Monomorium subopacum

Heterick (2006) - Monomorium subopacum, like Monomorium pharaonis, is something of a tramp, and its occurrence in Madagascar and other regions well away from its natural area of occurrence is certainly due to human activities (Bolton 1987).

Identification
Heterick (2006) - A member of the M. subopacum complex in the M. salomonis species group. Monomorium subopacum is very similar to Monomorium willowmorense but those worker specimens I have seen of the former can be distinguished from M. willowmorense by their finely granulate-reticulate frons, uniformly sculptured promesonotal humeri and a longer antennal scape (SI > 100 in M. subopacum and < 100 in M. willowmorense). Nonetheless, the differences that separate the two are small, and in view of the variability to be found in M. subopacum I would not be surprised if molecular–based investigations resulted in M. willowmorense being added to the already overburdened synonymic list for M. subopacum.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Cape Verde, Niger, Senegal, United Arab Emirates. Malagasy Region: Madagascar. Oriental Region: India, Sri Lanka. Palaearctic Region: Algeria, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Oman, Portugal , Spain, Tunisia, Turkey.

Biology
Espadaler (2007) - On the Canary Islands this ant is found from sea level to a single outpost at 850 m, the Mirador de Isora, a highly degraded site.

Sharaf et al (2018) - Oman: collected in a dry valley planted with Acacia.

Nomenclature

 * . Myrmica subopaca Smith, F. 1858b: 127 (w.q.) PORTUGAL (Madeira I.).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 103), 3 paralectotype workers, 3 paralectotype queens (all specimens on one card).
 * Type-locality: lectotype Portugal: Madeira I. (T.V. Wollaston); paralectotypes with same data.
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Combination in Monomorium: Mayr, 1862: 753;
 * combination in M. (Xeromyrmex): Emery, 1916b: 161; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 871.
 * Subspecies of salomonis: Forel, 1890a: lxxv; Saunders, E. 1890: 204; Forel, 1904c: 5; Forel, 1907a: 18; Emery, 1908h: 676; Santschi, 1908: 517; Forel, 1910a: 23; Karavaiev, 1912a: 3; Krausse, 1912b: 166; Santschi, 1913c: 306; Santschi, 1914d: 353; Emery, 1916b: 161; Arnold, 1916: 224; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916: 170; Santschi, 1921e: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 871; Emery, 1922e: 178; Wheeler, W.M. 1923c: 4; Santschi, 1923e: 281; Emery, 1924a: 8; Emery, 1924c: 165; Lomnicki, 1925b: 1; Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 3; Menozzi, 1926b: 182; Kutter, 1927: 99; Wheeler, W.M. 1927g: 107; Donisthorpe, 1942a: 29; Wellenius, 1955: 8; Ceballos, 1956: 305; Báez & Ortega, 1978: 190; Kempf, 1972a: 144.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 753; Roger, 1862c: 294; Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 429; Dours, 1873: 169; André, 1874: 199 (in key); Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; André, 1881b: 65; Emery, 1881b: 531 (in key); Emery, 1882: 450; André, 1883a: 336 (in key); Emery, 1886: 363; Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Emery, 1892a: 117; Dalla Torre, 1893: 70; Emery, 1893c: 82; Emery, 1895h: 24; Mayr, 1895: 133; Bondroit, 1918: 143; Santschi, 1927d: 240; Menozzi, 1929a: 4; Santschi, 1931a: 5; Grandi, 1935: 100; Santschi, 1936a: 40; Finzi, 1936: 177; Finzi, 1939a: 158; Finzi, 1940: 161; Arnold, 1944: 14 (in key); Bernard, 1956b: 259; Baroni Urbani, 1964c: 154; Cagniant, 1964: 89; Ettershank, 1966: 92; Baroni Urbani, 1968b: 450; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 66; Cagniant, 1970a: 418; Bernard, 1971: 7; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 92; Baroni Urbani, 1976: 213; Collingwood, 1978: 82 (in key); Barquin Diez, 1981: 196; Schembri & Collingwood, 1981: 431; Collingwood, 1985: 272; Bolton, 1987: 360 (redescription); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 55; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 273 (in key); Kugler, J. 1988: 258; Brandão, 1991: 357; Collingwood, 1993b: 194; Hohmann, et al. 1993: 155; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Mei, 1995: 764; Poldi, et al. 1995: 4; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 356; Espadaler, 1997b: 30; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103 (redescription); Cagniant, 2006a: 196; Petrov, 2006: 94 (in key); Wetterer, Epadaler, Ashmole, et al. 2007: 31; Wetterer, et al. 2007: 16; Fernández, 2007b: 138; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 140; Legakis, 2011: 15; Collingwood, et al. 2011: 438; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 519; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 46; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 21; Hita Garcia, et al. 2013: 213; Borowiec, L. 2014: 126; Sharaf, Collingwood, Al Dhafer, et al. 2015: 54; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 40; Lebas, et al. 2016: 304; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 47; Sharaf, Fisher, et al. 2018: 26; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 78; Sharaf, Abdel-Dayem, et al. 2020: 548.
 * Senior synonym of adoneum: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of apuleii: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of cabrerae: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of ebraicum: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of glyciphila: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of intermedium: Hohmann, et al., 1993: 155; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 115; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of italica: Baroni Urbani, 1968b: 450; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 92; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of liberta: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 115; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of mediterraneum: Mayr, 1862: 753; Roger, 1862c: 294; Mayr, 1863: 429; Roger, 1863b: 31; Dours, 1873: 169; André, 1874: 204 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Dalla Torre, 1893: 70; Emery, 1916b: 161; Emery, 1922e: 178; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 871; Santschi, 1927d: 241; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of mintiribe: Sharaf, Collingwood, Al Dhafer, et al. 2015: 54.
 * Senior synonym of obscuripes: Santschi, 1927d: 241; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Senior synonym of surcoufi: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * Material of the unavailable names claveaui, santschiellum, senegalensis Santschi referred here by Bolton, 1987: 360.
 * Distribution:
 * Afrotropical: Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa.
 * Malagasy: Madagascar.
 * Neotropical: Antigua.
 * Oriental: China, India, Sri Lanka.
 * Palaearctic: Algeria, Ascension I., Cape Verde, Egypt, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy (+ Sardinia, Sicily), Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Portugal (Madeira), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain (+ Balearics, Canary Is), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus planidorsum.
 * adoneum. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. adoneum Santschi, 1936a: 41, fig. 22 (w.) LEBANON.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Lebanon (“Grand Liban”): Djbeil or Djbla, ancient Byblos (F. Santschi).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * [Misspelled as adonis by Santschi, 1936a: 64, caption to fig. 22.]
 * [Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. adoneum Santschi, 1934d: 277. Nomen nudum.]
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Ettershank, 1966: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 258.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * apuleii. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. apuleii Santschi, 1927d: 243 (w.q.m.) TUNISIA.
 * Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s), syntype male(s) (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Tunisia: Hammamat (F. Santschi).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1936a: 42 (in key); Ettershank, 1966: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * cabrerae. Paraphacota cabrerae Santschi, 1919g: 405, fig. 1 (m.) SPAIN (Canary Is).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Spain: Canary Is, Tenerife, Laguna, 25.vii.1918 (A. Cabrera y Diaz).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * [Misspelled as cabrae by Santschi, 1927d: 241.]
 * Santschi, 1927d: 242 (w.q.).
 * Combination in Monomorium: Santschi, 1927d: 241.
 * Status as species: Wheeler, W.M. 1927g: 108; Wellenius, 1955: 8; Ettershank, 1966: 88; Báez & Ortega, 1978: 190.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1927d: 241; Santschi, 1936a: 42 (in key).
 * Junior synonym of medinae: Barquin Diez, 1981: 163.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 260; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * ebraicum. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. ebraicum Menozzi, 1933b: 62 (w.m.) ISRAEL.
 * Type-material: 20 syntype workers, 1 syntype male.
 * Type-locality: Israel (“Palestine”): Tel Aviv, no.180 (F.S. Bodenheimer).
 * Type-depository: IEUB, probably also in HUJI.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1936a: 41; Ettershank, 1966: 88; Bolton, 1995b: 261; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 43 (error).
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * glyciphila. Myrmica glyciphila Smith, F. 1858b: 125 (w.) SRI LANKA.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 103), 2 paralectotype workers.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Sri Lanka (“Ceylon”): (no further data); paralectotypes with same data (on same card).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Combination in Monomorium: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429;
 * combination in M. (Xeromyrmex): Emery, 1922e: 179.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Motschoulsky, 1863: 15; Smith, F. 1871a: 327; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Bingham, 1903: 206; Emery, 1922e: 176; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 166; Ettershank, 1966: 89; Tiwari, 1999: 53 (error).
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * intermedium. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. intermedium Santschi, 1927d: 242.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 104), 10 paralectotype workers.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Spain: Canary Is, Lanzarote, Haria, 1000 ft, 8.i.1925 (W.M. Wheeler); paralectotypes with same data.
 * [Note: original syntypes were also recorded from Canary Is, Palma, Barranco de las Angustias, ca 1000 ft, vii-viii.1925 (W.M. Wheeler), and from Canary Is, Lanzarote, Uga (W.M. Wheeler).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * [First available use of Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) salomonis subsp. subopacum var. intermedium Wheeler, W.M. 1927g: 108 (w.) SPAIN (Canary Is); unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Wellenius, 1955: 8; Ettershank, 1966: 90; Báez & Ortega, 1978: 190.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Barquin Diez, 1981: 201.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Hohmann, et al., 1993: 155; Bolton, 1995b: 263; Zhou, 2001b: 115; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * italica. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum subsp. italica Baroni Urbani, 1964c: 154, figs. 2, 3 (w.) ITALY.
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Italy: Gambarie (Aspromonte), viii.1957 (C. Conci).
 * Type-depository: MSNV.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Baroni Urbani, 1968b: 450; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 92; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 263; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * liberta. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. liberta Santschi, 1927d: 243.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Senegal: Saint-Louis (Claveau).
 * [Note: the syntypes of liberta are the same specimens as senegalensis.]
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * [First available use of Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) salomonis st. subopacum var. liberta Santschi, 1921e: 170 (w.) SENEGAL; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name (Bolton, 1987: 360).]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1923e: 281; Ettershank, 1966: 90.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1936a: 41.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 263; Zhou, 2001b: 113; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * mediterraneum. Monomorium mediterraneum Mayr, 1861: 72 (diagnosis in key) (w.q.) SPAIN.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 104).
 * Type-locality: Spain: Cadiz (Rogenhofer?).
 * Type-depository: NHMW.
 * Santschi, 1936a: 40 (m.).
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Ceballos, 1956: 305.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1886: 363 (in text).
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Emery, 1881b: 531 (in key); Mayr, 1895: 133; Santschi, 1936a: 40; Menozzi, 1940: 268.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Mayr, 1862: 753; Roger, 1862c: 294; Mayr, 1863: 429; Roger, 1863b: 31; Dours, 1873: 169; André, 1874: 204 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Dalla Torre, 1893: 70; Emery, 1916b: 161; Emery, 1922e: 178; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 871; Santschi, 1927d: 241; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 264; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * mintiribe. Monomorium mintiribe Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 350, fig. 23 (w.q.m.) OMAN, SAUDI ARABIA.
 * Type-material: holotype worker, paratype workers, paratype queens (numbers not stated), 1 paratype male.
 * Type-locality: holotype Oman: Minitirib, 17.xi.1984 (M.D. Gallagher); paratypes: workers (number not stated) with same data, workers, queens, 1 male Oman: Bilad Bani, 20°03’N, 59°17’E (W. Büttiker), workers Oman: Mugshin Dhofar, 5.iv.1984 (M.D. Gallagher), workers Oman: Yalooni, 3.x.1984 (M.D. Gallagher), workers Oman: Wadu Ibra, 17.i.1988 (M.D. Gallagher), workers Saudi Arabia: Al-Kola, 10.iv.1983 (C.A. Collingwood).
 * Type-depository: WMLC (1 paratype).
 * [Note: Sharaf, Collingwood, Al Dhafer, et al. 2015: 54, report that type-material of this taxon appears to be lost (not in NHMB), except for 1 paratype in WMLC. Specimens may be present in OMHN if Gallagher material has been retained there.]
 * Status as species: Collingwood, et al. 2011: 435; Borowiec, L. 2014: 122.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Sharaf, Collingwood, Al Dhafer, et al. 2015: 54.
 * obscuripes. Paraphacota cabrerae st. obscuripes Santschi, 1921b: 424 (m.) SPAIN (Canary Is).
 * Type-material: lectotype male (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 104), 1 paralectotype male.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Spain: Canary Is, Tenerife, Bejamar, 10.x.1909 (A. Cabrera); paralectotype Canary Is, Tenerife, Bejairo, 20.ix.1898 (A. Cabrera).
 * [Note: Heterick, 2006: 104, gives the same data for both lectotype and paralectotype (Bejamar, 10.x.1909), but Santschi specified only two specimens, one Bejamar, 10.x.1909, the other Bejairo, 20.ix.1898. Confusingly, Santschi, 1936a: 41, later stated, “Tenerife, Bejanos (Cabrera y Diaz), types male, queen”.]
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * Santschi, 1927d: 241 (w.q.).
 * Combination in Monomorium: Santschi, 1927d: 241.
 * Subspecies of cabrerae: Wheeler, W.M. 1927g: 108; Wellenius, 1955: 9; Báez & Ortega, 1978: 190.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1936a: 40.
 * Junior synonym of medinae: Barquin Diez, 1981: 163.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Santschi, 1927d: 241; Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 265; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.
 * surcoufi. Paraphacota surcoufi Santschi, 1919d: 90, fig. 1 (m.) ALGERIA.
 * Type-material: lectotype male (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 104), 1 paralectotype male.
 * [Note: Santschi originally included 3 syntype males.]
 * Type-locality: lectotype Algeria: Biskra, viii.1917, at light (J. Surcouf); paralectotype with same data.
 * [Note: Heterick, 2006: 104, gives 1919 as collection date; original description specifies 1917.]
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * Santschi, 1927d: 243 (w.q.).
 * Combination in Monomorium (Xeromyrmex): Santschi, 1927d: 243.
 * Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 92.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1927d: 243; Santschi, 1936a: 42 (in key); Santschi, 1937g: 80.
 * Junior synonym of subopacum: Bolton, 1987: 360; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Zhou, 2001b: 114; Heterick, 2006: 103.

Type Material
Lectotype: worker, Madeira, T. V. Wollaston. In view of the subtle differences that separate genuine good species in the M. salomonis group, I am designating a lectotype to fix the name ‘subopacum’, the type worker material of which is a richer reddish brown than the type material for M. glyciphilum. The syntype material is on a single card rectangle. The lectotype worker is the third worker from the RHS, seen from the rear. Paralectotypes: Three workers and three queens, carded on the same rectangle as the holotype (BMNH). No attempt has been made to separate the ants

Taxonomic Notes
Heterick (2006) - Bolton (1987) recognized this species from Madagascar on the basis of a short series from Maevatanana (“Maevantanara”); however, there are no Malagasy specimens in the CAS, despite the huge amount of Monomorium material collected by Brian Fisher and his teams since the early 1990s. The Malagasy component in the description and measurements provided above includes details from six specimens held at UCDC and three specimens from the same series held at MCZ.

Several of the synonyms are those of taxa originally described from males. The spurious genus ‘Paraphacota’ incorporated three such taxa, and what appears to me to be two distinct species. The male of Monomorium surcoufi and that of M. cabrerai are obviously identical, and easily recognized by their long, bicolored legs and completely hyaline wings. On the other hand, the male of Monomorium cabrerai obscuripes has relatively shorter, uniformly dark legs and brown wing veins. I have not seen nest material of Monomorium subopacum that has included males, but Bolton (1987) was in no doubt that the descriptions of M. surcoufi and M. cabrerai were based on ordinary males of M. subopacum. He followed Santschi in also placing M. cabrerai obscuripes under M. subopacum but allowed that it could be the male of Monomorium medinae Emery, a Canary Islands endemic, a view first broached by Wheeler (1927). Hohmann et al. (1993) included the two cabrerai taxa under Monomorium medinae, but omitted Monomorium surcoufi. This seems to me an odd judgement, and, indeed, Bolton (1995) did not mention these authors at all in relation to ‘Paraphacota’, but continued to consign all three taxa to synonymy under Monomorium subopacum. (NB. Dr. Xavier Espadaler [pers. commun.] also places M. cabrerai under M. subopacum, leaving M. cabrerai obscuripes as an unresolved puzzle, but has indicated that none of the males originally placed under ‘Paraphacota’ belongs to Monomorium medinae.)

Worker
Heterick (2006) - Lectotype (M. subopacum): HML 1.81 HL 0.67 HW 0.54 CeI 81 SL 0.56 SI 104 PW 0.35. Lectotype (Monomorium glyciphilum): HML 2.03 HL 0.72 HW 0.60 CeI 83 SL 0.62 SI 104 PW 0.39. Lectotype (Monomorium mediterraneum): HML 1.92 HL 0.70 HW 0.55 CeI 79 SL 0.58 SI 105 PW 0.36. Lectotype (Monomorium subopacum intermedium): HML 1.93 HL 0.71 HW 0.58 CeI 82 SL 0.59 SI 102 PW 0.36. (non-types): HML 1.77–2.12 HL 0.64–0.73 HW 0.52–0.61 CeI 80–85 SL 0.54–0.64 SI 104–108 PW 0.34–0.42 (n=9).

HEAD: Head rectangular; vertex planar or weakly concave; frons shining and finely microreticulate; pilosity of frons consisting of abundant, incurved, appressed setulae only. Eye large, eye width 1.5× greater than greatest width of antennal scape; eyes (in full-face view) set at about midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule; elliptical, curvature of inner eye margin may be more pronounced than that of its outer margin. Antennal segments 12; club three-segmented. Clypeal carinae indicated by multiple weak ridges; anteromedian clypeal margin emarginate, clypeal carinae terminating in blunt angles; paraclypeal setae moderately long and fine, curved; posteromedian clypeal margin approximately level with antennal fossae. Anterior tentorial pits situated nearer antennal fossae than mandibular insertions. Frontal lobes straight, parallel. Psammophore absent. Palp formula 2,2. Mandibular teeth four; mandibles with sub-parallel inner and outer margins, striate; masticatory margin of mandibles approximately vertical or weakly oblique; basal tooth approximately same size as t3 (four teeth present).

MESOSOMA: Promesonotum shining and microreticulate throughout; in profile broadly convex anteriad, convexity reduced posteriad; promesonotal setae absent; appressed promesonotal setulae well-spaced over entire promesonotum. Metanotal groove weakly to strongly impressed, with distinct transverse costulae. Propodeum shining and microreticulate; propodeal dorsum flat throughout most of its length; angulate, propodeal angle blunt; length ratio of propodeal dorsum to its declivity between 2:1 and 4:3; standing propodeal setae absent; appressed propodeal setulae well-spaced and sparse; propodeal spiracle nearer metanotal groove than declivitous face of propodeum; vestibule of propodeal spiracle absent or not visible; propodeal lobes present as rounded flanges.

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral or laterodorsal and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node. Node (viewed in profile) cuneate, vertex rounded, or, conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and distinctly microreticulate; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 1:1 and 3:4. Anteroventral petiolar process present as a thin flange tapering posteriad; ventral petiolar lobe present, but weakly developed to vestigial. Height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 3:2 and 4:3; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 1:1 and 3:4; postpetiole shining and microreticulate; postpetiolar sternites without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting mainly of short, appressed setulae, together with one to several pairs of erect and semi-erect setae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color mesosoma, nodes and legs orange-yellow, head and antennae brown, gaster dark brown. Worker caste monomorphic.

Queen
Heterick (2006) - HML 3.13–3.43; HL 0.91–0.92; HW 0.79–0.86; CeI 89–93; SL 0.70–0.79; SI 89–92; PW 0.68–0.74 (n=4).

(based on three paralectotype queens of Monomorium subopacum and one queen of Monomorium mediterraneum).— HEAD: Head square; vertex always planar; frons shining and finely longitudinally striolate and microreticulate; pilosity of frons consisting of well-spaced appressed setulae only. Eye roundly elliptical; in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint to of head capsule; in profile, eyes set posteriad of midline of head capsule.

MESOSOMA: Anterior mesoscutum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened; prono tum, mesoscutum and mesopleuron uniformly finely punctate-microreticulate; length-width ratio of mesoscutum and scutellum combined between 2:1 and 3:2. Axillae narrowly separated (i.e., less than width of one axilla). Standing pronotal/mesoscutal setae sparse or absent; appressed pronotal, mescoscutal and mesopleural setulae well- spaced over entire pronotum/mesonotum. Propodeum entirely microreticulate-striolate; propodeum smoothly rounded or with indistinct angle; propodeal dorsum slightly elevated anteriad and sloping away posteriad, propodeal angles not raised; standing propodeal setae absent; appressed propodeal setulae well-spaced and sparse; propodeal spiracle nearer metanotal groove than declivitous face of propodeum; propodeal lobes present as well-developed, rounded flanges or bluntly angled flanges.

WING: Wing not seen (queens dealated).

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node; node, in profile, cuneate, vertex rounded; appearance of node matt and microreticulate, rugose posteriad; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) about 1:1. Anteroventral petiolar process present as a thin flange tapering posteriad; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 3:2 and 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; postpetiole shining and microreticulate; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of long, appressed setae and one or two semierect setae, or, standing setae completely absent.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color tawny, variegated brown. Brachypterous alates not seen. Ergatoid or worker-female intercastes not seen.

Male
Heterick (2006) - LECTOTYPE (Monomorium surcoufi): HL 0.88 HW 0.98 CeI 111. (NB. Lectotype lacks antennae, postpetiole and gaster). HOLOTYPE (Monomorium cabrerai): HML (Holotype lacks postpetiole and gaster) HL 0.89 HW 0.96 CeI 108 SL 0.29 SI 30 PW 1.00. LECTOTYPE (Monomorium cabrerai obscuripes): HML 3.17 HL 0.79 HW 0.86 CeI 109 SL 0.30 SI 35 PW 0.80.

I have only seen damaged male specimens (lectotypes for the taxa Monomorium surcoufi, Monomorium cabrerai and Monomorium cabrerai obscuripes). As there has been controversy over the assignment to M. subopacum of at least the males of Monomorium cabrerai obscuripes and the other males are tattered and lack body parts, no formal description of the abovementioned males is included here.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Abril S., C. Gómez. 2012. Lista actualizada de las especies de hormigas de Menorca (Islas Baleares, España) y primera cita de Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de la isla Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 50: 403-407.
 * Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
 * Aguirre Segura, A. Los Aphidoidea de Almería (Insecta, Homoptera)., 1992.
 * André, E. "Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Les fourmis." in: André, Edm. 1881-1886. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Tome Deuxième. Beaune: Edmond André, 919 + 48 pp. Tomo II (1881): 1016.
 * Bakr R. F. A., H. H. Fadl, R. M. Badawy, and M. R. Sharaf. 2007. Myrmecophile insects associated with some ant species (Hymenoptera : Formicidae )in Egypt. The second international conference of economic entomology (Entomological Society of Egypt) ,Cairo, Egypt, 8-11 December, (1): 205-233.
 * Barech G., M. Khaldi, F. Zahra Boujelal, and X. Espadaler. 2018. Diversity and structure of the ant fauna of the El Ksob dam in Algeria: new record for Aphaenogaster rupestris Forel, 1909 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S. E. A.) 62: 253-258.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1968. Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. IV. La fauna mirmecologica delle isole Maltesi ed il suo significato ecologico e biogeografico. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Giacomo Doria 77: 408-559.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1976. Le formiche dell'arcipelago della Galita (Tunisia). Redia 59: 207-223.
 * Baroni Urbani, C. "Formiche dell'Italia appenninica (Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia, III)." Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 12 (1964): 149-172.
 * Bernard F. 1970. Les fourmis de la forêt de Mâmora (Maroc). Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 6:n483-513.
 * Bolton B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 54: 263-452.
 * Bondroit, J. "Les fourmis de France et de Belgique." Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 87 (1918): 1-174.
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Cagniant, H., and X. Espadaler. "Liste des espèces de fourmis du Maroc." Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 8 (1993): 89-93.
 * Cagniant, H. "Deuxième liste de fourmis d'Algérie récoltées principalement en forêt. (1re partie)." Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 105 (1970): 405-430.
 * Cagniant, H. "Liste actualisee des fourmis du Maroc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 (2006): 193-200.
 * Cagniant, H. "Étude de quelques fourmis marocaines. Statistique provisoire des Formicidae du Maroc." Bulletin de la Société d' Histoire naturelle de l' Afrique du Nord 53 (1964): 83-118.
 * Carpintero S., J. Reyes-Lopes, and G. M. Luque. 2011. Ant community structure under Retama sphaerocarpa shrubs in a semi-arid environment. Entomological Science 14: 147153.
 * Chemala A., M. Benhamacha, D. M. Ould el Hadj, F. Marniche, and S. Daoudi. 2017. A preliminary list of the ant fauna in Northeastern Sahara of Algeria (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 64(2): 146-154.
 * Collingwood C. A., D. Agosti, M. R. Sharaf, A. Van Harten, 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE 4: 405-474
 * Collingwood C.A., D.Agosti, M.R. Sharaf, and A. van Harten. 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod fauna of the UAE, 4: 405474
 * Collingwood C.A., and A. Van Harten. 1993. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Cape Verde Islands. Beitrag zur Fauna und Flora der Kapverdischen Inseln : Ergebnisse des 5. Symposiums in Leiden 159: 411-414.
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1993. A Comparitive Study of the Ant Fauna of Five Greek Islands. Biologia Gallo-hellenica. 20,1:191-197
 * Collingwood, C. A. and D. Agosti. 1996. Formicidae (Insects: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2) Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15: 300-385.
 * Collingwood, C. A., and Donat Agosti. "Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2)." Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15 (1996): 300-385.
 * Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
 * Collingwood, C. A. "A comparative study of the ant fauna of five Greek islands." Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 20 (1993): 191-197.
 * Comín del Río, P., and Andrés de Haro. "Datos iniciales para un estudio ecológico de las hormigas de Menorca." Bolletí de la Societat d´Historia Natural de les Balears 24 (1980): 23-48.
 * Comín del Río, P., and X. Espadaler. "Ants of the Pityusic islands." In Biogeography of the Pityusic Islands, edited by H. Kuhbler, J. A. Alcover and C. Guerau, 278-231. The Hague: Junk, 1984.
 * Comín del Río, P. "Los Formícidos de Menorca. Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfico y biológico." Tesina de licenciatura Universida (1977): 135 pp.
 * Comín del Río, P. Estudio de los formícidos de Baleares: Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfìco y biológico. Palma de Mallorca: Universidad de las Islas Baleares, 1988.
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Delye, G., and J. L. Bonaric. "Fourmis du sud Marocain." Etude de certains milieux du Maroc et de leux evolution recente RCP 249 (1973).
 * Diame L., B. Taylor, R. Blatrix, J. F. Vayssieres, J. Y. Rey, I. Grechi, and K. Diarra. 2017. A preliminary checklist of the ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fauna of Senegal. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 5(15): 1-16.
 * Donisthorpe H. 1918. A list of ants from Mesopotamia; with a description of a new species and a new variety. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 30: 165-167.
 * Donisthorpe H. 1942. The Formicidae (Hym.) of the Armstrong College Expedition to the Siwa Oasis. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11)9: 26-33.
 * Eidmann, H. "Die Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 6 (1926): 694-742.
 * Eidmann, H. "Zur Kenntnis der Insektekfauna der Balearischen Inseln." Entomologische Mitteilungen 16 (1927): 24-37.
 * Emery C. 1916. Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47: 79-275.
 * Emery, C., and A. Forel. "Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe." Mitteilungen der Schweirzerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5 (1879): 441-481.
 * Emery, C. "Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil V. Monomorium." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1908 (1908): 663-686.
 * Emery, C. "Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae." Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 47 (1916): 79-275.
 * Emery, C. "Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]." en Wytsman, P. "Genera Insectorum" 174B (1922): 95-206.
 * Emery, C. "Le crociere dell'yacht "Corsaro" del capitano armatore Enrico d'Albertis. II. Formiche." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 18 (1882): 448-452.
 * Emery, C. "Sopra alcune formiche della fauna mediterranea." Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (5)5 (1895): 59-75 [pagination of separate: 291-307].
 * Emery, C. "Viaggio ad Assab nel Mar Rosso dei Signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso "Esploratore" dal 16 novembre 1879 al 26 febbraio 1880. I. Formiche." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 16 (1881): 525-535.
 * Emery, C. "Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud aux îles Canaries. Formicides." Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 62 (1893): 81-88.
 * Espadaler, X. "The ants of El Hierro (Canary Islands)." Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80 (2007): 113-127.
 * Espadaler, Xavier. 2007. The Ants of El Hierro (Canary Islands) in Snelling. pp. 113-127
 * Espadaler, Xavier. 2007. The Ants of El Hierro (Canary Islands). Memoirs of the AMer113-127.
 * Ettershank G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171.
 * Finzi B. 1939. Materiali zoologici dell'Eritrea raccolti da G. Müller durante la spedizione dell'Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese e conservati al Museo di Trieste. Parte III. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste 14: 153-168.
 * Forel A. 1904. Miscellanea myrmécologiques. Rev. Suisse Zool. 12: 1-52.
 * Forel A. 1907. Formicides du Musée National Hongrois. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 5: 1-42.
 * Forel A. 1909. Études myrmécologiques en 1909. Fourmis de Barbarie et de Ceylan. Nidification des Polyrhachis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 45: 369-407.
 * Forel, A. "Fourmis de Tunisie et de l'Algerie orientale recoltees et decrites par Auguste Forel." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 34 (1890): lxi-lxxvi.
 * Forel, A. "Miscellanea myrmécologiques." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 12 (1904): 1-52.
 * Forel, A. "Nouvelles fourmis de Grèce récoltées par M. E. von Oertzen." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 30 (1886): clix-clxviii.
 * Gomez K. 2017. Two species of exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to Malta. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 61: 233-235.
 * Gratiashvili N., Barjadze S. 2008. Checklist of the ants (Formicidae Latreille, 1809) of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Tbilisi) 23: 130-146.
 * Guehef Z. H., Y.Kherbouche, L. Ababsa, L. Eddoud, O. Guezoul, and M. Sekour. 2018. Comparison of myrmicofaune in two agricultural environments in the region of Oued Souf. Revue des BioRessources 8(1): 53-60.
 * Heterick B. 2006. A Revision of the Malagasy Ants Belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceeding of the California Academy of Sciences (PCAS) 57: 69-202
 * Hohmann H., F. La Roche, G. Ortega, and J. Barquín. 1993. Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln. Veröff. Überseemus. Bremen Naturwiss. 12: 14.
 * IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
 * Izhaki I., B. Idelovich, R. Laster, and Y. Ofer. 2009. The impact of macro- vs micro environmental factors on the structure of ant communities inhabiting East-Mediterranean Aleppo pine forests. Israel Journal of Entomology 39: 129-146.
 * Karavaiev V. 1912. Ameisen aus Tunesien und Algerien, nebst einigen unterwegs in Italien gesammelten Arten. Rus. Entomol. Obozr. 12: 1-22.
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Kiran K., and C. Karaman. 2012. First annotated checklist of the ant fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3548: 1-38.
 * Kirchner, L. "Catalogus Hymenopterorum Europae." Viena (1867).
 * Krausse, A. H. "Ueber sardische Ameisen." Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin A 78(7) (1912): 162-166.
 * Kugler J. 1988. The zoogeography of Israel. 9. The zoogeography of social insects of Israel and Sinai. Monographiae biologicae 62: 251-275.
 * Kusnezov N. 1949. El género Monomorium (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en la Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 7: 423-448.
 * Legakis Collection Database
 * Lomnicki, J. "Une contribution à la connaissance de la faune des fourmis des îles Baléares." Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne - Bulletin Entomologique de Pologne 4 (1925): 1-3.
 * Mei M. 1995. Arthropoda di Lampedusa, Linosa e Pantelleria (Canale di Sicilia, Mar Mediterraneo). Hymenoptera Formicidae (con diagnosi di due nuove specie). Il Naturalista Siciliano (4)19(suppl.): 753-772.
 * Menozzi C. 1929. Formiche di Cuba e delle Isole Canarie raccolte dal Prof. Filippo Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura, Portici. 23: 1-5.
 * Menozzi, C. "Contributo alla fauna della Tripolitania." Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale ed Agraria, Portici 31 (1940): 244-273.
 * Menozzi, C. "Formiche di Cuba e delle Isole Canarie raccolte dal Prof. Filippo Silvestri." Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura, Portici 23 (1929): 1-5.
 * Menozzi, C. "Zur Kenntnis der Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zoologischer Anzeiger 66 (1926): 180-182.
 * Ortiz, F. J. "Formícidos del litoral granadino." Memoria de Licenciatura Universida (1985): 206 pp.
 * Pekar S., J. Smeda, M. Hruskova, O. Sedo, C. Muster, P. Cardoso, Z. Zdrahal, S. Korenko, P. Bures, E. Liznarova, and L. Sentenska. 2012. Prey-race drives differentiation of biotypes in ant-eating spiders. Journal of Animal Ecology 81: 838848.
 * Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
 * Poldi B., M. Mei, and F. Rigato. 1995. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Vol 102. Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana: 1-10.
 * Reyes-Lopez J., S. Carpintero. 2014. Comparison of the exotic and native ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban green areas at inland, coastal and insular sites in Spain. Eur. J. Entomol. 111(3): 421428.
 * Reyes-López J., S. Carpintero-Ortega, and E. Retamoza-Muñoz. 2010. Adiciones a la relación de especies de hormigas (Hym., Formicidae) del Parque Natural del Cabo de Gata- Níjar (Almería, España) Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 34: 67-76.
 * Roger, J. "Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten." Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 7 (1863): 1-65.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. Taxonomic and faunistic notes on Greek ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-51.
 * Santschi F. 1914. Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 309-385.
 * Santschi F. 1937. Fourmis du Congo et régions limitrophes. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines. 30: 71-85.
 * Santschi, F. 1919. Nouveaux genre et sous-genre de fourmis barbaresques [Hym.]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1919: 90-92.
 * Santschi, F. 1927. Révision myrmécologique. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belge 67: 240-248.
 * Santschi, F. 1936. Étude sur les fourmis du genre Monomorium Mayr. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 16: 32-64
 * Santschi, F. "Fourmis d'une croisière." Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique (Bruxelles) 74 (1934): 273-282.
 * Santschi, F. "Inventa entomologica itineris Hispanici et Maroccani, quod a. 1926 fecerunt Harald et Håkan Lindberg. Fourmis du Bassin Méditerranéen occidental et du Maroc récoltées par MM. Lindberg." Societas Scientiarum Fennica (Helsingfors) 3 (14) (1931): 1-13.
 * Santschi, F. "Notes sur les fourmis paléarctiques. I. Quelques fourmis du nord de l'Afrique et des Canaries." Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Madrid) Tomo del C (1921): 424-436.
 * Santschi, F. "Nouvelles fourmis de l'Afrique du Nord (Égypte, Canaries, Tunisie)." Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 77 (1908): 517-534.
 * Santschi, F. "Révision myrmécologique." Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique (Bruxelles) 67 (1927): 240-248.
 * Santschi, F. "Trois nouvelles fourmis des Canaries." Boletín de la Real Sociedad española de Historia natural (Madrid) 19 (1919): 405-407.
 * Schembri, Stephen P. and Cedric A. Collingwood. A Revision of the Myrmecofauna of the Maltese Islands. 417-442.
 * Sharaf M. R., B. L. Fisher, H. M. Al Dhafer, A. Polaszek, and A. S. Aldawood. 2018. Additions to the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrmecology 10: e010004
 * Sharaf M. R., C. A. Collingwood, H. M. Al Dhafer, M. S. Al mutairi, and A. S. Aldawood. 2015. New synonyms of two Arabian ants of the genus MonomoriumMayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 505: 51–58.
 * Tinaut A. 2016. Ants of the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Mountains Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 40 (1-2): 125-159.
 * Tinaut A., O. Mira, J. M. Vidal, and A. Aguirre-Segura. 2009. The ants of Cabo de Gata (Almería). Faunistics aspects (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 33 (1-2): 227-251.
 * Tinaut A., and F. J. Ortiz. 1988. Introduccion al conocimiento de las hormigas de la provincia de Almeria (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Publicaciones del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Boletín (Ciencias) 8: 223-231.
 * Trigos Peral G., and J. Reyes Lopez. 2016. Ants as bioindicators for monitoring of urban green in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. Proposal of functional groups. Iberomyrmex 8: 37-38.
 * Vonshak M., and A. Ionescu-Hirsch. 2009. A checklist of the ants of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 39: 33-55.
 * Vonshak, M., T. Dayan, J. Foucaud, A. Estoup and A. Hefetz. 2009. The interplay between genetic and environmental effects on colony insularity in the clonal invasive little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. Behavioral Ecology and Socibiology 63:1667-1677
 * Wellenius, O. H. "Entomologische Ergebnisse der finnländischen Kanaren-Expedition 1947-1951. No. 10. Formicidae Insularum Canariensium. Systematik, Ökologie und Verbreitung der Kanarischen Formiciden." Commentationes Biologicae Societas Scienitarum Fennica 15(8) (1955): 1-20.
 * Wetterer J. K., X. Espadaler, A. L. Wetterer, D. Aguin-Pombo, and A. M. Franquinho-Aguiar. 2006. Long-term impact of exotic ants on the native ants of Madeira. Ecological Entomology 31: 358-368.
 * Wetterer J. K., X. Espadaler, A. L. Wetterer, D. Aguin-Pombo, and A. M. Franquinho-Aguiar. 2007. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Madeiran archipelago. Sociobiology 49: 265-297.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 711-1004
 * Wheeler, W. M. "Ants of the Balearic Islands." Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1 (1926): 1-6.
 * Wheeler, W. M. "The ants of the Canary Islands." Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 62 (1927): 93-120.
 * de Haro, Andrés, C. A. Collingwood, and P. Comín del Río. "Prospección mirmecológica por Ibiza y Formentera (Baleares)." Orsis 2 (1986): 115-120.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por Andalucia." Boletín de la Estación Central de Ecología 6 (12) (1977): 85-90.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por la península Tingitana al norte del Rif (Marruecos)." Orsis (Organismes i Sistemes) 12 (1997): 93-99.