Carebara diversa

Carebara diversa forms large colonies, often found in the soil or under stones. It regularly forms long foraging columns. Arcades constructed of soil particles sometimes roof the trails. C. diversa is a predator of small animals such as insects (Moffett, 1986). It also collects nectivorous materials. This species is widely distributed from India through SE Asia to Taiwan. There are only two Japanese field records respectively from the Nansei Islands (Okinawa Island) and the Ogasawara Islands (Chicchi-jima Island). Specimens taken at the U.S. Air force base at Zama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, must have originated from a commercial introduction from SE Asia (Kubota, 1988). (Japanese Ant Image Database)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Guinea. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Biology
Perhaps the best known member of what was formerly known as Pheidologeton, this species is commonly found in open and disturbed habitats, e.g. gardens, forest fringes, and are rarer in deep forests. They exhibit group-hunting behaviour, where masses of workers form long and dense trails, in an uninterrupted foraging effort (Moffett, 1988). These trails, also known as trunk trails, can last for days and are possible because of huge colonies, consisting of several hundreds of thousands of workers. This elaborate foraging behaviour has coined them the name, marauder ants.

Castes
An outstanding feature is extreme polymorphism closely coupled with polyethism (Moffett, 1987). Soldiers can be many times bigger than workers, and several small workers can ride on the back of soldiers. In C. diversa, small workers make up the bulk of foraging parties, while scattered soldiers often carry large objects, food items, or lift debris off the trunk trails.


 * Soldier

Nomenclature

 * . Oecodoma diversa Jerdon, 1851: 109 (s.w.) INDIA (Kerala).
 * Type-material: syntype major and minor workers (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: Wynaad (= Kerala, Wayanad) “not uncommon” (T.C. Jerdon).
 * Type-depository: unknown (no type-material known to exist).
 * [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
 * Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 135 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 7 (k.).
 * Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
 * combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
 * combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 208 (redescription); Emery, 1893f: 243; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 162; Emery, 1904b: 606; Forel, 1904b: 372; Forel, 1906b: 90; Forel, 1907a: 17; Forel, 1907e: 17; Forel, 1909b: 55; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 334, 340; Forel, 1910d: 123; Forel, 1912d: 105; Forel, 1913f: 191; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 337; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 880; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 1; Santschi, 1924c: 100; Emery, 1924d: 212; Stitz, 1925: 119; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 6; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 90; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 387; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 7; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 44; Mukerjee, 1930: 154; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Kutter, 1932: 207; Santschi, 1937h: 371; Teranishi, 1940: 58; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Collingwood, 1962: 225; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Moffett, 1984: 7; Morisita, et al. 1992: 43; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 72; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90; Imai, et al. 2003: 131; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 31; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 36 (in key); Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 64.
 * Senior synonym of ficta: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
 * Senior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of megacephalotes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
 * Senior synonym of militaris: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of ocellifera: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of pabulator: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of polita Smith, F.: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Distribution: China, India, Indonesia (Bacan, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines (Cebu, Luzon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus draco, laotina, macgregori, philippina, standfussi, taprobanae, tenuirugosa, williamsi.
 * ficta. Pheidologeton diversus var. ficta Forel, 1911d: 386 (w.) VIETNAM, CHINA, INDONESIA (Java).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: Vietnam (“Cochinchine française”) (no further data), China: Hong Kong, Victoria Peak (Ris); Indonesia: Java, Semarang (E. Jacobson).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
 * Subspecies of diversa: Forel, 1912a: 59; Emery, 1924d: 212; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Teranishi, 1940: 57; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
 * megacephala. Pheidole megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Type-material: holotype major worker.
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.53 (A.R. Wallace).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1862a: 49; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1865: 74; Smith, F. 1871a: 332.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
 * Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi, Makassar, “Mak.” (A.R. Wallace).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * megacephalotes. Pheidole megacephalotes Dalla Torre, 1892: 90.
 * Unnecessary replacement name for megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112.
 * Junior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
 * militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
 * Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi, Makassar, “Mak.” (A.R. Wallace).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * ocellifera. Pheidole ocellifera Smith, F. 1858b: 174 (w.) MYANMAR, CHINA (Hong Kong), PHILIPPINES (no island nominated).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: Myanmar (“Burma”), China: Hong Kong, Philippines (no further data).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1865: 103; Mayr, 1867a: 101 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1889b: 504; André, 1892b: 53; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 160 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * pabulator. Pheidole pabulator Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Type-material: 2 syntype major workers, 2 syntype minor workers (on a single card).
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.2” (A.R. Wallace).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886b: 362.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Mayr, 1886c: 362.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * polita. Myrmica polita Smith, F. 1860b: 108 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac” (A.R. Wallace).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 434; Smith, F. 1871a: 325; Dalla Torre, 1893: 113; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 128.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.

Myrmica polita

Two worker syntypes in. Labelled “Bac.” (= Batjan I.).

Pheidole militaris

One syntype worker major and one syntype worker minor in. Labelled “Mak.”

Pheidole pabulator

Two syntypes worker major and two syntype worker minor (on a single card) in. Labelled “Bac. 2.”

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