Cardiocondyla wroughtonii

A tramp species probably originating in South East Asia, C. wroughtonii is now widespread in the tropics and subtropics. It is arboreal and typically nests in hollows in decaying branches and plant cavities such like grass stems, and is found in open areas, grassland and forest margins. The males are dimorphic; alate and ergatoid, the latter with falcate mandibles. (Japanese Ant Image Database)

Identification
A member of the Cardiocondyla wroughtonii group.

Amongst the Afrotropical region species wroughtonii is recognizable by its small size, relatively short scapes and broad head, subglobular petiole node in dorsal view, and the characteristic shape of the promesonotum in profile. In terms of CI it is approached only by Cardiocondyla sekhemka, but this species is uniformly dark in colour, has much shorter scapes (SI 74), and has a differently shaped mesosoma. (Bolton 1982)

Distribution
In Florida this is a relatively uncommon species found as far north and west as Okaloosa County. Nests are usually in hollow stems of dead woody herbs or grass culms, often at the edge of wet areas or in marshes. Pest status: none. First published Florida record: Wheeler 1932 (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Republic of Tanzania. Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Hawaii, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore. Malagasy Region: Mayotte. Nearctic Region: United States. Neotropical Region: Cuba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mexico. Oriental Region: Cambodia, India, Laos, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Israel, Japan, Oman.

Biology
Seifert (2003) - C. wroughtonii is reported to nest near to or on the ground; it was found in hollow stems of dead Eulalia grasses (Okinawa), in a dead twig on the ground (New Orleans/USA), between layers of Eugenia jambolana leaves (India), in litter (Sulawesi), and “under leaves in a silk patch” (Tanzania).

Colonies contain less then 500 workers and may have more than one queen. New nests can be formed by fission.

Ergatoid Male
The males of this species are dimorphic, complising both alates and ergatoids. Ergatoid males are further divided into 3 types: the first has 13-segmented antennae and falcate mandibles; the second has 12-segmented antennae; and the third has 9-segmented antennae.

Nomenclature

 * . Emeryia wroughtonii Forel, 1890b: cxi (w.) INDIA (Maharashtra).
 * Type-material: holotype ergatoid male.
 * [Note (i): holotype is an ergatoid male, not a worker (Forel, 1892h: 461). Note (ii): Seifert, 2003a: 269, treated as paratypes 4 workers (in NHMB, NHMW), apparently from the same series as the holotype; but Forel had stated in the original description that the holotype was “a single worker”.]
 * Type-locality: India: Poona (R.C. Wroughton).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Forel, 1903a: 689 (w.q.); Borgmeier, 1937a: 129 (ergatoid m.); Kugler, J. 1984: 7 (m., ergatoid m.).
 * Combination in Cardiocondyla: Forel, 1892h: 461; Forel, 1892i: 313.
 * Status as species: Forel, 1892h: 461; Forel, 1892i: 313; Dalla Torre, 1893: 71; Emery, 1900d: 680; Forel, 1901b: 12; Dahl, 1901: 20; Forel, 1903a: 689; Bingham, 1903: 287; Emery, 1922e: 126; Crawley, 1924: 394; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 87; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 43; Borgmeier, 1937a: 129; Creighton, 1950a: 199; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 84; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 56; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1376; Onoyama, 1980: 198; Bolton, 1982: 317 (redescription); Kugler, J. 1984: 7; Collingwood, 1985: 257; Taylor, 1987a: 16; Kugler, J. 1988: 258; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 95; Brandão, 1991: 336; Ogata, 1991b: 99; Morisita, et al. 1992: 32; Bolton, 1995b: 133; Mackay, 1995: 171 (in key)Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 68; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 327; Deyrup, et al. 2000: 297; Mohamed, Zalat, et al. 2001: 50; Zhou, 2001b: 86; Rigato, 2002: 172 (in key); Deyrup, 2003: 44; Imai, et al. 2003: 153; Lin & Wu, 2003: 63; Seifert, 2003a: 269 (redescription); Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 16; Zhou, 2006: 583; Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 67; Terayama, 2009: 179; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 41; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 44; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 41; Hita Garcia, et al. 2013: 208; Borowiec, L. 2014: 49; Ramage, 2014: 172; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Deyrup, 2017: 57; Dekoninck, et al. 2019: 1153; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 820; Rasheed, et al. 2019: 431; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 63; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 80.
 * Senior synonym of bimaculata: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1376; Bolton, 1995b: 133; Mohamed, Zalat, et al. 2001: 50; Zhou, 2001b: 86; Seifert, 2003a: 269; Terayama, 2009: 179.
 * Senior synonym of chlorotica: Bolton, 1982: 317; Bolton, 1995b: 133; Zhou, 2001b: 86.
 * Senior synonym of hawaiensis: Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 56; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1376; Bolton, 1982: 317; Kugler, J. 1984: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 133; Mohamed, Zalat, et al. 2001: 50; Zhou, 2001b: 86; Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * Senior synonym of longispina: Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * Senior synonym of quadraticeps: Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * Senior synonym of yamauchii: Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * Distribution [tramp species]
 * Afrotropical: Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania.
 * Austral: Australia.
 * Malesian: Brunei, Christmas I., French Polynesia, Hawaii, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore.
 * Nearctic: U.S.A.
 * Neotropical: Colombia.
 * Oriental: China, India, Japan, Laos, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
 * Palaearctic: Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
 * bimaculata. Cardiocondyla wroughtoni var. bimaculata Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 43 (w.q.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: 7 syntype workers, 1 syntype queen.
 * Type-locality: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Karashisho (F. Silvestri).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * Subspecies of wroughtonii: Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 7; Smith, M.R. 1944a: 40 (redescription); Creighton, 1950a: 199; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 807; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 84; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 125.
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1376; Bolton, 1995b: 132; Mohamed, Zalat, et al. 2001: 50; Zhou, 2001b: 86; Seifert, 2003a: 269; Terayama, 2009: 179.
 * chlorotica. Cardiocondyla emeryi subsp. chlorotica Menozzi, 1930b: 84 (w.q.) SOMALIA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated), 2 syntype queens.
 * Type-locality: Somalia: Duke of Abruzzi village, x.1926 (G. Paoli & A. Chiaromonte); paratypes with same data.
 * Type-depository: IEUB.
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Bolton, 1982: 317; Bolton, 1995b: 132; Zhou, 2001b: 86.
 * hawaiensis. Cardiocondyla wroughtonii var. hawaiensis Forel, 1899a: 119 (w.) HAWAII.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Hawaii (“Sandwich Is”): Molokai, 3000 ft, ix.1893 (Perkins).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * [Misspelled as hawaiiensis by Wheeler, W.M. 1934h: 14,]
 * Forel, 1902h: 440 (q.); Santschi, 1919a: 328 (m.); Smith, M.R. 1944a: 30 (ergatoid m.).
 * Subspecies of wroughtonii: Forel, 1902h: 440; Forel, 1907a: 17; Santschi, 1919a: 328; Emery, 1922e: 126; Wheeler, W.M. 1934h: 14; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 21.
 * Status as species: Alayo, 1974: 12 (in key).
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 56; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1376; Bolton, 1982: 317; Kugler, J. 1984: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 132; Mohamed, Zalat, et al. 2001: 50; Zhou, 2001b: 86; Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * longispina. Cardiocondyla longispina Karavaiev, 1935a: 88, fig. 14 (w.) INDONESIA (Java).
 * Type-material: 10 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Indonesia: Java, Tjibodas, 1912-13, no. 5377 (W. Karawajew).
 * Type-depository: SIZK.
 * Status as species: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 83; Bolton, 1995b: 132.
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * quadraticeps. Cardiocondyla wroughtonii subsp. quadraticeps Forel, 1912n: 57 (w.) SINGAPORE.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: Singapore: (A. Müller).
 * [Note: Seifert, 2003a: 269, incorrectly refers to workers and queens from Singapore, collected by H. Overbeck (in MNHU), as syntypes. The original description specifies the collector as Dr Arthur Müller, and makes no reference to queens.]
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * [Misspelled as quadriceps by Santschi, 1928h: 125.]
 * Viehmeyer, 1916a: 122 (q.).
 * Subspecies of wroughtonii: Viehmeyer, 1916a: 122; Emery, 1922e: 126; Santschi, 1928h: 125; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 84; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Seifert, 2003a: 269.
 * yamauchii. Cardiocondyla yamauchii Terayama, 1999d: 104, figs. 14-19 (w.q.m. ergatoid m.) JAPAN (Okinawa I.).
 * Type-material: holotype worker, 9 paratype workers, 8 paratype queens, 3 paratype males.
 * Type-locality: holotype Japan: Okinawa Pref., Okinawa-jima, Ada, 12.vi.1991 (K. Yamauchi); paratypes with same data.
 * Type-depositories: MNHA (holotype); MNHA, SMNG (paratypes).
 * Status as species: Imai, et al. 2003: 153.
 * Junior synonym of wroughtonii: Seifert, 2003a: 269.

Worker
Bolton (1982) - TL 1.6-1.9, HL 0.42-0.50, HW 0.34-0.40, CI 79-86, SL 0.30-0.36, SI 81-89, PW 0.24-0.28, AL 0.46--0.55 (25 measured).

Small species with relatively broad head and short scapes, CI and SI above. When laid back on the head the scapes failing to reach the occipital corners in full-face view. Maximum diameter of eye 0.09-0.11, about 0.26-0.30 x HW and with 9-11 ommatidia in the longest row. Pronotal corners rounded in dorsal view. With the alitrunk in profile the promesonotum forming a shallow convexity from front to back but the slope changing sharply posteriorly and becoming quite steep where it slopes down to the strongly impressed metanotal groove; this change in slope very conspicuous in absolute profile. Propodeal dorsum behind the metanotal groove convex in profile, then entering a long downward slope to the propodeal spines. Propodeal spines enlongate and narrow in profile, longer than their basal width; in dorsal view each spine as long as the distance separating their bases. Petiole node in dorsal view subglobular, as broad as or slightly broader than long. Postpetiole distinctly broader than long. Dorsal surfaces of head and alitrunk blanketed by fine shagreening or punctulate shagreening. Petiole and postpetiole finely superficially shagreened. Hairs absent except on mouthparts and gastral apex but a sparse appressed pubescence is present, easiest seen on the first gastral tergite. Head, alitrunk and appendages yellow to yellowish brown, colour of gaster variable. Frequently the gaster is the same colour as the head and alitrunk but in some the sides of the tergite are darker than the dorsum. In others the darker colour has also extended across the posterior portion of the first tergite and in some the gaster is uniformly dark.

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