Polyrhachis illaudata

Polyrhachis illaudata is known to have variability in nesting locations ranging from nesting in the ground to nesting under the bark of tree trunks. Shakur (2023) describes the brood chambers from the nests encountered beneath the bark of Silver Oak (Grevillea robusta) and reports the presence of pupal cocoons in this species.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Palaearctic Region: China.

Biology
The following notes are provided by Shakur (2023):

Polyrhachis illaudata is a species included in the subgenus Myrma and is widespread in forested areas of the South and South-East Asian regions. It is often encountered foraging on the ground, in shrubs, or trees. Hashimoto et al. (2006) classified P. illaudata under the ‘above ground-nesting on tree trunk’ category. Robson & Kohout (2007) classified this species as having both lignicolous (nests within cavities of plants, the base of epiphytic ferns in trees, cavities under bark, or within myrmecophyte plants) and terrestrial types of nests based on studies by Liefke et al. (1998) in Malaysia, and by Hung (1962) in Taiwan, which capture observations on the nesting variability seen in this species.

Here I describe the brood chambers of Polyrhachis illaudata that were observed nesting under the bark of trees. The observations were made in the Heggala reserve forest (Lat: 12.130334°, Long: 75.765830°) and on Tadiandamol Hill (Lat: 12.231307°, Long: 75.627827°), Kodagu, Karnataka, during February and March 2021. At Heggala, when I peeled the bark of a snag searching for ants, I came across a nest of P. illaudata nesting under the bark. Having been disturbed, the workers quickly moved off with the brood to the other end of the trunk revealing the chambers in which they had kept the brood. The chambers were made of soil particles stuck together to form saucer-shaped structures, parallel with the ground (Fig. 1) in the gap between the bark and the main stem. There were no signs of silk having been used in building these chambers. Pupae were enclosed in cocoons, a characteristic that is widespread in the subgenus Myrma (Robson & Kohout 2007). The pupae and larvae were kept nearby to each other but in separate chambers.

On the way to Tadiandamol Peak, another nest of P. illaudata was encountered underneath the bark of a live Silver Oak (Grevillea robusta). It had chambers similar to the previous one (Fig. 2A). The ants gathered the brood and quickly moved off into holes interconnected by tunnels in the wood, probably dug by wood-boring insects (Figs 2B & C). The tunnels were further observed to be sealed with soil. The ants were seen actively using the tunnels present in the wood, indicating the chambers described here might be just outer structures used for providing the optimal temperature for the brood. The trails connecting these chambers to the tunnels were bordered by soil particles. No effort was made to check whether the colony had multiple nests or not, nor was the queen, which might have been residing inside the tunnels, encountered on either occasion.

The species was also observed at the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (Lat: 30.285309°, Long: 77.974090°) during nuptial flights. They were observed nesting in the ground with the nest opening through the walkway side of a wall, which was level with the ground on the other side. The nuptial flights occurred just after heavy rain in the middle of the night around 0030 on 17 July 2021. The alates were seen near lights ~100m away from the nest. Two workers were collected on each occasion (along with brood and alates whenever present) and their identities were confirmed using the keys available on AntWiki (AntWiki 2022) and Fauna of British India (Bingham 1903).

Further studies are required to understand this variation and identify the factors determining the nest location of P. illaudata. It is also necessary to rule out whether there is an actual variation in the selection of nesting sites or is it that this species has polydomous nets (a single nest that has multiple nesting locations) with different locations used as a coping mechanism by relocating across different nest types in response to environmental stressors.

Nomenclature

 *  illaudata. Polyrhachis illaudatus Walker, 1859: 373 (w., not m.) SRI LANKA. Imai, Brown, et al. 1984: 68 (k.). Combination in P. (Myrma): Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576. Senior synonym of mayri: Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576; of duodentata, latispinosa: Bolton, 1974b: 176. Current subspecies: nominal plus intermedia, pauperata, proximomayri.
 * mayri. Polyrhachis mayri Roger, 1863b: 7 (w.) SRI LANKA. Bingham, 1903: 405 (q.); Karavaiev, 1927e: 46 (m.). Combination in P. (Myrma): Viehmeyer, 1916a: 165. Junior synonym of illaudata: Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576.
 * duodentata. Polyrhachis (Myrma) duodentata Donisthorpe, 1942d: 461, pl. 2, fig. 2 (q.) INDIA. Junior synonym of illaudata: Bolton, 1974b: 176.
 * latispinosa. Polyrhachis (Myrma) latispinosa Donisthorpe, 1942d: 460, pl. 2, fig. 1 (q.) INDIA. Junior synonym of illaudata: Bolton, 1974b: 176.

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