c: 3 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1951: 192 (l.).
 * Status as species: Emery, 1896c: 4; Forel, 1903c: 259; Forel, 1905b: 159; Forel, 1909a: 250; Emery, 1913a: 31; Stitz, 1913: 212; Mann, 1916: 471; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 14; Mann, 1922: 51; Borgmeier, 1923: 88; Menozzi, 1927c: 268; Wheeler, W.M. & Darlington, 1930: 114; Santschi, 1939f: 166; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 215; Kempf, 1972a: 29; Longino, 1989: 5 (redescription); Brandão, 1991: 329; Longino, 1991: 1575; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Wild, 2007b: 24; Longino, 2007: 15 (redescription); Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 253; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 107; Guerrero, 2019: 705.
 * Senior synonym of argentina: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of bicolor: Longino, 1991: 1575; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of breviscapa: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of cecropiae: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of curtiscapa: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of fumaticeps: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of langi: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 12; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of lucidula: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of lynchi: Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of mixta: Longino, 1989: 6; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Senior synonym of virens: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * Material of the unavailable name zonalis referred here by Longino, 1989: 7; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 12; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * argentina. Azteca alfari var. argentina Forel, 1914d: 287 (w.) ARGENTINA (Misiones) (date of publication (31).xii.1914).
 * Gallardo, 1916a: 115 (q.).
 * Subspecies of alfari: Gallardo, 1916a: 114; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of lynchi: Bruch, 1915: 534; Gallardo, 1915: 20.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 79; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * bicolor. Azteca bicolor Emery, 1893b: 141, pl. 2, figs. 54-60 (s.w.q.) PARAGUAY, BRAZIL (Mato Grosso).
 * Status as species: Forel, 1895b: 109; Forel, 1899c: 119; Emery, 1913a: 32; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 14; Borgmeier, 1923: 90; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 225; Kempf, 1972a: 30.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1991: 1575; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * breviscapa. Azteca foreli r. breviscapa Forel, 1912h: 51.
 * [First available use of Azteca foreli r. championi var. breviscapa Forel, 1899c: 112 (w.) COSTA RICA; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1913a: 33; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 228.
 * Subspecies of forelii: Kempf, 1972a: 32.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * cecropiae. Azteca alfari r. cecropiae Forel, 1906d: 240 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * Forel, 1908c: 387 (q.m.).
 * Subspecies of alfari: Forel, 1912h: 51; Emery, 1913a: 31; Stitz, 1913: 212; Borgmeier, 1923: 89; Wheeler, W.M. & Bequaert, 1929: 33; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 221; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * curtiscapa. Azteca alfari var. curtiscapa Forel, 1912h: 51 (w.q.) PANAMA, COSTA RICA.
 * Subspecies of alfari: Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 217; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * fumaticeps. Azteca alfaroi var. fumaticeps Forel, 1909a: 250 (w.) MEXICO (Chihuahua).
 * Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 218 (q.).
 * Subspecies of alfari: Emery, 1913a: 31; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 218; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 78; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * langi. Azteca alfari var. langi Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 218 (w.q.m.) GUYANA.
 * Subspecies of alfari: Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 12; Bolton, 1995b: 79; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * lucidula. Azteca alfaroi r. lucidula Forel, 1899c: 113 (w.q.m.) GUATEMALA, TRINIDAD.
 * Status as species: Forel, 1912h: 51; Borgmeier, 1923: 94.
 * Subspecies of alfari: Forel, 1901e: 367; Forel, 1901h: 65; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 131; Emery, 1913a: 31; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 14; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 222; Kempf, 1972a; 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 79; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * lynchi. Azteca lynchi Brèthes, 1914a: 93 (w.) BOLIVIA (date of publication 12.v.1914).
 * Subspecies of alfari: Bruch, 1915: 534; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 79; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * mixta. Azteca alfari var. mixta Forel, 1908c: 386 (w.q.m.) PARAGUAY, BRAZIL (São Paulo).
 * Subspecies of alfari: Emery, 1913a: 31; Borgmeier, 1923: 89; Wheeler, W.M. & Bequaert, 1929: 33; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 219; Kempf, 1972a: 29.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 79; Longino, 2007: 15.
 * virens. Azteca virens Forel, 1899c: 115 (footnote) (w.) BRAZIL (Pará).
 * Status as species: Emery, 1913a: 35; Borgmeier, 1923: 98; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 247; Kempf, 1972a: 36.
 * Junior synonym of alfari: Longino, 1989: 5; Brandão, 1991: 329; Shattuck, 1994: 11; Bolton, 1995b: 80; Longino, 2007: 15.

Worker
Longino (2007) - (n=13): HLA 0.99 (0.80–1.24), HW 0.88 (0.72–1.07), SL 0.60 (0.53–0.72), CI 91 (86–94), SI 62 (58–69).

Palpal formula 5,3; middle and hind tibia with prominent pectinate apical spur; dorsal surface of mandible largely smooth, with sparse small piligerous puncta, setae in puncta short, larger puncta with long setae near masticatory margin; medial and lateral clypeal lobes at about same level, medial lobe at most weakly projecting beyond lateral lobes; head with convex sides, strongly cordate posterior margin; mesosoma in lateral profile with promesonotum forming a continuous convexity or mesonotum somewhat elevated above pronotum; posterior mesonotum drops gradually to narrow metanotal groove such that posterior mesonotum, metanotal groove, and dorsal face of propodeum form a broad, shallow V (dorsal face of propodeum and broad metanotal groove do not form flat, step-like junction with posterior mesonotum); scape and tibia lacking setae, sides of head lacking setae, posterior margin of head with sparse to abundant erect setae, pronotum, mesonotum, and dorsal face of propodeum with conspicuous erect setae, mesonotum usually with about 8 erect setae of relatively uniform length (range 2–17; contrast with A. ovaticeps); color brown to yellow.

Queen
Longino (2007) - (n=21): HLA 1.62 (1.51–1.69), HW 1.32 (1.26–1.43), SL 0.76 (0.71–0.85), CI 83 (80–86), SI 47 (45–51).

Palpal formula 5,3; middle and hind tibia with prominent pectinate apical spur; dorsal surface of mandible largely smooth, with sparse small piligerous puncta, setae in puncta short, larger puncta with long setae near masticatory margin; medial and lateral clypeal lobes at about same level (medial lobe not projecting anteriorly); head weakly quadrate; petiolar node acute, triangular, neither strongly flattened nor bluntly rounded; posteroventral petiolar lobe well-developed, evenly convex; scape and tibia lacking setae, sides of head lacking setae, posterior margin of head with abundant curved setae, pronotum with posterior row of curved setae, mesoscutum with sparse setae, scutellum and propodeum with more abundant setae, petiolar node with cluster of erect setae, third abdominal tergum with abundant erect setae, fourth and fifth abdominal terga with 0–6 erect setae exclusive of posterior row; color light red brown to black.

Type Material
Longino (2007) - Lectotype worker: Jiménez, Atlantic slope, Costa Rica (Alfaro) (examined).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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