Monomorium floricola

Monomorium floricola is one of the world's most broadly distributed tramp ants. It is widespread in tropical regions of both the Old and New World. Monomorium floricola records are also common in subtropical parts of southern Japan and peninsular Florida. In addition, M. floricola is occasionally found in greenhouses and other heated buildings in temperate areas, primarily in Europe and North America. These temperate records, however, are very few compared with those of its congener Monomorium pharaonis (the pharaoh ant), a tropical ant with indoor records from almost every country in Europe and state in the US. (Wetterer 2010)

Identification
A member of the M. boerorum complex in the M. monomorium species group.

Heterick (2006) - Workers of this species bear a striking resemblance in appearance and morphology to dark-headed, bicolored specimens of Monomorium termitobium, but can be distinguished by the combination of a uniformly dark brown or chocolate head and gaster. In M. termitobium the gaster is not uniformly dark brown or black, although it may be a dingy brownish-yellow or yellow with dark infuscation. The petiolar node in all Malagasy specimens of M. floricola that I have seen is also very low and broadly conical to tumular, barely higher than the postpetiole. The ventral surface of the petiole lacks a lobe of any description. Monomorium termitobium workers possess a petiolar node that is distinctly higher than the postpetiole, even when it is low conical in shape, and a subpetiolar lobe of varying degrees is always present.

Bolton (1987) - In the Afrotropical fauna floricola shares a specific character combination of 12-segmented antennae and described eye form with only 5 other species. None of these show the colour pattern of floricola and all have antennal scapes which are relatively shorter, see comparative measurements under Monomorium rotundatum.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Cameroun, Comoros, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania. Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Brunei Darussalam, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Kiribati, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands. Malagasy Region: Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles. Nearctic Region: United States. Neotropical Region: Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Galapagos Islands, Greater Antilles, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Oriental Region: Cambodia, India, Laos, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Japan, Oman, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.



Distribution records of Monomorium floricola as provided by James Wetterer (2010).

Biology
Wetterer (2010) - The worldwide spread of M. floricola is in some respects surprising given its biology. The queens of M. floricola are wingless and thus cannot disperse aerially. Instead, new colonies are formed through budding, where a fragment of a large colony separates to found a new colony (Snelling 2005). The tiny M. floricola workers are very slow moving, severely limiting overland dispersal. Other life history characters, however, facilitate dispersal. Colonies of M. floricola are polygynous (with multiple fertile queens), polydomous (workers of one colony may be divided among multiple small nest sites), and can nest in the tiniest cavities. This allows colony fragments that include queens to be readily transported inside floating vegetation (e.g., branches, logs, and coconuts), and more recently inside human transported cargo.

Puerto Rico
Wheeler (1908): Common in Tillandsias, under the bark-scales of trees and in hollow twigs. All the females were apterous like those of this .. species seen in the Bahamas (Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXI, Pp- 87, 88, figg. D and E).

Florida
A common species in Florida, occurring as far north as Putnam county. Nests are usually in hollow twigs and branches, or in the dry stems of herbs and grasses. Foraging trails occasionally appear in buildings; these trails usually, but not always, originate from outside. Pest status: may cause minor annoyance when it appears indoors. First published Florida record: Emery 1895; earlier specimens: 1887. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Images from AntWeb
Additional images can be found here

Nomenclature

 * . Atta floricola Jerdon, 1851: 107 (w.) INDIA (Kerala).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: Tellicherry (= Thalaserry) (T.C. Jerdon).
 * Type-depository: no type-material known to exist..
 * [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 49.]
 * Forel, 1893g: 388 (q.m.); Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 88 (q.m.); Donisthorpe, 1914: 136 (gynandromorph); Crawley, 1920d: 217 (gynandromorph); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1955c: 121 (l.).
 * Combination in Monomorium: Mayr, 1879: 671.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 163; Mayr, 1863: 396; Mayr, 1879: 671; Forel, 1893g: 388; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1895a: 49; Forel, 1895b: 125; Forel, 1897b: 300; Forel, 1899a: 119; Forel, 1899c: 79; Emery, 1900d: 680; Forel, 1900e: 284; Forel, 1901b: 12; Forel, 1901h: 81; Dahl, 1901: 19; Forel, 1903a: 687; Rothney, 1903: 97; Bingham, 1903: 211; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 87, 123; Wheeler, W.M. 1906c: 310; Forel, 1907a: 19; Wheeler, W.M. 1907a: 272; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1908h: 682; Forel, 1908e: 65; Forel, 1909d: 225; Yano, 1910: 419; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 562; Wheeler, W.M. 1911a: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911b: 169; Emery, 1911b: 531; Wheeler, W.M. 1912a: 45; Forel, 1912g: 3; Forel, 1913f: 191; Forel, 1913k: 53; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 485; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 19; Santschi, 1914d: 354; Emery, 1914f: 410; Viehmeyer, 1914c: 528; Forel, 1915a: 27; Forel, 1915b: 71; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 132; Crawley, 1916b: 369; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 324; Santschi, 1919a: 326; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Mann, 1920: 406; Crawley, 1920d: 217; Mann, 1921: 443; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863, 1026; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 8; Wheeler, W.M. 1923c: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1924a: 108; Crawley, 1924: 399; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Borgmeier, 1927c: 98; Menozzi, 1927c: 268; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 87; Cheesman & Crawley, 1928: 518; Santschi, 1928a: 46; Santschi, 1928c: 68; Santschi, 1928h: 125; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 60; Menozzi, 1930d: 327; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 3; Stärcke, 1930: 374; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 99; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1932d: 16; Wheeler, W.M. 1933f: 143; Wheeler, W.M. 1934h: 12; Donisthorpe, 1935: 633; Menozzi, 1935b: 196; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 23; Wheeler, W.M. 1936f: 9; Smith, M.R. 1937: 833; Teranishi, 1940: 32, 61; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 198; Menozzi, 1942: 169; Eidmann, 1944: 449, 469; Donisthorpe, 1946e: 31; Donisthorpe, 1948d: 596; Weber, 1948b: 82; Kusnezov, 1949a: 425; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 339; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 810; Azuma, 1951: 87; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Azuma, 1953: 2; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 128; Wilson, 1964b: 7; Ettershank, 1966: 89; Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 174; Smith, M.R. 1967: 356; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Taylor, 1967b: 1094; Kempf, 1970a: 23; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Alayo, 1974: 14 (in key); Taylor, 1976a: 86; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Onoyama, 1980: 198; Bolton, 1987: 390 (redescription); Taylor, 1987a: 40; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 96; Brandão, 1991: 357; Ogata, 1991b: 107; Morisita, et al. 1992: 39; Perrault, 1993: 333; Dlussky, 1994: 54; Douwes, 1995: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 89; Tang, J. Li, et al. 1995: 69; Dorow, 1996a: 78; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Deyrup, et al. 2000: 297; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 303; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Wetterer, 2002: 129; Blard, et al. 2003: 130; Deyrup, 2003: 45; Imai, et al. 2003: 134; Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Wetterer & Vargo, 2003: 417; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 27; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 28; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 69; Heterick, 2006: 122 (redescription); Wetterer, 2006: 415; Fernández, 2007b: 134; Clouse, 2007b: 247; Wild, 2007b: 33; Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 68; Terayama, 2009: 153; Boer, 2010: 62; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 6; Solis, et al. 2010: 15; Wetterer, 2010b: 19; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 47; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 258; Ellison, et al. 2012: 256; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 45; Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 88; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 71; Ramage, 2014: 164; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 36; Wetterer, et al. 2016: 12; Deyrup, 2017: 74; Steiner, et al. 2017: 13; Dekoninck, et al. 2019: 1154; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 808; Lubertazzi, 2019: 130; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 77.
 * Senior synonym of angusticlava: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 123.
 * Senior synonym of cinnabari: Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Emery, 1922e: 172; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of floreanum: Brown, in Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 175; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of furina: Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of impressum: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of philippinensis: Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of poecilum: Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1922e: 172; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Senior synonym of specularis: Mayr, 1879: 671; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Forel, 1895b: 125; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Bingham, in Rothney, 1903: 97; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * Distribution [tramp species]:
 * Afrotropical: Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo.
 * Austral: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
 * Malagasy: Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Seychelles.
 * Malesian: Brunei, Cook Is, Fiji Is, French Polynesia, Gilbert Is, Hawaii Is, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Sulawesi), Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Mariana Is, Marshall Is, Micronesia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines (Luzon), Pitcairn Is, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna Is.
 * Nearctic: Canada (hothouses), U.S.A. (Florida, + hothouses in other states).
 * Neotropical: Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bonaire, Brazil, Cayman Is, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador (Galapagos Is), El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nevis, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts, St Lucia, St Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela, Virgin Is.
 * Oriental: China, Christmas I., India (+ Andaman Is), Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * Palaearctic: Cape Verde; + hothouses in Austria, Germany, Great Britain (England, Wales), Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland.
 * angusticlava. Monomorium (Monomorium) angusticlava Donisthorpe, 1947d: 189 (w.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 15 paralectotype workers.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“Dutch New Guinea”), Maffin Bay, viii.1944 (E.S. Ross); paralectotypes with same data, dated viii.1944 or 27.vi.1944.
 * Type-depositories: CASC (pectotype); BMNH (paralectotypes).
 * Status as species: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Ettershank, 1966: 87.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 259; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 123.
 * cinnabari. Monomorium cinnabari Roger, 1863a: 199 (w.) CUBA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a great number”).
 * Type-locality: Cuba: (no further data).
 * Type-depository: MNHU.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 123; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Alayo, 1974: 14 (in key).
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Emery, 1922e: 172; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 260; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * floreanum. Monomorium floreanum Stitz, 1932a: 368, fig. 1 (w.q.) ECUADOR (Galapagos Is).
 * Type-material: 2 syntype workers, 2 syntype queens.
 * Type-locality: Ecuador: Galapagos Is, Floreana I., Post Office Bay, 10-15.xii.1925 (A. Wollebaek’s Norwegian Zoological Expd).
 * Type-depository: MNHU.
 * Status as species: Kusnezov, 1949a: 425; Ettershank, 1966: 89; Kempf, 1972a: 143 (error).
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Brown, in Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 175; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * furina. Monomorium floricola var. furina Forel, 1911i: 221 (w.q.) SRI LANKA.
 * Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s) (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Sri Lanka (“Ceylon”): Peradeniya (K. Escherich).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * [Monomorium floricola var. furina Forel, 1911d: 380. Nomen nudum.]
 * Subspecies of floricola: Emery, 1922e: 172; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Emery, 1887b: 458; Forel, 1892c: 339; Dalla Torre, 1893: 65; Forel, 1905a: 354; Emery, 1922e: 169; Bolton, 1995b: 262.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * impressum. Monomorium impressum Smith, F. 1876a: 447 (q.m.) MAURITIUS (Rodriguez I.).
 * Type-material: lectotype queen (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 1 paralectotype queen, 1 paralectotype male.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Mauritius: Rodriguez I. (Gulliver); paralectotypes with same data.
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 67.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 263; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * philippinensis. Monomorium floricola var. philippinensis Forel, 1910d: 123 (w.q.) PHILIPPINES (Luzon I.).
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Philippines: Luzon, Manila (C.S. Banks).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * [Note: Forel says that types are in “Bureau of Science, Manila”; if they still exist, perhaps in NMPM.]
 * Subspecies of floricola: Emery, 1922e: 172; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 165; Baltazar, 1966: 259; Ettershank, 1966: 91; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * poecilum. Monomorium poecilum Roger, 1863a: 199 (w.q.) CUBA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (number not stated, “a number”).
 * Type-locality: Cuba: (no further data).
 * Type-depository: MNHU.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Dalla Torre, 1893: 69.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1922e: 172; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 266; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
 * specularis. Monomorium specularis Mayr, 1866a: 509 (w.) SAMOA (Upolu I.).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 1 paralectotype worker.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Samoa (“Schiffer Is”): Upolu (no collector’s name); paralectotype with same data.
 * Type-depository: NHMW.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1872: 153; Mayr, 1876: 100 (in key); Emery, 1887b: 457.
 * Junior synonym of floricola: Mayr, 1879: 671; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Forel, 1895b: 125; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Bingham, in Rothney, 1903: 97; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.

Worker
Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head rectangular; vertex planar or weakly concave; frons shining and smooth except for piliferous pits; pilosity of frons a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with shorter decumbent setae or setulae. Eye moderate, eye width 1–1.5× greatest width of antennal scape; (in full-face view) eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule; eye elongate; Antennal segments 12; antennal club three-segmented. Clypeal carinae always well-defined; anteromedian clypeal margin emarginate, clypeal carinae terminating in small denticles; paraclypeal setae moderately long and fine, curved; posteromedian clypeal margin approximately level with antennal fossae. Anterior tentorial pits situated nearer antennal fossae than mandibular insertions. Frontal lobes straight, parallel. Psammophore absent. Palp formula 1,2. Mandibular teeth three, plus minute, basal denticle or angle; mandibles with sub-parallel inner and outer margins, smooth (except for piliferous pits); masticatory margin of mandibles approximately vertical or weakly oblique; basal tooth a small to minute denticle or angle, much smaller than t3 (four teeth present).

MESOSOMA: Promesonotum shining and mainly smooth, striolae, if present, usually vestigial and confined to lower anterior mesopleuron, in some populations entire lower mesopleuron distinctly striolate; (viewed in profile) anterior promesonotum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened, promesonotum on same plane as propodeum; promesonotal setae seven to twelve; standing promesonotal setae consisting of well-spaced, incurved, erect and semi-erect setae only; appressed promesonotal setulae few, mainly on sides of promesonotum. Metanotal groove strongly impressed, with distinct transverse costulae. Propodeum shining and smooth, with multiple hair like striolae on metapleuron; propodeal dorsum convex; propodeum always smoothly rounded; standing propodeal setae consisting of one prominent pair anteriad, with other shorter setae very sparse or absent; appressed propodeal setulae very sparse or absent; propodeal spiracle equidistant from metanotal groove and declivitous face of propodeum. Vestibule of propodeal spiracle absent or not visible. Propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges or small strips of cuticle only.

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node; node (viewed in profile) evenly tumular to roundly conical; appearance of node shining and smooth throughout; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 1:1 and 3:4; anteroventral petiolar process absent or vestigial; ventral petiolar lobe absent; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole about 1:1; postpetiole shining and smooth; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with a few short, appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color head, gaster brown, mesosoma tawny yellow or variegated yellow-and-brown, appendages yellow or yellowish-brown. Worker caste monomorphic.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. specularis): HML 1.09 HL 0.42 HW 0.33 CeI 77 SL 0.28 SI 86 PW 0.20.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. angusticlava): HML 1.15 HL 0.43 HW 0.34 CeI 79 SL 0.29 SI 87 PW 0.21.

OTHER WORKER MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.00–1.21 HL 0.39–0.43 HW 0.31–0.34 CeI 79–85 SL 0.27–0.31 SI 81–90 PW 0.20–0.23 (n=19).

Queen
Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head rectangular; vertex weakly concave or planar; frons shining and smooth except for piliferous pits and striolae around antennal sockets, frontal carinae and below the eyes; frons a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with shorter setae or setulae, which are decumbent or appressed, longer setae thickest on vertex. Eye elliptical, curvature of inner eye margin may be more pronounced than that of its outer margin; (in full-face view) eyes set at about midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule.

MESOSOMA: Anterior mesoscutum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened; pronotum, mesoscutum and mesopleuron shining and mainly smooth, vestigial striolae, if present, confined to anterior katepisternum; length–width ratio of mesoscutum and scutellum combined about 2:1. Axillae narrowly separated (i.e., less than width of one axilla). Standing pronotal/mesoscutal setae a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer, erect and semi-erect setae which are curved distally, interspersed with much shorter, incurved, decumbent setae; appressed pronotal, mescoscutal and mesopleural setulae few, mainly on sides of pronotum and mesopleuron. Propodeum shining and smooth, metapleuron with a few distinct striolae; propodeum always smoothly rounded; propodeal dorsum convex; standing propodeal setae consisting of up to a dozen or more longer erect and shorter sub-erect setae; appressed propodeal setulae well-spaced and sparse; propodeal spiracle nearer metanotal groove than declivitous face of propodeum; propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges only, or absent.

WING: Wing not seen (queens dealated).

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateroventral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node; node, in profile conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth; ratio of greatest node breadth to greatest node width about 1:1. Anterior petiolar process absent or vestigial; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole about 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 3:2 and 4:3; postpetiole shining and smooth; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with a few appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color head, gaster brown, mesosoma and nodes yellowish. Brachypterous alates not seen. Ergatoid or worker-female intercastes not seen.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. impressum): HML 1.88 HL 0.72 HW 0.59 CeI 81 SL 0.60 SI 103 PW 0.42.

OTHER QUEEN MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.75–1.88 HL 0.54–0.55 HW 0.44–0.46 CeI 82–85 SL 0.39–0.40 SI 85–89 PW 0.31–0.33.

Male
Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head width–mesosoma width ratio between 4:3 and 1:1; frons smooth to finely striolate. Compound eyes protuberant and elliptical; margin of compound eye nearly abutting clypeus. Ocelli weakly turreted. Ratio of length of first funicular segment of antenna to second funicular segment between 3:4 and 2:3. Maximum number of mandibular teeth and denticles three.

MESOSOMA: Mesoscutum broadly convex; pronotum and mesoscutum shining and mainly smooth, vestigial striolae, if present, confined to anterior katepisternum. Parapsidal furrows vestigial or absent; notauli absent. Axillae narrowly separated (i.e., less than width of one axilla).

WING: Wing veins predominantly depigmented, with distal segments reduced to vestigial lines; vein m–cu absent; vein cu–a absent.

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node. Petiolar node, (viewed in profile) conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 4:3 and 1:1. Anterior petiolar process absent or vestigial. Height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 2:1 and 3:2; postpeti- ole shining and microreticulate.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, semi-erect setae interspersed with a few appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color uniformly brown.

MALE MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.68 HL 0.46 HW 0.50 CeI 109 SL 0.16 SI 0.32 PW 0.44.

Type Material


Heterick (2006):

Atta floricola Jerdon 1851:107. Syntype ☿s, India [no types known to exist].

Monomorium cinnabari Roger 1863a:199. Syntype ☿s, CUBA [whereabouts of type material unknown]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Wheeler, W.M. 1913:388.

Monomorium poecilum Roger 1863a:199. Syntype ☿s, CUBA [whereabouts of type material unknown]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Emery 1894b:51.

Monomorium specularis Mayr 1866:09. Syntype ☿s (see comments below – lectotype here designated) SAMOA: Upolu (NMW) [examined]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Mayr 1879:71.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Abe T., S. Yamane, and K. Onoyama. Ants collected on the Krakatau Islands 100 years after the great eruptions. Biogeography 14: 65-75.
 * Asfiya W., L. Lach, J. D. Majer, B. Heterick, and R. K. Didham. 2015. Intensive agroforestry practices negatively affect ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity and composition in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Myrmecology 7: 87-104.
 * Asfiya W., R. Ubaidillah, and Sk. Yamane. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Krakataus, and Sebesi and Sebuku islands. Treubia 36: 1-9.
 * Basu P., N. Tak, and A. K. Sanyal. 2013. Ants (insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bethuadahari wildlife sanctuary, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Rec. zool, Surv. India: 113(4): 17-22.
 * Bharti H., Y. P. Sharma, M. Bharti, and M. Pfeiffer. 2013. Ant species richness, endemicity and functional groups, along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas. Asian Myrmecology 5: 79-101.
 * Bolton B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 54: 263-452.
 * Chantarasawat N., D. Sitthicharoenchai, C. Chaisuekul, and C. Lekprayoon. 2013. Comparison of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diversity in Dry Dipterocarp and Mixed-Deciduous Forests at Sri Nan National Park, Northern Thailand. Tropical Natural History 13(1): 1-19.
 * Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
 * Cheesman L. E., and W. C. Crawley. 1928. A contribution towards the insect fauna of French Oceania. - Part III. Formicidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10(2): 514-525.
 * Crawley W.C. 1924. Ants from Sumatra, with biological notes by Edward Jacobson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9)13: 380-409
 * D'Cunha P., and V. M. Grover Nair. 2014. Ant fauna on the mangroves of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts, Karnataka, India. Journal of Ent. Res. 38(1): 59-66.
 * D'Cunha P., and V. Mala Grover Nair. 2013. Diversity and Distribution of Ant Fauna in Hejamadi Kodi Sandspit, Udupi District, Karnataka, India. Halteres 4: 33-47.
 * Dad J. M., S. A. Akbar, H. Bharti, and A. A. Wachkoo. 2019. Community structure and ant species diversity across select sites ofWestern Ghats, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica 39: 219–228.
 * Dias R. K. S. 2002. Current knowledge on ants of Sri Lanka. ANeT Newsletter 4: 17- 21.
 * Dias R. K. S. 2006. Current taxonomic status of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sri Lanka. The Fauna of Sri Lanka: 43-52. Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Editor), 2006. Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. viii + 308pp.
 * Dias R. K. S., H. P. G. R. C. Ruchirani, K. R. K. A. Kosgamage, and H. A. W. S. Peiris. 2013. Frequency of nest occurrence and nest density of Aneuretus simoni Emery (Sri Lankan Relict Ant) and other ant fauna in an abandoned rubber plantation (Kirikanda Forest) in southwest Sri Lanka. Asian Myrmecology 5: 59-67.
 * Dias R. K. S., K. R. K. A. Kosgamage, and H. A. W. S. Peiris. 2012. The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Ants (Order: Hymenoptera, Family: Formicidae) in Sri Lanka. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. p11-19.
 * Dias R. K. S., and K. R. K. Anuradha Kosgamage. 2012. Occurrence and species diversity of ground-dwelling worker ants (Family: Formicidae) in selected lands in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 7: 55-72.
 * Dias R. K. S., and R. P. K. C. Rajapaksa. 2016. Geographic records of subfamilies, genera and species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the four climatic zones of Sri Lanka: a review. J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 11(2): 23-45.
 * Dias, R.K.S. 2006. Overview of ant research in Sri Lanka: 2000-2004. ANeT Newsletter 8:7-10
 * Donisthorpe, Horace. 1935. The Ants of Christmas Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 10: xv. 629-635.
 * Eguchi K., and S. Yamane. 2003. Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a lowland rainforest, northwestern Borneo. New Entomol. 52(1,2): 49-59.
 * Eguchi K.; Bui T. V.; Yamane S. 2011. Generic synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), part I  Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa 2878: 1-61.
 * Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [concl.]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 25(5): 427-473.
 * Emery C. Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 40: 661-722.
 * Emery, C. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine)." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 5, no. 25 (1887): 427-473.
 * Emery, C. "Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 20, no. 40 (1900): 661-722.
 * Ettershank G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171.
 * Fayle T.M., Bakker, L., Cheah, C., Ching, T.M., Davey, A., Dem, F., Earl, A., Huaimei, Y., Hyland, S., Johansson, B., Ligtermoet, E., Lim, R., Lin, L.K., Luangyotha, P., Martins, B.H., Palmeirim, A.F., Paninhuan, S., Rojas, S.K., Sam, L., Sam, P.T.T., Susanto, D., Wahyudi, A., Walsh, J., Weigl, S., Craze, P.G., Jehle, R., Metcalfe, D. & Trevelyan, R. 2011. A positive relationship between ant biodiversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and rate of scavenger-mediated nutrient redistribution along a disturbance gradient in a south-east Asian rain forest. Myrmecological News 14: 5-12.
 * Fellowes J. R. 1999. Exotic ants in Asia: is the mainland at risk? The case of Hong Kong. Aliens 9: 5-6.
 * Forel A. 1909. Ameisen aus Java und Krakatau beobachtet und gesammelt von Herrn Edward Jacobson. Notes Leyden Mus. 31: 221-232.
 * Forel A. 1911. Ameisen aus Ceylon, gesammelt von Prof. K. Escherich (einige von Prof. E. Bugnion). Pp. 215-228 in: Escherich, K. Termitenleben auf Ceylon. Jena: Gustav Fischer, xxxii + 262 pp.
 * Forel A. 1913. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Formicidae II. Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(6): 183-202
 * [[Media:Forel 1913l.pdf|Forel A. 1913k. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach Ostindien ausgeführt im Auftrage der Kgl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin von H. v. Buttel-Reepen. II. Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon. Gesammelt von Herrn Prof. Dr. v. Buttel-Reepen in den Jahren 1911-1912. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 36:1-148.]]
 * Forel A. 1915. Fauna Simalurensis. Hymenoptera Aculeata, Fam. Formicidae. Tijdschr. Entomol. 58: 22-43.
 * Framenau V.W., and M.L. Thomas. 2008. Ants of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean); identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25: 45-85.
 * Ghosh S. N., S. Sheela, and B. G. Kundu. 2005. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Rabindra Sarovar, Kolkata. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Paper 234: 1-40.
 * Ghosh S. N., and S. Sheela. 2008. On a collection of Formicidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) from Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India, with new records of one rare genus and a rare species. Asian Myrmecology 2: 99-102.
 * Gumawardene, N.R., J.D. Majer and J.P. Edirisinghe. 2008. Diversity and richness of ant species in a lowland wet forest reserve in Sri Lanka. Asian Myrmecology 2:71-83
 * Gunawardene N. R., J. D. Majer, and J. P. Edirisinghe. 2008. Diversity and richness of ant species in a lowland wet forest reserve in Sri Lanka. Asian Myrmecology 2: 71-83.
 * Gunawardene N. R., J. D. Majer, and J. P. Edirisinghe. 2012. Correlates of ant 5Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and tree species diversity in Sri Lanka. Myrmecological News 17: 81-90.
 * Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
 * Hashimoto Y., Y. Morimoto, E. S. Widodo, and M. Mohamed. 2006. Vertical distribution pattern of ants in a Bornean tropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47(3): 697- 710.
 * Hashimoto Y., Y. Morimoto, and M. Mohamed. 2003. Species List of Ground and Leaf Litter Ants Collected in Lower Kinabatangan. Pp 13-18. In Lower Kinabatangan Scientific Expedition 2002, 176 pp. ISBN-13: 983-2369-11-8
 * Hatter S. J. S., Sen, M. Nibedita, R. Mathew, and S. Sharma. 2004. Faunal diversity of Saipung wild life sanctuaryl Narpuh Reserve forest, laintia Hills, Meghalaya, Conservation Area Series 21 : 1-66.
 * Herwina H., N. Nasir, Jumjunidang, and Yaherwandi. 2013. The composition of ant species on banana plants with Banana Bunchy-top Virus (BBTV) symptoms in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian Myrmecology 5: 151-161.
 * Herwina H., R. Satria, Yaherwandi, and Y. Sakamaki. 2018. Subterranean ant species diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in educational and biological research forest of universitas andalas, Indonesia. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6(1): 1720-1724.
 * Herwina H., and K. Nakamura. 2007. Ant species diversity study using pitfall traps in a small yard in Bogor Botanic garden, West Java, Indonesia. Treubia 35: 99-116.
 * Heterick B. 2006. A Revision of the Malagasy Ants Belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceeding of the California Academy of Sciences (PCAS) 57: 69-202
 * Huang Jian-hua, Zhou Shan-yi. 2007. A checklist of family Formicidae of China - Myrmicinae (Part II) (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Journal of Guangxi Normal University : Natural Science Edition 25(1): 91-99.
 * Ito, F.; Yamane, S.; Eguchi, K.; Noerdjito, W. A.; Kahono, S.; Tsuji, K.; Ohkawara, K.; Yamauchi, K.; Nishida, T.; Nakamura, K. 2001. Ant species diversity in the Bogor Botanic Garden, West Java, Indonesia, with descriptions of two new species of the genus Leptanilla (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Tropics 10:379-404.
 * Jaitrong W., B. Guenard, E. P. Economo, N. Buddhakala, and S. Yamane. 2016. A checklist of known ant species of Laos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Asian Myrmecology 8: 1-32. DOI: 10.20362/am.008019
 * Jaitrong W., and T. Ting-Nga. 2005. Ant fauna of Peninsular Botanical Garden (Khao Chong), Trang Province, Southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal 1(2): 137-147.
 * Jaitrong W.; Nabhitabhata, J. 2005. A list of known ant species of Thailand. The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal 1(1): 9-54.
 * Leong C. M., S. F. Shiao, and B. Guenard. 2017. Ants in the city, a preliminary checklist of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) in Macau, one of the most heavily urbanized regions of the world. Asian Myrmecology 9: e009014.
 * Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
 * Lopwichan S., and S. Khachonpisitsak. 2015. Ant diversity in Nong Tha Yu Arboretum, Si Racha District, Chon Buri Province. Proceedings The 7 th National Science Research Conference. 30-31 March 2015. Naresuan University.
 * Masayuki, Morita et al. 200?. Implication of predation incidences by ant species on green turtle nests in Chagar Hutang, Redang Island. Proc. 3rd. Intl. Symp. SEASTAR and Asian Bio-logging Science. Part I: Sea Turtle. 21-26.
 * Mezger D., and M. Pfeiffer. 2011. Influence of the arrival of Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the composition of an ant community in a clearing in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Myrmecology 4: 89-98.
 * Mohanraj P., M. Ali, and K. Veerakumari. 2010. Formicidae of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal). Journal of Insect Science 10: Article 172
 * Mohanraj, P., M. Ali and K. Veenakumari. 2010. Formicidae of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean: Bay Of Bengal). Journal of Insect Science 10:172.
 * Narendra A., H. Gibb, and T. M. Ali. 2011. Structure of ant assemblages in Western Ghats, India: role of habitat, disturbance and introduced species. Insect Conservation and diversity 4(2): 132-141.
 * Ngoc Anh L., K. Ogata, and S. Hosoishi. 2010. Ants of agricultural fields in Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Inst. Trop. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 33: 1-11.
 * Parui A. K., S. Chatterjee, and P. Basu. 2015. Habitat characteristics shaping ant species assemblages in a mixed deciduous forest in Eastern India. Journal of Tropical Ecology: 1-14. doi:10.1017/S0266467415000036
 * Pfeiffer M., and D. Mezger. 2012. Biodiversity Assessment in Incomplete Inventories: Leaf Litter Ant Communities in Several Types of Bornean Rain Forest. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040750
 * Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58
 * Pfeiffer, M., H. Cheng Tuck, and T. Chong Lay. 2008. Exploring arboreal ant community composition and co-ccurrence patterns in plantations of oil palm Elaeis guineensis in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Ecography 31(1): 21-32.
 * Raci N., C. Sravanthy, C. Sammaiah, and M. Thirupahaiah. 2015. Biodiversity of ants (Insecta-Hymenoptera) in agroecosystem and grass land in Jammikunta, Karimnagar District, Telangana, India. Journal ofEnvironment 4(1): 11-16.
 * Rajan P. D., M. Zacharias, and T. M. Mustak Ali. 2006. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka). Conservation Area Series, Zool. Surv. India.i-iv,27: 153-188.
 * Ramesh T., K. J. Hussain, K. K. Satpathy, M. Selvanayagam, and M. V. R. Prasad. 2010. Diversity, distribution and species composition of ants fauna at Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) Campus Kalpakkam, South India. World Journal of Zoology 5 (1): 56-65.
 * Rizali A., A. Rahim, B. Sahari, L.B. Prasetyo, and D. Buchori. 2011. Impact of invasive ant species in shaping ant community structure on small islands in Indonesia. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7(2): 221-230.
 * Rizali A., Clough Y., Buchori D. and Tscharntke T. 2013. Dissimilarity of ant Communities Increases with Precipitation, but not Reduced Land-Use Intensity, in Indonesian Cacao Agroforestry. Diversity. 5: 26-38
 * Rizali A., D. J. Lohman, D. Buchori, L. Budi Prasetyo, H. Triwidodo, M. M. Bos, S. Yamane, and C. H. Schulze. 2009. Ant communities on small tropical islands: effects of island size and isolation are obscured by habitat disturbance and tramp ant species. Journal of Biogeography 37(2): 229-236.
 * Rizali A., M. M. Bos, D. Buchori, Sk. Yamane, and C. H. Schulze. 2008. Ants in tropical urban habitats: the myrmecofauna in a densely populated area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 15(2): 77-84.
 * Rizali A., M.M. Bos, D. Buchori, Sk. Yamane, C. Hans, and J. Schulze. 2008. Ants in tropical urban habitats: the myrmecofauna in a densely populated area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 77-84.
 * Rizali A., Y. Clough, D. Buchori, M. L . A. Hosang, M. M. Bos, and T. Tscharntke. 2012. Long-term change of ant community structure in cacao agroforestry landscapes in Indonesia. Insect Conservation and Diversity doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00219.x
 * Rubiana R., A. Rizali, L. H. Denmead, W. Alamsari, P. Hidaya, Pudjianto, D. Hindayana, Y. Clough, T. Tscharntke, and D. Buchori. 2015. Agricultural land use alters species composition but not species richness of ant communities. Asian Myrmecology 7,.
 * Santschi F. 1928. Fourmis de Sumatra, récoltées par Mr. J. B. Corporaal. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 71: 119-140.
 * Schmidt F. A., C. R. Ribas, T. G. Sobrinho, R. Ubaidillah, J. H. Schereder, Y. Clough, and T. Tscharntke. 2017. Similar alpha and beta diversity changes in tropical ant communities, comparing savannas and rainforests in Brazil and Indonesia. Oecologia DOI 10.1007/s00442-017-3960-y
 * Sitthicharoenchai D., and N. Chantarasawat. 2006. Ant species diversity in the establishing area for Advanced Technology Institute at Lai-Nan Sub-district, Wiang Sa district, Nan Province, Thailand. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 6(2): 67-74
 * Skarbek C. J., M. Noack, H. Bruelheide, W. Hardtle, G. von Oheimb, T. Scholten, S. Seitz, M. Staab. 2019. A tale of scale: plot but not neighbourhood tree diversity increases leaf litter ant diversity. Journal of Animal Ecology DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13115
 * Suriyapong Y. 2003. Study of ground dwelling ant populations and relationship to some ecological factors in Sakaerat environmental research station, Nakhon Ratchasima. PhD thesis Suranaree University of Technology 203 pages.
 * Terayama M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts 17:81-266.
 * Terayama, M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta; Hymenoptera). The Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University 17: 81-266.
 * Tiwari R. N. 1999. Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18(4): 1-96.
 * Tiwari R.N., B.G. Kundu, S. Roychowdhury, S.N. Ghosh. 1999. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 211-294 in: Director; Zoological Survey of India (ed.) 1999. Fauna of West Bengal. Part 8. Insecta (Trichoptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera and Anoplura). Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, iv + 442 pp.
 * Tiwari R.N., B.G. Kundu, S. Sheela, and S. N. Ghosh. 2004. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Alfred, J.R.B. [Ed.], Fauna of Manipur, part - 2 (insects). State fauna series 10. Zool.Surv.India.i-v, 1-625. Chapter pagination: 605-625.
 * Tiwari, R.N. 1999. Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18(4):1-96
 * Trainor C.R. and A.N. Andersen. 2010. The ant fauna of Timor and neighbouring islands: potential bridges between the disjunct faunas of South East Asia and Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 58: 133-144.
 * Trainor C.R., and A.N. Andersen. 2010. The ant fauna of Timor and neighbouring islands: potential bridges between the disjunct faunas of South East Asia and Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 58: 133-144.
 * Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
 * Wang C. and Wu J. 1992. Ants of the Jianfengling forest region in Hainan Province (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 28: 561-564.
 * Way M. J., and B. Bolton. 1997. Competition between ants for coconut palm nesting sites. Journal of Natural History 31: 439-455.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1919. The ants of Borneo. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63:43-147.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1927. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Indochina. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 20: 83-106.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1929. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24: 27-64.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1930. Formosan ants collected by Dr. R. Takahashi. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 11: 93-106.
 * Yamane S. 2013. A Review of the ant fauna of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Bull. Kitakyushu Mus. Nat. Hist. Hum. Hist. Ser: A, 11: 1-66
 * Yamane S.; Nona, A. R. 1994. Ants from Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak. Pp. 222-226 in: Inoue, T.; Hamid, A. A. (eds.) 1994. Plant reproductive systems and animal seasonal dynamics. Long-term study of dipterocarp forests in Sarawak. Kyoto: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, vii + 255 pp.
 * Yap H. H., and C. Y. Lee. 1994. A preliminary study on the species composition of household ants on Penang island, Malaysia. Journal of Bioscience 5(1-2): 64-66.
 * Yusah K. M., T. M. Fayle, G. Harris, and W. A. Foster. 2012. Optimizing diversity assesment protocols for high canopy ants in tropical rain forest. Biotropica 44(1): 73-81.
 * Zhang R. J., L. W. Liang, and S. Y. Zhou. 2014. An analysis on the ant fauna of Nonggang Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China. Journal of Guangxi Normal university: Natural Science Edition 32(3): 86-93.
 * Zhang W., G. Liu, P. Zhong, and S. Zhang. 2014. Investigation of Formicidae in Luofushan Mountain. Journal of Huizhou University 34(3): 46-50.
 * Zryanin V. A., and M. V. Mokrousov. 2015. Contribution to the ant fauna of Lombok Island. Proceedings of the 10th ANeT International Conference, 23-26 October 2015, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. 34