Hypoponera leveillei

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): A worker from Bolivia was collected from the extraction of a litter sample.

Identification
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The presence of a single spur on each of the middle and posterior tibiae would separate P. leveillei from all of the other New World Pachycondyla and suggests that this species actually belongs in Hypoponera. It shares characteristics with Pachycondyla, especially the elongate slender well-developed appendages on the metasternal process, a condition similar to other members of the stigma species complex. The mandibular teeth are poorly developed or exist as only denticles, similar to the mandibles of apparently all New World species of Hypoponera, except for Hypoponera iheringi, in which the mandibular teeth are often developed apically. Hypoponera iheringi has the other characteristics of Hypoponera, including single apical spurs on the middle and posterior tibia and a poorly developed metasternal process. The presence of actual teeth on the basal half of the mandible and the well-developed metasternal process would place this species in the stigma species complex of Pachycondyla. It links Pachycondyla and Hypoponera and is closely related to Hypoponera cf. iheringi from Panamá (CWEM # 17840). This latter species of Hypoponera has a poorly developed metasternal process, but the two lobes of the process can be seen and it is thus more developed than in other species of Hypoponera. Hypoponera is currently in revision by Shawn Dash (University of Texas, El Paso) and the relationships of these species will become clearer.

Pachycondyla leveillei appears to be similar to Pachycondyla conicula, but can be easily separated by its brown color (P. conicula is black). Additionally the metasternal process of P. conicula consists of broad triangles.

The specimen from Bolivia differs from the specimens from Mendes, Brasil in being smaller (total length slightly over 4 mm), has fewer (7) and more developed mandibular teeth and the dorsum of the mandibles is smooth and shiny, not with scattered dense punctures as is found in the specimens from Brasil. They are probably not conspecific, but we will consider them to be P. leveillei until more specimens are available.

Distribution
PANAMÁ, VENEZUELA, BRASIL, BOLIVIA. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Venezuela.

Habitat
These ants have been collected in cloud forest. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Nomenclature

 *  leveillei. Ponera leveillei Emery, 1890a: 61 (w.) VENEZUELA. Combination in Euponera (Mesoponera): Emery, 1901a: 46; in Mesoponera: Kempf, 1972a: 141; in Pachycondyla: Brown, in Bolton, 1995b: 306. See also: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 433.

Worker
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker is a small (total length less than 5 mm) medium brown mostly shiny specimen. The mandible has about 7 - 12 defined teeth with basalmost teeth poorly defined (possibly more than 12 teeth and tiny denticles, if they are all counted). Most are poorly defined, except for the long apical tooth and possibly the next two teeth. The head is nearly heart-shaped, narrowed anteriorly and with the posterior border concave. The clypeus is indented medially along the anterior border; the eye is small (maximum diameter 0.07 mm) located nearly three diameters from the anterior edge of the head (side view). It has approximately ten ommatidia. The malar carina is absent. The antennal scape barely reaches the posterior lateral corner of the head. The pronotal shoulder is rounded, the mesonotum is convex dorsally and the metanotal suture is deeply depressed. The dorsal face of the propodeum is approximately equal in length to the posterior face. The pronotal spiracle is circular to slightly elongate. The petiole is narrow when seen in profile with a straight anterior face and a weakly convex posterior face. The subpetiolar process is broadly rounded and thickened. The anterior face of the postpetiole is rounded into the dorsal face. The stridulatory file is absent from the second pretergite of the gaster. The middle and posterior tibia have a single spine (noted by Forel, 1912). The metasternal process is long slender and fang-like in side view, as in members of the stigma complex.

Erect hairs are abundant on most surfaces and are mostly short (0.1 mm), although the hairs on the clypeus and gaster are longer (0.25 mm). The hairs on the legs are mostly appressed, those on the coxae are suberect and those on the flexor surface of the mid and hind tibiae are suberect. Appressed pubescence is abundant on most surfaces, including the head, dorsum of mesosoma and gaster and is whitish in color.

Most surfaces are at least moderately shining. The mandibles are shiny but with scattered moderately coarse punctures. The head is densely and evenly but finely punctate. The dorsum of the mesosoma is very finely but densely punctate and smooth and glossy, the sides of the pronotum are similar, the mesopleuron has faint indications of striae, as does the propodeum. The anterior face of the petiole is densely punctate, the side is weakly punctate, the posterior face is mostly smooth and glossy. The gaster is covered with scattered coarse dense punctures, but is moderately shining.

Queen
Queens are not known for this species.

Male
Males are not known for this species.

Type Locality Information
Venezuela, Mérida: Colonia Tovar (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Etymology
This species was named to honor Mr. Albert Leveille. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Additional References

 * Emery, C. 1890a. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 10:55-76.


 * Forel, A. 1912. Formicides Néotropiques. Part 1. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 56:28-49.


 * Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, S.O. 2014. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa. 3817, 1–242 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1)
 * Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, S.O. 2014. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa. 3817, 1–242 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1)