Kalathomyrmex

A monotypic genus, the widely ranging South American Kalathomyrmex emeryi was long believed to be a species in the genus Mycetophylax. The single species is a fungus growing ant.

Identification
The here described monotypic genus Kalathomyrmex; with Kalathomyrmex emeryi as the type species, presents the following exclusive set of characters: subquadrate head shape; reduced arched frontal lobes; subtriangular mandibles with five teeth; triangular clypeus with latero-posterior margins strongly produced forwards over the lateral wings of the clypeus as rounded ridges, resulting in two large circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate, junction of antennal insertion area and clypeus with long setae, forming a psammophore (apparently non-homologous with the Paramycetophylax psammophore and a putative synapomorphy for Kalathomyrmex); lack of a median clypeal seta (otherwise universal in Attini); noticeably slender body; and median dorsal conical protuberance in the posterior area of the mesonotum. Also, in contrast to the species of Mycetophylax as accepted here, the species of Paramycetophylax and Kalathomyrmex females share a morphological character state of the postpetiole with a large posterior impression, almost dividing it into two lobes. (Klingenberg and Brandao 2009)

Biology
See Kalathomyrmex emeryi.

Nomenclature

 *  KALATHOMYRMEX [Myrmicinae: Attini]
 * Kalathomyrmex Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 21. Type-species: Myrmicocrypta emeryi, by original designation.

Mycetophylax emeryi (Forel, 1907) is formally excluded from Mycetophylax and here designated as the type species of a genus, Kalathomyrmex. We have already discussed that in comparison with other attines, the degree of morphological differentiation of this taxon led us to recognize it as a distinct genus, in particular the seemingly exclusive secondary loss of the median clypeal seta. Kalathomyrmex shares with Myrmicocrypta the character state of the antennal insertion area. It is a deep concavity with rounded anterior margin that projects forward, forming a conspicuous transverse and rounded ridge at the juncture with the posterior margin of the clypeus. The transverse ridge extends medially and is elevated anterior to the frontal lobes. However, other characters listed in the diagnosis exclude Kalathomyrmex from the genera traditionally recognized as Paleoattini. Hence the situation of the antennal insertions may represent a convergence with Myrmicocrypta.

Schultz & Brady (2008) studied Kalathomyrmex emeryi specimens from Guyana and Argentina, which consistently come together in their molecular phylogeny as the sister-group of the Neoattini, apparently splitting from the other neoattines 40–50 million years ago, being the oldest living lineage in the Neoattini. The species we are including in the monotypic Kalathomyrmex is widespread in cis-Andean South America, occurring in all its main ecosystems.

Worker
Monomorphic Attini ants. Color yellowish to reddish-brown. Body densely sculptured and covered with short, appressed hairs. Head with long flexuous hairs (with the length of the first funicular segment), six fine and stiff setae with the same length as the apical funicular segment forming a psammophore set at the middle clypeal disc medially and at the posterior margin laterally, reaching or surpassing the anterior limit of the mandibles. Masticatory margin of mandible smooth, without any trace of sculpture. Head subquadrate. Compound eyes at anterior half of the head. Mandibles subtriangular. Clypeus triangular with latero-posterior margin strongly produced forward over the lateral wings of the clypeus, as rounded ridges, resulting in large circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate. Frontal lobes reduced, in frontal view forming an attenuated triangle. Antennae 11-segmented, scapes surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head. Mesosoma slender, pronotum without defined spines, dorsal margin in side view almost straight. Anterior mesonotal tubercles vestigial occasionally developed; postero-dorsal tubercles on mesosoma developed. Propodeum armed with a pair of small spines. Petiole without distinct node and postpetiole at posterior portion with a wide impression, dividing the postpetiole in two distinct lobes. Gaster smooth, without spines or protuberances.

Queen
Color and pilosity as in the conspecific workers, as are the main morphological traits, with three equally developed ocelli. Mesosoma compact, scutum flat and in dorsal view rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Juncture of scutum and scutellum without hairs medially. Parapsidial lines visible and impressed, prescutum reduced, axillae triangular. Propodeum with small blunt spines. Radial cell of forewing open.

Male
Color brown. Body covered by short appressed hairs. Head subquadrate. Compound eyes large, occupying the anterior half of the lateral margin of the head, in full face view. Mandibles slender and elongate. Anterior margin of clypeus straight with long setae, the median only visible in SEM images. Posterior margin bulging to half of antennal insertion level. Frontal lobes reduced, without antennal scrobes. Vertexal margin convex in full face view, posterolateral corners of the head rounded. Antennae 13-segmented; antennal scapes surpassing dorsal margin. In dorsal view, anterior margin of scutum rounded; scutum wider than prescutellum Scutum with a glabrous median stripe. Scutellum subtriangular, with the major width at anterior portion. Postpetiole with median impression posteriorly, gaster smooth. Forewing with an open radial cell.

Etymology
From latinized Greek kalathos = basket, referring to the psammophore; myrmekos = ant.