Myrmica rugulosa

Prefers nesting in meadows with dryer soils. Its soil nests can be difficult to find as the nest entrance (and the only indication there is a nest) is an small unmarked hole.

Identification
Radchenko and Elmes (2010) - This species typifies the rugulosa complex of the scabrinodis species group (see also Radchenko and Elmes 2004). It is one of the smallest European Myrmica species. Populations do not appear to vary morphologically to any great extent. M. rugulosa most resembles Myrmica constricta but differs from it by the complete absence of a longitudinal ridge at the base of scape. On the other hand, it can be confused with Myrmica gallienii (especially small specimens of that species), but it differs from the latter by its somewhat more angularly curved scape and much more developed reticulated sculpture on the head dorsum. Moreover, the other castes differ: queens of M. rugulosa are much smaller and the length of the second funicular segment of males is subequal to the third whereas in M. gallienii males it is > l.5 times longer than the third one.

Collingwood (1979) - Pale reddish yellow with dilute sculpture. Head distinctly longer than broad; petiole narrowly rectangular from above, simply angled in side view with very short truncate dorsal area. Antennal scapes sharply but evenly bent near base, without trace of an angular projection or process. Frontal triangle mostly smooth but partly striate at apex in Fennoscandian samples. Head Index: 80.2; Frons Index: 52.7; Frontal Laminae Index: 95.4. Length: 3.0-4.3 mm.

Distribution
Europe (absent from British Isles and Iberian Peninsula), Caucasus. All old records of this species east of Ural Mts. belong to M. gallienii.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.

Biology
Radchenko and Elmes (2010) - M. rugulosa is an oligotopic thermophilous species that is mainly found in dry meadows, particularly meadows with a very sandy soil. In the more continental parts of its range it is also found in suitable mountain meadows, open scrubby woodland, forest clearings, glades and edges providing its nests sites are open to direct sunlight. Generally it avoids sites with heavy, damp soils. Despite its preference for warm (often hot) microhabitats it is a “northern” species and does not live in steppes and dry Mediterranean biotopes. It is quite tolerant of anthropogenic pressure and is often found inhabiting pastures, gardens and orchards in rural areas, and lawns, parks and roadside edges in urban areas. We have observed a very large population in Jutland, Denmark that appeared to be one super-colony occupying the entire floor area of a large abandoned sand quarry.

Despite its relative abundance in North and Central Europe there has been relatively little ecological study of M. rugulosa. It appears that in the habitats where it normally lives its main competitor is Lasius niger, with which it interacts by passive behavior and foraging at different times (e.g. Czechowski 1979; De Vroey 1980a; Galle et al. 1998). Individual nests may contain up to several thousands of workers and are nearly always polygynous, we have data from only four nests excavated in Jutland (see above), that had a mean size of 1200 workers and 19 queens. Nests are built in the soil and usually there are no above-ground indications (spoil heaps, solaria etc.) of its presence other than small barely visible entrance holes. Consequently it can be difficult to find the nests of M. rugulosa, a good tip is to search after heavy rainfall when often one can see freshly excavated sand on the soil surface.

One of the most studied aspects of M. rugulosa has been the chemical structure of its recruitment and trail pheromones (Attygalle et al. 1983; Cammaerts, 1980a; Cammaerts and Cammaerts 1981; Cammaerts et al. 1982). Otherwise, it has been reported to be a host to Myrmica karavajevi in Sweden (Douwes 1977). Nuptial flights have been recorded in August and September.

Collingwood (1979) - This is a small slender species, in Scandinavia found locally nesting in lowland sandy heath or open pasture frequently near the coast, but more generally distributed in Europe ascending to 1000 m in the Central Pyrenees. The nests are deep in the ground with circular crater like openings to the outside. The species is polygynous and a single colony may contain many thousands of workers. These tend to forage in files unlike most other Myrmica species which forage singly.

Nomenclature

 *  rugulosa. Myrmica rugulosa Nylander, 1849: 32 (w.q.) FINLAND. Mayr, 1855: 405 (m.); Lomnicki, 1924: 817 (gynandromorph). Subspecies of rubra: Forel, 1874: 77; Emery & Forel, 1879: 40; of scabrinodis: Forel, 1892i: 315; Ruzsky, 1905b: 690; Emery, 1908a: 177; Emery, 1916b: 120. Status as species: André, 1883a: 317; Ruzsky, 1902d: 30; Bondroit, 1918: 100; Finzi, 1926: 91; Karavaiev, 1929b: 203; Holgersen, 1940: 185; Boven, 1947: 175; Bernard, 1967: 115; Kutter, 1977c: 68; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 532; Collingwood, 1979: 54; Seifert, 1988b: 11; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 89. Senior synonym of clandestina: Mayr, 1855: 405; of sulcinodorugulosa: Radchenko, 1994e: 75. See also: Radchenko, 2007: 28; Radchenko & Elmes, 2010: 244.
 * clandestina. Myrmica clandestina Foerster, 1850a: 63 (w.) GERMANY. Schenck, 1852: 85 (q.m.). Junior synonym of rugulosa: Mayr, 1855: 405.
 * sulcinodorugulosa. Myrmica rugulosa var. sulcinodorugulosa Nasonov, 1889: 35 (w.) LATVIA, ESTONIA, RUSSIA. Junior synonym of rugulosa: Radchenko, 1994e: 75.

Etymology
Radchenko and Elmes (2010) - name derived from the diminutive of the Latin word rugosus = wrinkle or full of wrinkles, to describe its fine, rugulose sculpture.