Allomerus octoarticulatus

A South American arboreal ant nesting in the domatia of the ant-plant Cordia nodosa.

Identification
Fernández (2007) - Besides the 8 segmented antennae, this species is characterized by the mesosomal profile in lateral view, with the promesonotum remarkably convex, in contrast with the propodeum, which has a short dorsal face forming a continuous and slightly angulate convexity with the posterior face. The petiolar peduncle is shorter and the petiolar node is thicker. The apical and subapical teeth tend to be a little larger than the rest. The anterior clypeal hairs are very short and nearly invisible; the medial hair is hardly visible.

Both hairs on the dorsum of the head near the vertexal margin, are sometimes broken, and sometimes accompanied by a third hair. All of the short hairs are almost appressed (without being pubescent). In the majority of the observed specimens the promesonotum possesses 6 clearly defined hairs in contrast with a smooth and shiny integument. Some specimens have a shorter pilosity, as well as a slight propodeal angulation in lateral view.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru.

Biology
Hernandez et al. (2017) - An experimental study of colonies of A octoarticulatus living in domatia of the ant-plant Cordia nodosa showed the ants benefited from having ready access to herbivory prey found on the plant. This study highlights the mutualistic nature of the ant-plant relationship in that it demonstrates benefits for the ants in their performing a service for the plants, i.e., foraging upon insects and thus removing plant herbivores. Colonies with ready access to insect prey were able to produce heavier workers and this in turn correlated with a greater investment in reproductives. Colonies that were deprived of protein for long periods of time were found to be more eager to seek out protein resources than colonies with unfettered access to this source of insect prey. This suggests, as has been shown with other insects, that colonies seek out nutrients that are lacking in order to balance their diet. Bacterial assemblages between colonies with access to herbivores and those without did not show any difference in their gut flora (bacterial assemblages). This suggests gut flora are not being adjusted as a means of compensating for dietary differences.

Fernández (2007) - This species has been collected on Hirtella myrmecophila (MZSP), leaf cavities in Remijia physophora, beneath leaves and caulinar cavities in Tocota setifera Pilger in Brazil, and caulinar cavities in Cordia hispidissima in Bolivia (Wheeler 1942). Debout et al. (2005) isolated 15 A. octoarticulatus (cf. demerarae) microsatelites, obtaining high intrapopulation variation, results that are also likely for A. decemarticulatus.

Nomenclature

 * . Allomerus octoarticulatus Mayr, 1878: 874 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas; “Nord-Brasilien in der Umgegend des Amazonenstromes”).
 * [Misspelled as 8-articulatus by Forel, 1912g: 2.]
 * Forel, 1904e: 679 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1955c: 125 (l.).
 * Subspecies of decemarticulatus: Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 199.
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 78; Forel, 1895b: 125; Forel, 1904e: 679; Wheeler, W.M. 1921f: 162; Emery, 1922e: 189; Borgmeier, 1927c: 99; Ettershank, 1966: 113; Kempf, 1972a: 19; Brandão, 1991: 324; Bolton, 1995b: 61; Fernández, 2007a: 167 (redescription); Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 115; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 835.
 * Senior synonym of demerarae: Fernández, 2007a: 168.
 * Senior synonym of novemarticulatus: Fernández, 2007a: 168.
 * Senior synonym of tuberculatus: Fernández, 2007a: 167.
 * Material of the unavailable names angulatus, exsanguis, melanoticus referred here by Fernández, 2007a: 168.
 * demerarae. Allomerus octoarticulatus var. demerarae Wheeler, W.M., in Wheeler, G.C. 1935: 92, pls. 7, 8 (l.) GUYANA.
 * [Allomerus octoarticulatus var. demerarae Wheeler, W.M. 1929h: 343. Nomen nudum]. [Also described as new, as Allomerus decemarticulatus subsp. octoarticulatus var. demerarae Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 200; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
 * Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 200 (w.q.m.).
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Ettershank, 1966: 113.
 * Subspecies of octoarticulatus: Kempf, 1972a: 19; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
 * Junior synonym of octoarticulatus: Fernández, 2007a: 168.
 * novemarticulatus. Allomerus decemarticulatus subsp. novemarticulatus Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, in Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 199 (w.) BOLIVIA.
 * Subspecies of decemarticulatus: Ettershank, 1966: 113; Kempf, 1972a: 18; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
 * Junior synonym of octoarticulatus: Fernández, 2007a: 168.
 * tuberculatus. Allomerus octoarticulatus r. tuberculatus Forel, 1912g: 2 (w.m.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 201.
 * Subspecies of octoarticulatus: Emery, 1922e: 189; Borgmeier, 1927c: 99; Ettershank, 1966: 113; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
 * Junior synonym of octoarticulatus: Fernández, 2007a: 167.

Fernández (2007) - Allomerus octoarticulatus may be a species complex.

From the observed material it can be said that a gradation exists in terms of propodeal shape, from convex without angles and teeth, to highly angulate (in lateral view). On the other hand the posterior and basal propodeal faces can be simple or with a pair of lateral carinae. In the few observed females and the observations made by Wheeler (1942), it seems that the propodeum is also variable, from rounded and continuous to toothed, with the female in an intermediate condition. I prefer to interpret these observations in the sense of Allomerus octoarticulatus as a variable species. It is possible that it is really a complex with several species, but this can only be determined with more material and the observation of types.

The scarce female material shows pilosity variation as well, from sparse to moderate pilosity, with the absence of erect hairs on the propodeum, petiole and postpetiole. The orientation of the opening of the spiracle and the anteroventral petiolar process can also differ, but as the material is scarce it is difficult to make decisions.

Worker
Fernández (2007) - (n=3): HW 0.49-0.54 HL 0.54-0.59 SL 0.31-0.36 WL 0.60-0.63 GL 0.58-0.73 TL 2.15-2.49 CI 91 SI 54-57.

Antennae 8 segmented. Scapes fail to reach posterior lateral margin by about ¼ length, apical thickening less pronounced than in Allomerus decemarticulatus. In side view, promesonotum convex. Dorsal face of propodeum very short, declivity convex to very slightly angulate in middle. Petiole with peduncle shorter than node; node thick, petiolar peduncle gradually curved to nodal apex. Body smooth and shining, especially head. Lateral sides of propodeum finely reticulate rugose. Large hairs (more or less 0.13 mm in length): two (sometimes three) in dorsum of head, near vertexal margin; two rows of several erect hairs on the frons; six on promesonotum, none on propodeum, several on petiole, postpetiole and gaster. Abundant short hairs (less than 0.07 mm), nearly appressed, over entire dorsum of body, few on propodeum. Row of very short hairs on anterior clypeal margin, medial longest, but nonetheless inconspicuous. Concolorous light brown, hairs whitish.

Queen
Fernández (2007) - HW 1.25 HL 1.12 SL 0.67 WL 1.62 GL 1.59 TL 5.39 CI 112 SI 53.

Head wider than long. Antennae 10 segmented with a poorly defined 4 segmented club. Eyes prominent, closer to the anterior head margin than the posterior border. Propodeum without teeth or spines, slightly convex to slightly angulate. Propodeal spiracle directed towards side and posteriorly. Petiole robust, node longer than peduncle, joined continuously to petiolar dorsum. Petiole anteroventral process acute, without forming spine or tooth. Lateral propodeal areas with longitudinal striation. Body covered with conspicuous pubescence. Abundant hairs (approximately as long as the last antennal segment) over head and some over propodeum, petiole and postpetiole. Abundant shorter hairs (approximately as long as penultimate antennal segment) over mesosoma and dorsum of gaster. Brown, with darker head and most of gaster; pilosity white.

Male
Head illustrated in Kempf (1975).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Alonso L. E., J. Persaud, and A. Williams. 2016. Biodiversity assessment survey of the south Rupununi Savannah, Guyana. BAT Survey Report No.1, 306 pages.
 * Debout, G.D.G., M.E. Frederickson, S. Aron and D.W. Yu. 2009. Unexplained split sex ratios om the Neotropical plant-ant, Allomerus octoarticulatus var. demerarae (Myrmicinae): A test of hypotheses. Evolution 64(1): 126-141
 * Ettershank G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171.
 * Fernandes I., and J. de Souza. 2018. Dataset of long-term monitoring of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the influence areas of a hydroelectric power plant on the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e24375.
 * Fernández F. 2007. The myrmicine ant genus Allomerus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Caldasia 29: 159-175.
 * Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
 * Forel A. 1912. Formicides néotropiques. Part IV. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (suite). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 20: 1-32.
 * Franco W., N. Ladino, J. H. C. Delabie, A. Dejean, J. Orivel, M. Fichaux, S. Groc, M. Leponce, and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674(5): 509-543.
 * Frederickson, M.E. 2006. The Reproductive Phenology of an Amazonian Ant Species Reflects the Seasonal Availability of Its Nest Sites. Oecologia 149(3):418-427
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Kusnezov N. 1953. La fauna mirmecológica de Bolivia. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6: 211-229.
 * Lopes M. C., G. P. A. Lamarre, C. Baraloto, P. V. A. Fine, A. Vincentini, and F. B. Baccaro. 2019. The Amazonas-trap: a new method for sampling plant-inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797
 * Solano P. J., S. Durou, B. Corbara, A. Quilichini, P. Cerdan, M. Belin-Depoux, J. H. C. Delabie, and A. Dejean. Myrmecophytes of the Understory of French GuianianRainforests: Their Distribution and Their Associated Ants. Sociobiology 41(2): 1-10.
 * Vasconcelos H. L., J. M. S. Vilhena, W. E. Magnusson, and A. L. K. M. Albernaz. 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. Journal of Biogeography 33: 1348-1356.
 * Vasconcelos, H.L., J.M.S. Vilhena, W.E. Magnusson and A.L.K.M. Albernaz. 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. Journal of Biogeography 33:1348-1356
 * Wheeler W. M. 1942. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 90: 1-262.