Cephalotes pellans

Specimens have been collected from the edge of campo cerrado habitat.

Identification
A member of the pallens clade differing from its sister species Cephalotes decoloratus, in the worker, by the following characters: petiole with a pair of spines 1.3 times longer than the maximum petiolar length and HBaI > 47, and, in the soldier and in the gyne, foveae on disc sparser. C. pellans is another species separated in this paper and previously confused, together with seven others, under the name Cephalotes pallens. Miniature workers, with a maximum length of 3.3 mm, are known from different localities. Similar miniature workers are unknown among other, related species, except pallens, where they appear, nonetheless, to be less frequent. There are also small soldiers and gynes with foveae on the disc denser than in the larger ones. (de Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay.

Worker
Soldier

Nomenclature

 * . Cephalotes pellans De Andrade, in De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 501, figs. 235-238 (s.w.q.m.) PARAGUAY, BRAZIL (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, São Paulo), BOLIVIA.
 * Type-material: holotype soldier, 1 paratype worker, 2 paratype queens, 2 paratype males.
 * Type-locality: holotype Paraguay: (no further data) (Bohls); paratypes with same data.
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Status as species: Wild, 2007b: 32; Guerrero, Fernández, et al. 2018: 243; Sandoval-Gómez & Sánchez-Restrepo, 2019: 913.
 * Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay.

Worker
Differing from Cephalotes decoloratus in the following characters. Pronotum narrower. Margin of the lateral expansions of the mesosoma minutely crenulate. Membranaceous expansions of the propodeum with or without superficial notch. Peduncular spines longer and more pointed. Gaster more elongate, its anterior expansions protruding more anteriorly, narrowing backwards, surpassing the anterior half and continuing as a thin margin until the posterior border. Mid and hind basitarsi shorter and broader.

Sculpture. Head and mesosoma with foveae denser and separate by irregular, longitudinal rugosities. Frontal carinae with less impressed foveae and with thin, longitudinal rugosities. Pleurae with thin, longitudinal rugosities, more impressed on the propleurae. Anterior third and sides of the first gastral tergite reticulate, with dense, very superficial foveae and with thin, longitudinal rugosities.

Colour. Dark brown to black with lighter membranaceous expansions.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 3.28-4.86; HL 0.76-1.10; HW 0.92-1.26; EL 0.19-0.28; PW 0.76-1.08; PeW 0.60-0.92; PpW 0.52-0.68; HBaL 0.22-0.26; HBaW 0.11-0.13; CI 114.5-121.6; PI 116.7-123.1; PPeI 117.4-129.9; PPpI 141.8-158.8; HBal 50.0-52.0.

Soldier
Differing from decoloratus in the following characters. Head disc longer. Center of the disc only occasionally weakly convex. Mesosoma narrower. Mesonotal sides with or without an additional pair of minute denticles. Pedicel narrower and with shorter spines. Gaster more oval and with a pair of more protruding lobes.

Sculpture. Head dorsum minutely, superficially punctate, shining and with small, sparse foveae. Some specimens have the head dorsum covered by a very thin layer of probable camouflage material. Sculpture on the sides of the disc less dense. Ventral part of the head shining, with thin, longitudinal rugosities behind the eyes, smooth in the middle and with shallow, small foveae separated by irregular, longitudinal rugosities on the sides. Propleurae with thin, irregular, slightly transversal rugosities. First gastral tergite with more superficial and more irregular foveae separate by longitudinal, thin rugosities on the anterior third only; in some specimens the rugosities prolonging up to the posterior half.

Pilosity. As in decoloratus except some specimens with rare, short, clubbed hairs on the pronotal sides.

Colour. Dark brown to black with lighter gaster.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 6.60-7.40; HL 1.80-2.16; HW 1.60-1.78; EL 0.39-0.41; PW 1.56-1.70; PeW 0.78-0.80; PpW 0.70-0.72; HBaL 0.27-0.34; HBaW 0.15-0.16; CI 82.7-87.2; PI 101.2-109.7; PPeI 195.0-215.2; PPpI 222.8-239.4; HBaI 47.0-55.6.

Queen
Differing from the soldier in the following characters. Sides of the disc with lower border. Floor of the disc flat or gently convex medially. Vertex with a small, superficial concavity. Vertexal angles less protruding than in the soldier. Humeral angles with a pair of obtuse or nearly round teeth. Pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum flat in side view. Sides of the basal face of the propodeum anteriorly gently convex and posteriorly with a pair of broad, almost round teeth separate by a deep incision. Anterior face of the petiole oblique, anterior border concave. Petiolar sides with or without a minute pair of denticles medially. Postpetiole as in the soldier but with the lateral spines shorter, truncate or pointed.

Gaster. As in the soldier but much longer. Legs as in the soldier.

Sculpture. Head dorsum superficially and minutely punctate and with variably clumped foveae missing on the anterior third of the head dorsum of some specimens. Propleurae with thin, irregular, slightly transversal rugosities. Upper and ventral part of the lower metapleurae with dense, small foveae.

Pilosity. As in the soldier except the sides of the mesosoma with rare, long, clubbed hairs as those on the sides of the disc.

Colour. As in the soldier.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 8.52-8.68; HL 1.80-1.88; HW 1.56-1.68; EL 0.42-0.43; PW 1.44-1.58; PeW 0.58-0.62; PpW 0.70-0.73; HBaL 0.40-0.43; HBaW 0.17-0.19; CI 86.7-89.4; PI 102.6-111.1; PPeI 234.9-254.8; PPpI 200.0-217.1; HBaI 41.9-44.2.

Male
Differing from Cephalotes varians in the following characters. Frontal carinae lower. Clypeus less convex posteriorly and not incised anteriorly. Mesosoma. Pronotum in dorsal view with the sides superficially marginate. Wings more infuscate and darker.

Sculpture. Head dorsum minutely reticulate and with variably clumped foveae separate by thin, irregularly longitudinal rugosities, oriented transversally in front of the eyes and between the scapes. Ventral part of the head reticulate and with foveae separate by slightly longitudinal rugosities. Pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with superficial, minute reticulation and with foveae as on the head dorsum, shallower, sparser and separate by thin, longitudinal rugosities on the mesonotum and on the scutellum. Basal face of the propodeum reticulate and with irregular foveae and longitudinal rugosities. Pedicel and propleurae reticulate and sometimes with few superficial foveae and short rugosities on the sides of the petiole and postpetiole and on the upper part of the propleurae. Mesopleurae reticulate and with thin, longitudinal rugosities on the posterior half, covered by superficial foveae on the center of the lower and upper mesopleurae. Metapleurae reticulate and irregularly rugose; upper part of the metapleurae with few, irregular foveae. Gaster superficially reticulate and subopaque to shining. Legs punctate, with moderately shining femora.

Pilosity. Body with long, thin, flexuous, pointed, golden hairs, dense on the head, on the mesosoma and on the pedicel, sparser on the gaster and on the femora. Gaster and legs with similar hairs but shorter, appressed on the tergites, decumbent on the sternites and on the femora. Tibiae and tarsi with short, pointed hairs.

Colour. Dark brown to black with slightly lighter coxae, proximal part of the femora, and gaster. Legs yellowish with darker tarsomeres.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 4.84-4.92; HL 0.76; HW 0.92; EL 0.39-0.40; PW 0.85-0.88; PeW 0.40-0.42; PpW 0.44-0.46; HBaL 0.43-0.47; HBaW 0.09; CI 121.0; PI 104.5-108.2; PPeI 202.4-220.0; PPpI 184.8-200.0; HBaI 19.1-20.4.

Type Material
Holotype soldier from Paraguay labelled: Paraguay, Bohls, in MCSN. Paratypes: 1 worker, 2 gynes and 2 males, same data as the holotype, all.

Etymology
Pellans is an anagram of pallens, the name of the species with which this one had been previously confused.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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 * Fernandes I., and J. de Souza. 2018. Dataset of long-term monitoring of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the influence areas of a hydroelectric power plant on the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e24375.
 * Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
 * Neves F. S., R. F. Braga, M. M. do Espirito-Santo, J. H. C. Delabie, G. Wilson Fernandes, and G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa. 2010. Diversity of Arboreal Ants In a Brazilian Tropical Dry Forest: Effects Of Seasonality and Successional Stage. Sociobiology 56(1): 1-18.
 * Nunes F. A., G. B. Martins Segundo, Y. B. Vasconcelos, R. Azevedo, and Y. Quinet. 2011. Ground-foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and rainfall effect on pitfall trapping in a deciduous thorn  woodland (Caatinga), Northeastern Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1637-1650.
 * Ulyssea M. A., and C. R. F. Brandao. 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: a compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57(2): 217224.
 * Ulysséa M. A., C. R. F. Brandão. 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: a compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57(2): 217-224.
 * Wild, A. L.. "A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1622 (2007): 1-55.
 * da Silva Monteiro D., R. E. Vicente, J. de Oliveira, and T. Junqueira Izzo. 2011. Composicao e riqueza de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em areas de floresta ombrofila densa e reflorestamento de Teca (Tectona grandis L. F. - Verbenaceae) na Fazenda Sao Nicolau, Cotriguacu, MT. Chapter 13, pp 287-301. In: Descobrindo a Amazonia Meridional: Biodiversidade da Fazenda Sao Nicolau; de Jesus Rodrigues D., T. J. Izoo, and L. D. Battirola (Eds).
 * de Andrade, M.L. & C. Baroni Urbani. 1999. Diversity and Adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, past and present. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 271. 893 pages, Stuttgart
 * de Souza J. L. P., F. B. Baccarob, V. L. Landeirob, E. Franklinc, and W. E. Magnussonc. 2012. Trade-offs between complementarity and redundancy in the use of different sampling techniques for ground-dwelling ant assemblages. Applied Soil Ecology 56: 63 73.