Camponotus herculeanus

This very common species normally nests in rotten logs and stumps, but nests are occasionally found under stones, especially incipient nests (as known from North America).

This boreal species generally lives at altitudes above 1200-1300 m in Mongolia. It inhabits different kinds of forest (larch, birch and pine) arid mountain meadows. Nests are built in rotten wood, stumps and tree hollows, and under logs partly in soil. Males and winged queens are seen in July in nests, and some dealated queens were collected outside the nest in late June to July (Aibek & Yamane, 2009, as C. sachalinensis).

Identification
This is a common dark brown or black ant with a dark red petiole, antennae, legs, and base of first gastral segment. The scapes of the majors barely reach, or only slightly surpass the posterior lateral corners. Erect hairs are moderately abundant, being found specifically on the clypeus (along margins), on the dorsal surface of the head, ventral surface of the head, dorsal surface of the mesosoma, petiole and gaster, they are absent on the cheeks, scapes (except at apex) and tibiae (except for a double row on the flexor surface); appressed pubescence is sparse, and is limited to a few tiny hairs on the head, dorsum of the mesosoma, and dorsal surface of the gaster. The minors are similar except for size, having an oval shaped head, and the scapes extend well past the posterior lateral corners. The females are large, mostly black specimens. The scape extends more than 2 funicular segments past the posterior lateral corners. (Mackay and Mackay 2002)

Bicoloured with alitrunk dull red to reddish black, head and gaster dull black. Frons has deep close set punctures. Long pubescence on dorsum of first gaster tergite overlapping posterior border. Length: 5-12 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution
Throughout mountain Europe and extending through Northern Eurasia from Norway to Eastern Siberia to the northernmost tree frontier in Arctic Norway (Collingwood 1979). Also northern North America.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: Canada, United States. Palaearctic Region: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

Europe
Collingwood (1979) - This species is a typical denizen of shaded coniferous forest nesting in rotten stumps and occasionally mining in living trees. Fertilised females found nests singly. Alatae are developed in the late summer but overwinter to swarm in June.

New Mexico
Mackay and Mackay (2002) - This very common species normally nests in rotten logs and stumps, but nests are occasionally found under stones, especially incipient nests. This species may form a plesiobiotic relationship with Formica neorufibarbis. Foragers tend several species of aphids on many different plant species. Reproductives and brood were present in the nests from June to August, reproductives until September. Foundress females were found from late June to October.

Nomenclature

 *  herculeanus. Formica herculeana Linnaeus, 1758: 579 (q.) EUROPE. Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 209 (w.q.m.); Mayr, 1855: 308 (w.q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953e: 185 (l.). Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1861: 36; in C. (Camponotus): Forel, 1914a: 259. Senior synonym of atra, intermedia: Nylander, 1846a: 894; of castanea: Mayr, 1863: 399; of whymperi: Creighton, 1950a: 367; of nadigi: Yasumatsu & Brown, 1951: 30; of montanus, shitkowi: Emery, 1925b: 72; Karavaiev, 1936: 178; Arnol'di, 1967: 1819; of caucasicus: Arakelian, 1994: 85; of eudokiae: Radchenko, 1997a: 555. See also: Tarbinsky, 1976: 148; Kutter, 1977c: 204; Collingwood, 1979: 90; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1426; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 210.
 * castanea. Formica castanea Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 215 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of castanea Latreille, above.] Junior synonym of herculeanus: Mayr, 1863: 399.
 * atra. Formica atra Zetterstedt, 1838: 450 (m.) SWEDEN. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Nylander, 1846a: 894.
 * intermedia. Formica intermedia Zetterstedt, 1838: 448 (w.) SWEDEN. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Nylander, 1846a: 894.
 * whymperi. Camponotus herculeanus var. whymperi Forel, 1902i: 699 (w.q.) CANADA. Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 330 (s.m.). Raised to species: Ruzsky, 1926: 108. Subspecies of herculeanus: Ruzsky, 1936: 90. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Creighton, 1950a: 367.
 * montanus. Camponotus herculeanus var. montanus Ruzsky, 1904a: 293 (w.) RUSSIA. Karavaiev, 1926e: 192 (s.w.q.). [Unresolved junior primary homonym of montanus Emery, above.] Subspecies of herculeanus: Ruzsky, 1926: 108. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Emery, 1925b: 72; Karavaiev, 1936: 178.
 * shitkowi. Camponotus herculeanus var. shitkowi Ruzsky, 1904a: 292 (w.q.) RUSSIA. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Emery, 1925b: 72; Karavaiev, 1936: 178; Arnol'di, 1967: 1819.
 * nadigi. Camponotus herculeanus var. nadigi Menozzi, 1922c: 142 (s.w.q.m.) ITALY. Material of the nomen nudum vagusherculeanus referred here by Emery, 1925b: 72; Kutter, 1977c: 205. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Yasumatsu & Brown, 1951: 30; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 176.
 * eudokiae. Camponotus herculeanus var. eudokiae Ruzsky, 1926: 108 (w.) RUSSIA. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Radchenko, 1997a: 555.
 * caucasicus. Camponotus herculeanus subsp. caucasicus Arnol'di, 1967: 1822 (s.w.q.m.) CAUCASUS. Junior synonym of herculeanus: Arakelian, 1994: 85.
 * sachalinensis. Camponotus herculeanus var. sachalinensis Forel, 1904b: 38 (q.) MONGOLIA, RUSSIA.
 * Karavaiev, 1912b: 592 (m.).
 * Combination in C. (Camponotus): Emery, 1925b: 72.
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 221.
 * Junior synonym of saxatilis: Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928b: 4; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 18.
 * Status as species: Collingwood, 1981: 29; Bolton, 1995b: 121; Collingwood & Heatwole, 2000: 12; Imai, et al. 2003: 39.
 * Subspecies of herculeanus: Ruzsky, 1905b: 222; Wheeler, W.M. 1906c: 325; Yano, 1910: 422; Karavaiev, 1912b: 592; Ruzsky, 1926: 108; Arnol'di, 1967: 1821; Pisarski, 1969a: 230; Pisarski, 1969b: 304; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1970: 86; Collingwood, 1976: 306; Pisarski & Krzysztofiak, 1981: 159; Kupyanskaya, 1986b: 96; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 166; Morisita, et al. 1991: 41; Radchenko, 1994b: 116 (in key); Radchenko, 1996b: 1203 (in key); Radchenko, 1997a: 555; Radchenko, 2005b: 158.
 * Senior synonym of altaica: Arnol'di, 1967: 1821.
 * Senior synonym of jacuticus: Arnol'di, 1967: 1821.
 * Junior synonym of herculeanus: Yasumatsu & Brown, 1957: 49; Schar et al., 2018: 6.
 * altaica. Camponotus herculeanus subsp. altaica Ruzsky, 1926: 108 (w.) RUSSIA.
 * [First available use of Camponotus herculeanus saxatilis var. altaica Ruzsky, 1915b: 6; unavailable name.]
 * Subspecies of saxatilis: Ruzsky, 1936: 90.
 * Junior synonym of sachalinensis: Arnol'di, 1967: 1821.
 * Junior synonym of herculeanus: Schar et al., 2018: 6.
 * jacuticus. Camponotus (Camponotus) herculeanus var. jacuticus Karavaiev, 1929b: 210 (s.w.q.m.) RUSSIA.
 * Junior synonym of sachalinensis: Arnol'di, 1967: 1821.
 * Junior synonym of herculeanus: Yasumatsu & Brown, 1951: 30; Schar et al., 2018: 6.

Taxonomic Notes
Seifert (2019) found a low-level of hybridisation between C. herculeanus and Camponotus ligniperda. The frequency of hybridization between the two species is estimated for Central Europe as 0.2–1.0%. This low ratio indicates strong reproductive barriers considering syntopic occurrence at about 10% of the observation sites, a nearly complete overlap of swarming times and basically equal meteorological conditions to release swarming.

Schar et al. (2018): Camponotus sachalinensis Forel, 1904 syn. nov: This taxon has long been regarded a synonym of C. herculeanus (Collingwood, 1976; Kupyanskaya, 1990; Radchenko, 1996) but was raised to the rank of species (Bolton, 1995; Collingwood, 1981) without clear justification for this change in status. Our results support the hypothesis of synonymy with C. herculeanus. Camponotus herculeanus and C. sachalinensis form a young clade (~1.8 Ma, Figure 3) with a continuous distribution throughout the Holarctic. Camponotus sachalinensis represents the link between European and North American populations of C. herculeanus (Figures 2 and 3, Supporting Information Appendices S2 and S4). The current view of C. herculeanus occupying a disjunct distribution in the Western Palearctic and North America while being replaced by a distinct species, C. sachalinensis, in the Eastern Palearctic is bio-geographically not realistic. Camponotus sachalinensis is therefore here returned to synonymy with C. herculeanus. Its junior synonyms Camponotus herculeanus altaica Ruzsky, 1915 and Camponotus herculeanus jacuticus Karavaiev, 1929 are also placed in synonymy with C. herculeanus.

Worker
Wheeler (1910) for the synoymized variety whymperi: Major Length, 10--13 mm.; bead, 3.5 x 3.5 mm.; scape, 2.7 mm.; bind tibia, 3.3 mm.

Head; as broad as long, broader behind than in front, with broadly excised posterior border, rather convex sides and swollen cheeks. Eyes moderately large, flat. Mandibles 5-tootbed; convex at the base, flattened or slightly concave on their distal halves. Clypeus evenly convex, not carinate, its anterior border scarcely. produced, squarely truncated or feebly excised in the middle, with a deeper excision on each side near the cheeks. Frontal area large, subtriangular; frontal groove distinct. Frontal carinae lyrate, rather far apart. Antennal scapes rather short, not extending beyond the posterior corners of the bead, terete, neither dilated nor flattened at the base, incrassated distally. Thorax robust, rather high, feebly and evenly arcuate above, narrower than the bead, laterally compressed behind; epinotum obtusely angular, with subequal base and declivity, the former feebly convex, the latter feebly concave in profile. Petiole high, compressed anteroposteriorly, with convex anterior and nearly flat posterior surface, its border rounded, entire and ratber sharp. Gaster of the usual shape, legs moderately long and stout; middle and hind femora neither• compressed nor sulcate, elliptical in cross section.

Opaque; very densely and rather coarsely shagreened; mandibles, eyes, anterior portion, sides, lower surface and posterior corners of head more shining. Mandibles coarsely striato-punctate. Whole head covered with sparse, shallow punctures, which are larger, but not elongated, on the cheeks. Upper surface of thorax and gaster with scattered piligerous foveolae, the latter also with numerous small, often transverse punctures bearing tne pubescence.

Hairs brownish yellow, coarse, short and erect, not very abundant; absent on the cheeks and sides of bead. Antennal scapes .and legs covered with short slanting or appressed hairs. Pubescence very short, dilute, scarcely visible on the thorax, most distinct on the gaster but not concealing the sculpture.

Black; mandibles, anterior border of bead, antennae, legs, petiole, posterior portion of thorax and the base of the first gastric segment, deep red. Posterior borders of gastric segments dark brown. In some specimens, the posterior portions of the thorax, the mandibles, anterior portion of the head, the antennal scapes and femora are black. Middle and hind tibiae with only a few short bristles at the distal ends of their flexor surfaces.

Minor Length, 6-8 mm.

Head somewhat broader than long, but little broader behind than in front, with feebly convex sides and nearly straight posterior border. Eyes slightly convex, clypeus carinate. Antennal funiculus extending about one-third its length beyond the posterior corners of the head. In other respects like the worker major.

Queen
Wheeler (1910) for the synoymized variety whymperi: Length, 13-16 mm.

Very much-like the worker major. Head with somewhat straighter sides, but broader behind than in front. Eyes larger and more convex. Thorax through the wing-insertions scarcely broader than the head; epinotum with convex base, impressed in the middle; declivity longer and distinctly concave. Petiole more compressed than in the worker major, narrow and high, with rounded, entire and more acute border.

Surface throughout more shining than in the worker, especially the thorax, which is quite glabrous above; epinotum opaque, shagreened. Gaster very finely transversely shagreened and covered with small punctures. Mesonotum and gastric segments also with a few scattered piligerous foveolae.

Pilosity like that of the worker, but sparser and shorter. Pubescence also shorter and sparser, especially on the gaster.

Black; mandibles, legs, antennae and often also the epinotum, pleurae and petiole tinged with red. Wings very long (in large specimens 18 mm.), strongly tinged with brown; veins and stigma yellowish brown.

Male
Wheeler (1910) for the synoymized variety whymperi: Length, 9-10 mm.

Head through the eyes about as broad as long; broadly rounded behind; cheeks feebly convex, converging anteriorly, as long as the eyes. Ocelli very small. Mandibles edentate. Clypeus convex in the middle, but scarcely carinate, its anterior border broadly rounded and slightly sinuate in the middle. Thorax robust; epinotum with flattened and subequal base and declivity meeting to form a rounded obtuse angle. Petiole rather high, distinctly compressed anteroposteriorly, with thin, rather acute border, which is deeply excised in the middle above.

Opaque; very finely shagreened; gaster shining.

Hairs and pubescence shorter and sparser than in the worker, especially on the head and thorax. Cheeks without hairs. Short hairs on the legs and antennal scapes appressed and scarcely more than pubescence.

Black; mandibles, antennae and legs reddish. Wings paler than those of the female; veins and stigma yellow.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
 * Aibek U., and S. Yamane. 2009. Taxonomic review of the genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) from Mongolia. Biogeography 11: 97-108.
 * Allred D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. The Great Basin Naturalist 42: 415-511.
 * Allred, D.M. 1982. The ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511.
 * Andoni V. 1977. Kontribut mbi Himenopteret e familjes Formicidae te vendit tone. Buletini I Shkencave te Natyres 31(2): 93-101.
 * AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
 * Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
 * Arnan X., M. Gracia, L. Comas, and J. Retana. 2009. Forest management conditioning ground ant community structure and composition in temperate conifer forests in the Pyrenees Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management 258(2): 5159.
 * ArtDatabanken Bugs (via GBIG)
 * Assing V. 1989. Die Ameisenfauna (Hym.: Formicidae) nordwestdeutscher Calluna-Heiden. Drosera 89: 49-62.
 * Azuma M. 1955. A list of ants (Formicidae) from Hokkaido Is. Hyogo Biology 3:79-80.
 * Banschbach V. S., and E. Ogilvy. 2014. Long-term Impacts of Controlled Burns on the Ant Community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of a Sandplain Forest in Vermont. Northeastern Naturalist 21(1): 1-12.
 * Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1977. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Northern Europe. Acta Zoologica Fennica 152: 1-34.
 * Bayartogtokh B., U. Aibek, S. Yamane, and M. Pfeiffer. 2014. Diversity and biogeography of ants in Mongolia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Asian Myrmecology 6: 1-20.
 * Belcher A. K., M. R. Berenbaum, and A. V. Suarez. 2016. Urbana House Ants 2.0.: revisiting M. R. Smith's 1926 survey of house-infesting ants in central Illinois after 87 years. American Entomologist 62(3): 182-193.
 * Belskaya E., A. Gilev, and E. Belskii. 2017. Ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) diversity along a pollution gradient near the Middle Ural Copper Smelter, Russia. Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-017-8736-8
 * Bernadou A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. 2006. Etude des communautés de fourmis d'une vallée andorrane. Union International pour l'Etude des Insectes Sociaux, Colloque annuel de la section francaise, 4pp.
 * Bernadou A., V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. 2013. A preliminary checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Andorra. Zookeys 277: 13-23.
 * Bernadou A., X. Espadaler, A. Le Goff, and V. Fourcassie. 2015. Ant community organization along elevational gradients in a temperate ecosystem. Insect. Soc. 62:5971
 * Bernadou, A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. "Les formigues de la Vall del Madriu-Perafita-Claror : diversitat i distribució." Hàbitats, 13 (2006): 10-21.
 * Bernard F. 1976. Écologie des fourmis des grès d'Annot, comparées à celles de la Provence calcaire. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nice 3: 33-54.
 * Bezdecka P. 1996. The ants of Slovakia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomofauna carpathica 8: 108-114.
 * Bezdeckova K., and P. Bezdecka. 2008. The ants of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. Acta rerum naturalium 5: 243252.
 * Blades, D.C.A. and S.A. Marshall. Terrestrial arthropods of Canadian Peatlands: Synopsis of pan trap collections at four southern Ontario peatlands. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 169:221-284
 * Blatrix R., C. Lebas, C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, P. Pimenta, and D. Morichon. 2016. Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. – Myrmecological News 22: 119-127.
 * Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. List of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Belgium and The Netherlands, their status and Dutch vernacular names. Entomologische Berichten 63 (3): 54-58.
 * Borchert, H.F. and N.L. Anderson. 1973. The Ants of the Bearpaw Mountains of Montana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 46(2):200-224
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Boucher P., C. Hebert, A. Francoeur, and L. Sirois. 2015. Postfire succession of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nesting in dead wood of northern boreal forest. Environ. Entomol. 44(5): 1316-1327: DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv109
 * Boven J. van 1949. Notes sur la faune des Hautes-Fagnes en Belgique. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 85: 135-143.
 * Bracko G. 2007. Checklist of the ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natura Sloveniae 9: 15-24
 * Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
 * Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
 * Bruch C. 1914. Catálogo sistemático de los formícidos argentinos. Revista del Museo de La Plata 19: 211-234.
 * Carniel A. 1998. Ricerche sulla mirmecofauna delle Prealpi Orobiche (Lombardia) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Atti. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Morbegno 9: 29-39.
 * Carroll T. M. 2011. The ants of Indiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Master's Thesis Purdue university, 385 pages.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and C. Galkowski. 2009. Liste actualisee des Fourmis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 114: 475-510.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and M. Prost. 1991. Fourmis de la Côte-d'Or présentes dans les collections du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Dijon. Bulletin Scientifique de Bourgogne 44: 53-72.
 * Chen Ying-Wu et al. 2008. Preliminary list of Formicidae in Gansu Province. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci. 36(32): 14133-14134
 * Chen Z. L., S. Y. Zhou, D. D. Ye, Y. Chen, and C. W. Lu. 2013. Moleular phylogeny of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from China based on Mitochondrial genes. Sociobiology 60(2): 135-144.
 * Cherix D., and S. Higashi. 1979. Distribution verticale des fourmis dans le Jura vaudois et recensement prelimaire des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Formicidae et Apidae). Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 356(74): 315-324.
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1942. The ants of Utah. American Midland Naturalist 28: 358-388.
 * Cole, A.C. 1936. An annotated list of the ants of Idaho (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Canadian Entomologist 68(2):34-39
 * Collingwood C. A. 1956. Ant hunting in France. Entomologist 89: 106-108.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1971. A synopsis of the Formicidae of north Europe. Entomologist 104: 150-176
 * Collingwood C. A. 1976. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from North Korea. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 68:
 * Collingwood C., and H. Heatwole. 2000. Ants from Northwestern China (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche 103 (1-2): 1-24.
 * Collingwood C.A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants. Entomol. Rec. 71: 78-83
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1974. A revised list of Norwegian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 21: 31-35.
 * Collingwood, C. A.. "The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark." Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8 (1979): 1-174.
 * Consani M. 1947. Reperti corologici sulle formiche italiane. Redia 32: 179-182.
 * Consani M., and P. Zangheri. 1952. Fauna di Romagna. Imenotteri - Formicidi. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 31: 38-48.
 * Coovert, G.A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin New Series Volume 15(2):1-196
 * Csosz S., B. Marko, K. Kiss, A. Tartally, and L. Galle. 2002. The ant fauna of the Ferto-Hansag National Park (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Mahunka, S. (Ed.): The fauna of the Fert?-Hanság National Park. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 617-629.
 * Csősz S. and Markó, B. 2005. European ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the ant collection of the Natural History Museum of Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben), Romania II. Subfamily Formicinae. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 97: 225-240.
 * Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7: 55-62.
 * Cuní, M.. "Excursión entomológica a varias localidades de la provincia de Gerona (Cataluña)." Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia Natural (1885): 51.
 * Cuní, M.. "Insectos observados en los alrededores de Barcelona." Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia Natural XVII (1888): 133.
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Dahms H., L. Lenoir, R. Lindborg, V. Wolters, and J. Dauber. 2008. Restoration of seminatural grasslands: what is the impact on ants? Restoration Ecology 18(3): 330-337.
 * Dekoninck W., and A. Pauly. 2002. Camponotus vagus Scopoli, 1763 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) a new ant species for Belgium? Bull. Soc. R. Belge Entomol. 138: 29-30.
 * Del Toro, I. 2010. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. MUSEUM RECORDS COLLATED BY ISRAEL DEL TORO
 * Della Santa E. 1994. Guide pour l'identification des principales espèces de fourmis de Suisse. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 3: 1-124.
 * Dlussky G. M., and B. Pisarski. 1970. Formicidae aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 46. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 46: 85-90.
 * Donisthorpe, H.. "A first instalment of the ants of Turkey." Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12)3 (1950): 1057-1067.
 * Downing H., and J. Clark. 2018. Ant biodiversity in the Northern Black Hills, South Dakota (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 91(2): 119-132.
 * Drummond F. A., A. M. llison, E. Groden, and G. D. Ouellette. 2012. The ants (Formicidae). In Biodiversity of the Schoodic Peninsula: Results of the Insect and Arachnid Bioblitzes at the Schoodic District of Acadia National Park, Maine. Maine Agricultural and forest experiment station, The University of Maine, Technical Bulletin 206. 217 pages
 * Dubovikoff D. A., and Z. M. Yusupov. 2018. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
 * Dusmet, J. M.. "Linneo y los himenópteros de España." Linneo en España. Homenaje a su segundo centenario Zaragoza (1907): 475.
 * Eidmann V. H., and H. Münden. 1933. Zur Kenntnis der Ameisenfauna von Sudlabrador. Zoologischer Anzeiger 101(7): 202-221.
 * Ellison A. M., E. J. Farnsworth, and N. J. Gotelli. 2002. Ant diversity in pitcher-plant bogs of Massachussetts. Northeastern Naturalist 9(3): 267-284.
 * Espadaler X., X. Roig, K. Gómez, and F. García. 2011. Formigues de les Planes de Son i mata de València (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Treballs de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural 16: 609-627.
 * Espadaler, X., X. Roig, and K. Gómez. "Cuatro nuevas citas de hormigas (Hymenopera, Formicidae) y actualización del listado para Cataluña (Península Ibérica)." Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 40 (2007): 313-316.
 * Espadaler, X.. "Contribución al conocimiento de los formícidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Pirineo catalán." Tesis Universida (1979): 285 pp.
 * Fiedler, K., F. Kuhlmann, B. C. Schlick-Steiner, F. M. Steiner and G. Gebauer. 2007. Stable N-isotope signatures of central European ants  assessing positions in a trophic gradient. Insectes Sociaux 54(4):393-402.
 * Field Museum Collection, Chicago, Illinois (C. Moreau)
 * Forel A. 1904. Note sur les fourmis du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences à St. Pétersbourg. Ezheg. Zool. Muz. 8: 368-388.
 * Franch, J., and X. Espadaler. "Ants as colonizing agents of pine stumps in San Juan de la Peña (Huesca, Spain)." Vie et Milieu 38 (1988): 149-154.
 * Francoeur A. 2001. Les fourmis de la forêt boréale (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Le naturaliste canadien 125(3): 108-114.
 * Francoeur, A. 1983. The ant fauna near the tree-line in Northern Quebec (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Nordicana 47: 177-180
 * Francoeur, A. 1997. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Yukon. Pages 901 910 in H.V. Danks and J.A. Downes (Eds.), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa.
 * Gadeau de Kerville H. 1922. Materiaux pour la Faune des Hymenopteres de la Normandie. Bull. Soc. Amis Sc. Nat. Rouen 1916-1921, 1922: 217-225.
 * Galle L. 1993. Data to the ant fauna of the Bukk (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natural history of the national parks of Hungary 7: 445-448.
 * Gallé L., B. Markó, K. Kiss, E. Kovács, H. Dürgő, K. Kőváry, and S. Csősz. 2005. Ant fauna of Tisza river basin (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).  In: Gallé, L. (szerk.): Vegetation and Fauna of Tisza River Basin I. Tiscia Monograph Series 7; Szeged, pp. 149-197.
 * Garcia Garcia F. 2017. Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Camponotus ligniperdus (Latreille, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Galicia (NW Iberia). Iberomyrmex 9: 45-47.
 * Garcia Garcia F., and A. D. Cuesta-Esgura. 2017. First catalogue of the ants of Burgos province, Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 60: 245–258.
 * Gibb H., and T. Johansson. 2011. Field tests of interspecific competition in ant assemblages: revisiting the dominant red wood ants. Journal of Animal Ecology 80: 548-557.
 * Gilev A. V., I. V. Kuzmin, V. A. Stolbov, and S. D. Sheikin. 2012. Materials on the fauna and ecology of ants (formicidae) Southern part of the Tyumen region. Tyumen State University Herald 6: 86-91.
 * Glaser F. 2009. Die Ameisen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Amtlicher Lehrmittelverlag, Vaduz, 2009 (Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein; Bd. 26).
 * Glaser F., A. Freitag, and H. Martz. 2012. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Münstertal (Val Müstair)  a hot spot of regional species richness between Italy and Switzerland. Gredleriana 12: 273 - 284.
 * Glasier J. R. N., S. E. Nielsen, J. Acorn, and J. Pinzon. 2019. Boreal sand hills are areas of high diversity for Boreal ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Diversity 11, 22; doi:10.3390/d11020022.
 * Glasier J. R. N., S. Nielsen, J. H. Acorn, L. H. Borysenko, and T. Radtke. 2016. A checklist of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Saskatchewan. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 130(1): 40-48.
 * Grandi G. 1935. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XV. Boll. R. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Studi Bologna 8: 27-121.
 * Gratiashvili N., Barjadze S. 2008. Checklist of the ants (Formicidae Latreille, 1809) of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Tbilisi) 23: 130-146.
 * Gregg R. E. 1946. The ants of northeastern Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist 35: 747-755.
 * Gregg, R.T. 1963. The Ants of Colorado.
 * Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
 * Hayashida K. 1959. Ecological Distribution of Ants in Mt. Atusanupuri, An Active Volcano in Akan National Park, Hokkaido. Jour. Pac. Sci. Hokkaiao Univ. Ser. 4(14): 252-260.
 * Hayashida K. 1959. Ecological distribution of ants in Mt. Atusanupuri, an active volcano in Akan National Park, Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series VI. Zoology 14:252-260.
 * Higgins R. J., and B. S. Lindgren. 2006. The fine scale physical attributes of coarse woody debris and effects of surrounding stand structure on its utilization by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in British Columbia, Canada. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-93. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station pp. 67-73.
 * Hoey-Chamberlain R. V., L. D. Hansen, J. H. Klotz and C. McNeeley. 2010. A survey of the ants of Washington and Surrounding areas in Idaho and Oregon focusing on disturbed sites (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology. 56: 195-207
 * Holgersen H. 1942. Ants of northern Norway (Hym., Form.). Tromso Mus. Årsh. 63(2): 1-34.
 * Holgersen H. 1943. Ant studies in Rogaland (south-western Norway). Avhandlingar utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1943(7): 1-75.
 * Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-203.
 * Hua Li-zhong. 2006. List of Chinese insects Vol. IV. Pages 262-273. Sun Yat-sen university Press, Guangzhou. 539 pages.
 * Hågvar S. 2005. Altitudinal zonation of ants (Formicidae) in a steep fjord landscape in Sogndal, Western Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 52: 3-12.
 * IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
 * Ivanov K. 2019. The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): an updated checklist. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 70: 65–87.
 * Ivanov K., L. Hightower, S. T. Dash, and J. B. Keiper. 2019. 150 years in the making: first comprehensive list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Virginia, USA. Zootaxa 4554 (2): 532–560.
 * Jensen T. F., and Nielsen M. G. 1982. En status over udbredelsen af myreslaegten Camponotus i Danmark (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser 49: 113-116.
 * Karaman M. G. 2011. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp.
 * Karavaiev V. 1912. Ameisen aus dem paläarktischen Faunengebiete. Rus. Entomol. Obozr. 12: 581-596.
 * Karavaiev V. 1926. Beiträge zur Ameisenfauna des Kaukasus, nebst einigen Bemerkungen über andere palaearktische Formen. (Schluss). Konowia 5: 187-199.
 * Karavaiev V. 1931. Beitrag zur Ameisenfauna Jakutiens. (Auf Grund der Sammelergebnisse der Expeditionen der Wissenschaften der UdSSR., ausgeführt in den Jahren 1925 und 1926.). Zool. Anz. 94: 104-117.
 * Kofler A. 1995. Nachtrag zur Ameisenfauna Osttirols (Tirol, Österreich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 1: 14-25.
 * Korlevic, A.. "Prilozi fauni hrvatskih opnokrilaca." Glasn. Hrv. Narav. Dr. 5 (1890): 189-250.
 * Krugova T. M. 2017. Ant's population in the chern taiga of Tigireksky mountain range (North-Western Altai). Proceedings of the Tigirek Reserve 9: 68-77.
 * Kvamme T. 1982. Atlas of the Formicidae of Norway (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Insecta Norvegiae 2: 1-56.
 * Kvamme T., and A. Wetas. 2010. Revidert liste over norske maur  Inkludert dialektiske navn og forslag til nye norske navn og forslag til norske navn. Norsk institutt for skog og landskap, Ås. 127 pp
 * Lapeva-Gjonova, L., V. Antonova, A. G. Radchenko, and M. Atanasova. "Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria." ZooKeys 62 (2010): 1-124.
 * Lebas C., C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, X. Espadaler, and R. Blatrix. 2015. The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France. R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1): 24  33
 * Legakis A. 1983. The Zoological Museum of the University of Athens 2. The collection of ants from Greece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 11(1): 85-87.
 * Legakis A. 2001. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) collected in the eastern Pyrenees and surrounding area, September 1999. Proceedings of the International Colloqium of the European Invertebrate Survey: Cartography and Conservation of Biodiversity Marcevol Priory, Arboussols, france 30.8-4.9.1999. OPIE.
 * Legakis Collection Database
 * Lelej A. S. 2012. Annotated catalogue of the Insects of Russian Far East. Volume 1. Hymenoptera. Dalnauka: Vladivostok. 635 p.
 * Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
 * Lidgren, B.S. and A.M. MacIsaac. 2002. A Preliminary Study of Ant Diversity and of Ant Dependence on Dead Wood in Central Interior British Columbia. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181.
 * Lindgren, B.S. and A.M. MacIsaac. 2002. Ant dependence on dead wood in Central Interior British Columbia. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep.PSW-GTR-181
 * Longino, J.T. 2010. Personal Communication. Longino Collection Database
 * Lubertazi, D. Personal Communication. Specimen Data from Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
 * Maavara V. 1953. Ants of Estonian SSR. ABIKS loodusevaatlejale 10: 1-44.
 * Mackay W. P., and E. E. Mackay. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp.
 * Mackay, W., D. Lowrie, A. Fisher, E. Mackay, F. Barnes and D. Lowrie. 1988. The ants of Los Alamos County, New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). pages 79-131 in J.C. Trager, editor, Advances in Myrmecololgy.
 * Mackay, W.P. and E. Mackay. XXXX. The Ants of New Mexico
 * Majzlan O., and P. Devan. 2009. Selected insect groups (Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Raphidioptera) of the Rokoš Massif (Strážovské vrchy Mts.). Rosalia (Nitra), 20, p. 63–70.
 * Malozemova L. A. 1972. Ants of steppe forests, their distribution by habitats, and perspectives of their utilization for protection of forests (north Kazakhstan). [In Russian.]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 51: 57-68.
 * Marko B., K. Kiss, and L. Galle. 2004. Mosaic structure of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Eastern Carpathian marshes: regional versus local scales. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 50(2): 7795.
 * Markó B., A. Ionescu-Hirsch, and A. Szász-Len. 2009. Genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Romania: distribution and identification key to the worker caste. Entomologica Romanica 14: 29-41.
 * Markó B., B. Sipos, S. Csősz, K. Kiss, I. Boros, and L. Gallé. 2006. A comprehensive list of the ants of Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 65-76.
 * Martorell, M.. "Catálogos sinonímicos de insectos encontrados en Cataluña." Barcelona (1879).
 * Menozzi C. 1922. Nota complementare per la distinzione specifica dei Camponotus herculeanus L. e ligniperda Latr. (Hym.-Formic.). Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 54: 141-145.
 * Merle W. W. 1939. An Annotated List of the Ants of Maine (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News. 50: 161-165
 * Moscaliuc L. 2008. Notes on the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Rarau mountain. Analele Facult??ii de Biologie, Univ A.I. Cuza Ia?i 54: 53-55.
 * Nadig A. 1918. Alcune note sulla fauna dell'alta Valsesia. Formicidae. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 56: 331-341.
 * Neumeyer R., and B. Seifert. 2005. Commented check list of free living ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species of Switzerland. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 78: 1-17.
 * Nielsen M. G. 1987. The ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in northern and interior Alaska. A survey along the trans-Alaskan pipeline and a few highways. Entomological News 98:74-88
 * Nielsen M. G. 2011. A check list of Danish ants and proposed common names. Ent. Meddr. 79: 13-18.
 * Nielsen, M.G. 1986. Respiratory rates of ants from different climatic areas. Journal of Insect Physiology 32(2): 125-131
 * Nielsen, M.G. 1987. The ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in northern and Interior Alaska. Entomological News 98(2):74-88
 * Novgorodova T. A., A. S. Ryabinin. 2015. Trophobiotic associations between ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidomorpha) in South Zauralye. News of Saratov University. Chemistry Series, Biology, Ecology 2(15): 98-107.
 * Ouellette G. D., F. A. Drummond, B. Choate and E. Groden. 2010. Ant diversity and distribution in Acadia National Park, Maine. Environmental Entomology 39: 1447-1556
 * Paik W.H. 1984. A checklist of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Korea. Korean J. Plant Prot. 23(3): 193-195.
 * Paraschivescu D. 1972. Fauna mirmecologica din zonele saline ale Romaniei. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. Seria Zoologie 24: 489-495.
 * Paraschivescu D. 1978. Elemente balcanice in mirmecofauna R. S. Romania. Nymphaea 6: 463- 474.
 * Paukkunen J., and M. V. Kozlov. 2015. Stinging wasps, ants and bees (Hy menoptera: Aculeata) of the Murmansk region, Northwest Russia. — Entomol. Fennica. 26: 53–73.
 * Petal J. M. 1963. Faune des fourmis de la reserve de tourbiere en projet a Rakowskie Bagno pres de Frampol (voivodie de Lublin). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sk?odowska 58(7): 143-174.
 * Petrov I. Z. 1986. Contribution to myrmecofauna in some oak-tree communities on the mountain Jastrebac. Prirodnjackog Muzeja i Beogradu Seriya B Bioloske Nauke Supplement: No. 41: 109-114.
 * Petrov I. Z. 2002. Contribution to the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of the Banat Province (Serbia). Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade, 54(12): 57-64.
 * Petrov I. Z. 2005. Contribution to the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Mt. Kopaonik (Serbia). Archives of Biological Sciences 57: 17-18.
 * Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
 * Pisarski B. 1969. Fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la Mongolie. Fragmenta Faunistica (Warsaw). 15: 221-236.
 * Powell, J.M. 1971. The arthropod fauna collected from the comandra blister rust, Cronartium comandrae, on lodgepole pine in Alberta. Canadian Entomologist 103:908-918
 * Prest W. H., and H. Piers. 1922. List of a Small Collection of Ants (Formicidae) obtained in Queen's County, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotian Institute of Science 15(4): 169-173.
 * Procter W. 1938. Biological survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part VI. The insect fauna. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 496 pp.
 * Punttila P., Y. Haila, J. Niemela, and T. Pajunen. 1994. Ant communities in fragments of old-growth taiga and managed surroundings. Ann. Zool. Fennici 31: 131-144.
 * Punttila P., and Y. Haila. 1996. Colonisation of a burned forest by ants in the southern Finnish Boreal forest. Silva Fennica 30(4): 421-435.
 * Pusvaskyte O. 1979. Myrmecofauna of the Lituanian SSR. Acta Entomologica Lituanica 4: 99-105.
 * Radchenko, A. 2005. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 55: 127-221.
 * Ran H., and S. Y. Zhou. 2011. Checklist of Chinese Ants: the Formicomorph Subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (I). Journal of Guangxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition. 29(3): 65-73.
 * Rees D. M., and A. W. Grundmann. 1940. A preliminary list of the ants of Utah. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 31(5): 1-12.
 * Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1989. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Val Gesso (alpi Marittime) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 7(2): 427-442.
 * Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1991. The myrmecofauna of the Gesso Valley (Maritime Alps) (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution Special Issue 1: 87-89.
 * Ruzsky M. 1920. Ants of Kamchatka. Izv. Inst. Issled. Sib. 2: 76-80
 * Salata S. 2014. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the National Park of the Stołowe Mts. Przyroda Sudetow 17: 161-172.
 * Schar S., G Talavera, X. Espadaler, J. D. Rana, A. A. Andersen, S. P. Cover, and R. Vila. 2018. Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae. Journal of Biogeography 00: 1-12.
 * Schlick-Steiner B. C., and F. M. Steiner. 1999. Faunistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen an den freilebenden Ameisen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Wiens. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 3: 9-53.
 * Schultz, R., A. G. Radchenko, and B. Seifert. "A critical checklist of the ants of Kyrgyzstan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 (2006): 201-207.
 * Seifert B. 2019. Hybridization in the European carpenter ants Camponotus herculeanus and C. ligniperda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-019-00693-0
 * Sharplin, J. 1966. An annotated list of the Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Central and Southern Alberta. Quaetiones Entomoligcae 2:243-253
 * Shlyakhtenok A. S. 2007. Hymenoptera Aculeata of Raised Bogs in Belarus. Entomological Review 87(2): 136147.
 * Siberian Zoological Museum. Website available at http://szmn.sbras.ru/old/Hymenop/Formicid.htm. Accessed on January 27th 2014.
 * Smith F. 1941. A list of the ants of Washington State. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 17(1): 23-28.
 * Smith M. R. 1952. On the collection of ants made by Titus Ulke in the Black Hills of South Dakota in the early nineties. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 60: 55-63.
 * Sonnenburg H. 2005. Die Ameisenfauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Niedersachsens und Bremens. Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 7: 377-441.
 * Sonobe R. 1971. Ant survey of the Mt. Daisetsu area. Faunal Survey of the Mt. Daisetsu area. JIBP main area XIV. Annual Report of JIBP/CT-S: 199-210.
 * Soulie J. 1962. Fourmis des Hautes-Pyrenees. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 97: 35-37.
 * Steiner F. M., S. Schödl, and B. C. Schlick-Steiner. 2002. Liste der Ameisen Österreichs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Stand Oktober 2002. Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 3: 17-25.
 * Tausan I. 2010. Notes on the ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Rodna Mountains National Park and it's surroundings (Transylvania-Maramures, Romania). Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res. 9: 159-166.
 * Tausan I. 2016. First record of Camponotus lateralis (Olivier, 1792)(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dobrogea (Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei, 11: 443-446.
 * Tausan I., M. M. Jerpel, I. R. Puscasu, C. Sadeanu, R. E. Brutatu, L. A. Radutiu, and V. Giurescu. 2012. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei 7(3): 499-520.
 * Tausan I., and I C. Negrila. 2015. The ant collection (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the natural history museum of Sibiu (Romania). Brukenthal Acta Musei 3: 409-418.
 * Terayama M. 1992. Structure of ant communities in East Asia. A. Regional differences and species richness. Bulletin of the Bio-geographical Society of Japan 47: 1-31.
 * Terayama M., Choi, B.M., Kim, C.H. 1992. A check list of ants from Korea, with taxonomic notes. Bulletin of the Toho Gakuen 7:19-54.
 * Terayama M., K. Ogata, and B.M. Choi. 1994. Distribution records of ants in 47 prefectures of Japan. Ari (report of the Myrmecologists Society of Japan) 18: 5-17.
 * Terayama. M. 2004. Geological and ecological distribution of Japanese ants communities. (translated from Japanese) Reports of the Saitama Prefecture Animal Research Association. 48:24
 * Tie Ru, and Xu Shengquan. 2004. Variety and distribution of ants in Northwest China. Journal of Ningxia Agricultural College 25(3): 4-9.
 * Vagalinski B., and A. Lapeva-Gjonova. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Plana Mountain (Bulgaria). Historia naturalis bulgarica 20: 87-101.
 * Varady-Szabo, H. 2004. Spiders and Ants Associated with Fallen Logs in Forillon National Park of Canada, Quebec. Masters Thesis, MgGill University, Montreal, Canada
 * Vele A., J. Holusa, J. Frouz, and O. Konvicka. 2011. Local and landscape drivers of ant and carabid beetle communities during spruce forest succession. European Journal of Soil Biology 47: 349-356.
 * Vele A., J. Holusa, and J. Frouz. 2009. Sampling for ants in different-aged spruce forests: A comparison of methods. European Journal of Soil Biology 45(4): 1-6.
 * Vepsalainen K., H. Ikonene, and M. J. Koivula. 2008. The structure of ant assembalges in an urban area of Helsinki, southern Finland. Ann. Zool. Fennici 45: 109-127.
 * Vepsalainen K., R. Savolainen, J. Tiainen, and J. Vilen. 2000. Successional changes of ant assemblages: from virgin and ditched bogs to forests. Ann. Zool. Fennici 37: 135-149.
 * Vespalainen K., B. Pisarski, R. Kantorek, and K. J. Laine. 1984. Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Inari Lapland. Kevo Notes 7: 115-116.
 * Vogrin, V.. "Prilog fauni Hymenoptera - Aculeata Jugoslavije." Zast. Bilja 31(suppl.) (1955): 1-74.
 * Wang Ji-Fei et al. 2009. Study on the Species and Ecological Distribution of Ants on Ningxia Helan Mountain. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci. 37(23): 11032-11034.
 * Wang 2008. Ant species diversity on Shangqiu forest park, Henan province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 27(6): 1041-1044.
 * Wang C., Xiao G. and Wu J.. 1989. Taxonomic studies on the genus Camponotus in China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (conclusion). Forest Research 2: 221-228
 * Wang Lu-ling. 2008. Ant species diversity on Shangqiu forest Park, Henan province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 27(6): 1041-1044.
 * Wang S. Z. et al. 2011. Investigation on ant species for garden tree in Chengdu. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci. 39(9): 5045-5046.
 * Weber N. A. 1943. The ants of the Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 93: 263-389.
 * Wegnez P., and A. Ronk. 2017. Découverte de Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) et signalement de quelques autres espèces rares de fourmis au Luxembourg (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 119 : 153–159.
 * Wegnez P., and F. Mourey. 2016. Formica uralensis Ruzsky, 1895 une espèce encore présente en France mais pour combien de temps ? (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 152: 72-80.
 * Wheeler G. C., J. N. Wheeler, and P. B. Kannowski. 1994. Checklist of the ants of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 26(4): 297-310
 * Wheeler G. C., and E. W. Wheeler. 1944. Ants of North Dakota. North Dakota Historical Quarterly 11:231-271.
 * Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler. 1986. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp.
 * Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler. 1987. A Checklist of the Ants of South Dakota. Prairie Nat. 19(3): 199-208.
 * Wheeler J. N., G. C. Wheeler, R. J. Lavigne, T. A. Christiansen, and D. E. Wheeler. 2014. The ants of Yellowstone National Park. Lexington, Ky. : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013. 112 pages.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1906. The ants of Japan. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 301-328.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1908. The ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with observations on two races of Formica sanguinea Latreille. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 619-645.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1910. The North American ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20: 295-354.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1917. The mountain ants of western North America. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 52: 457-569.
 * Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1988. A checklist of the ants of Montana. Psyche 95:101-114
 * Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1988. A checklist of the ants of Wyoming. Insecta Mundi 2(3&4):230-239
 * Wheeler, G.C., J. Wheeler and P.B. Kannowski. 1994. CHECKLIST OF THE ANTS OF MICHIGAN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). Great Lakes Entomologist 26:1:297-310
 * Wheeler, G.C., J. Wheeler, T.D. Galloway and G.L. Ayre. 1989. A list of the ants of Manitoba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba 45:34-49
 * Wiezik M. 2007. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of mountain and alpine ecosystems at Southern part of Krá?ovoho?ské Tatry Mts. Naturae Tutela 11: 85-90.
 * Wiezik M. 2008. Vertical distribution of ants from alpine habitats at Nízke Tatry mts. Naturae Tutela 12: 61-67.
 * Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and J. Murin. 2008. Ant assemblages at horná orava peatbogs. Naturae Tutela 12: 55-60.
 * Wing M. W. 1939. An annotated list of the ants of Maine (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News 50:161-165.
 * Xin M., Y. Ma, and D. He. 2011. Fauna composition of Formicidae in Ningxia. Journal of Ningxia University (Natural Science Edition) 32(4): 403-412.
 * Yang Xiuzhi, and Wang Junsen. 1994. Two kinds of ant chromosomes from Heilongjiang. Zoological Research 15(2): 93-96.
 * Yasumatsu K., and W. L. Brown, Jr. 1951. Revisional notes on Camponotus herculeanus Linné and close relatives in Palearctic regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 10: 29-44.
 * Yusupov Z. M. 2014. On the fauna of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Teberda State Natural Biospheric Reserve. Bulletin of the Adyghe State University. Series 4: Natural and Mathematical and Technical Sciences 147: 121-124.
 * Zhang W. and Zheng Z.. 2002. Studies of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fauna in Sichuan Province. Entomotaxonomia 24(3): 216-222.
 * Zhigulskaya Z. A. 2009. The ants of the Chuya Depression and the Yustyd river basin in Southeastern Altai. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2009 2(3): 210-215.
 * Zhuytszyuan D. 2016. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Nizhne-Svirsky reserve and their environmental features. Master's thesis Saint Petersburg State University.
 * Zryanin V. A., and T. A. Zryanina. 2007. New data on the ant fauna Hymenoptera, Formicidae in the middle Volga River Basin. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127(2): 226-240.