Ponera selenophora

A rainforest species that has most commonly been found in leaf litter.

Identification
Taylor (1967) - Apparently widespread in lowland forested areas. Not referable to any species group recognized here, but close to Ponera alpha. The following characters are diagnostic: size moderately large (head width 0.59-0.65 mm). Head broad (cephalic index 88-92), with a more or less distinct median clypeal tooth and small eyes (2-3 indistinct facets); scapes exceeding median occipital border by up to 0.5 X their maximum thickness, antennal club not segmentally differentiated. Mesometanotal suture weakly incised, absent in some specimens. Propodeal and petiolar node structure much as in alpha, the node narrower (petiolar node index 85-89), and the subpetiolar process larger.

P. selenophora is essentially a smaller version of P. alpha, with proportionately shorter scapes, and a narrower petiolar node. In selenophora the petiolar node is of almost exactly the same general (primitive?) plan as that of alpha, with distinct anterolateral and posterodorsal faces, separated by a curving angulate border.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea.

Biology
It is probably significant that all records of selenophora are from low elevations. Wilson took it at the Brown River and Karema sites in primary rain forest. I did not encounter selenophora during almost 5 weeks collecting in New Guinea, but all but a few days were spent at much greater elevations. Considering known facts regarding the zoogeography of Pacific ants, selenophora will probably be more widespread in E. Melanesia. (Taylor 1967)

Castes
Queen, male and immature stages unknown.

Nomenclature

 *  selenophora. Ponera selenophora Emery, 1900c: 317, pl. 8, figs. 4-6 (w.) NEW GUINEA. Combination in Selenopone: Wheeler, W.M. 1933g: 21; in Ponera: Wilson, 1957b: 382. See also: Taylor, 1967a: 41.

Worker


Wilson (1957) HW 0.59-0.63 mm, IlL 0.66-0.69 mm, SL 0.52 mm, cr 88-92, SI 82-89, PW 0.46-0.49 mm, dorsal petiolar width 0.40-0.42 mm. Mandibles with three relatively large, well-developed teeth occupying the apical half of the masticatory border; the basal half occupied by two smaller teeth, one located midway behveen the basalmost of the apical teeth and the basal angle, and the other on the basal angle. In addition, there are several irregular denticles in the interdentary spaces of the basal half of the border. Eyes minute, consisting of two or three small, ill-defined ommatidia, located approximately 0.8 the distance from the lateral occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior genal border. The antenna lacks a well-defined club, the funicular segments merely increasing gradually in length and width from the fourth outward. Posterolateral margins of propodeum (line of juncture of posterior and lateral faces) well marked, seen from directly above forming an angle of about 80°. Posterior border of petiole when viewed from directly above distinctly concave. Subpetiolar process well developed, approximately right-angular.

Mandibles and most of clypeus smooth and shining. Entire rest of head covered by contiguous punctures about 0.01 mm or slightly less in diameter, completely opaque. Entire dorsum of alitrunk covered by punctures about 0.006 mm in diameter, separated by spaces of about the same width as the diameter of the punctures, the surface feebly shining. Lateral thoracic surface covered by punctures of variable size, most with diameter under 0.01 mm, the majority contiguous; the surface subopaque. The lateral and posterior propodeal faces bear only a few peripherally distributed punctures and are mostly smooth and shining. Petiolar node with sparse scattered punctures, its surface entirely smooth and shining.

Short, erect hairs present on mandibles, clypeus, frontal lobe area, entire dorsal alitruncal surface, posterolateral propodeal margins, dorsal petiola,r surface, and entire surfaces of first two gastric segments. Apical gastric segments covered by more abundant, much longer hairs. Pubescence almost everywhere abundant, predominantly oblique to appressed.

Entire body jet black, except mandibles and apical gastric segments, which are brownish yellow. Appendages variably brownish yellow.



Taylor (1967) - My present concept of P. selenophora may be too extensive. A complex of 2 or 3 closely related species may be represented in the material studied here. The only known New Guinean specimens, apart from the types, are those used by Wilson; I have not seen them all, however, I have seen 2 workers (one an extreme callow) from Karema, Brown River, SE New Guinea, and single workers from the lower Busu River, NE New Guinea, and Skull Creek, N. Queensland, Australia. The Karema specimens were compared with Emery's syntypes of selenophora by Wilson in 1955.

These specimens all seem referable to a single species, although they vary in the development of the mesometanotal suture, and intensity of the sculpturation, particularly on the mesosomal dorsum. The 3 collection localities are widely separated, but it seems that a single, variable species is represented here. In any case it would be presumptuous to name these forms as distinct species at present ; future collecting in lowland forests III New Guinea and Cape York should clarify their true relationships.

The following notes and qualifications are additional to those of Wilson (1957).

1. Dimensions for the New Guinea material are: HL 0.65-0.69 mm; HW 0.59-0.63 mm; SL 0.52 mm; CI 88-92; SI 82- 89; PW 0.45-0.49 mm; PNL 0.23-0.24 mm; PH 0.45-0.46 mm; DPW 0.40-0.42 mm; PNI 85-89. The Skull Creek specimen is slightly larger, but does not differ significantly in the major indices: HL 0.70 mm; HW 0.65 mm; SL 0.53 mm; CI 92; SI 82; PW 0.49 mm; PNL 0.25 mm; PH 0.48 mm; DPW 0.42 mm; PNI 86.

2. Mandibular dentition variable. In all specimens 3 large teeth occupy apical 1/2 of masticatory border, and these are followed by a series of large denticles. In the Karema callow the configuration of the denticles is similar to the syntype described by Wilson: "basal half (of border) occupied by two smaller teeth, one located midway between the basalmost of the apical teeth and the basal angle. In addition there are several irregular denticles in the inter-dentary spaces of the basal half of the border." This general plan is present in the other Karema specimen, but the posterior tooth/denticle series is much less irregular — it consists of 5 large denticles. The Busu specimen agrees with this last Karema one, and the Skull Creek individual, which has very worn mandibles with only traces of the denticles remaining, seems also to comply.

3. The clypeus of the Karema specimens bears a small (0.02 mm high) but distinct conical median tooth, the Skull Creek example has a short longitudinal carina in the middle of the clypeus; and the Busu River specimen has a slightly stronger carina, which almost traverses the clypeus.

4. The scapes exceed the median occipital border by about O.5 X their maximum thickness in the Karema specimens. In the Busu and Skull Creek ones they barely exceed the border.

5. The mesometanotal suture is almost obliterated on the mesosomal dorsum of the Karem a example, a very faint trace being visible in some lights. The suture is not incised in the Skull Creek specimen, but here there is a distinct sculptural discontinuity between the mesonotum and propodeum. The Busu River specimen has a similar sculptural break, and in addition the suture is weakly incised.

6. The sculpturation is variable. That of the mandibles, head and antennae in the New Guinea specimens is as described by Wilson, the frons of the Skull Creek specimen is similarly densely and coarsely punctate, but the punctures are larger - up to approximately 1.5 X the size of those in the New Guinea examples.

The mesosomal sculpturation in the Karema specimens is relatively light, as described by Wilson. The Busu River specimen has the disc of the pronotum moderately coarsely punctate, the individual punctures about 0.006 mm in diameter, separated by distances averaging a little more than half their maximum diameter; the sides of the pronotum are less heavily punctate than its dorsum, and there is a distinct faint transverse rugosity of the interpunctural surfaces. Mesonotal puncturation similar to that of pronotal disc, but with a distinct, though somewhat effaced, accompanying longitudinal rugosity. There is a distinct sculptural break along the mesometanotal suture, propodeal dorsum being rather finely and sparsely punctate. The sculpturing of the sides of the mesosoma is similar to that of the Karema specimens.

The mesosoma of the Skull Creek specimen is somewhat more heavily punctate than either of the New Guinea ones: pronotum subopaque, with a contiguous cover of shallow punctures about 0.01 mm in diameter. Mesonotum much as in Busu River specimen, slightly more coarsely and densely sculptured; propodeal dorsum slightly more coarsely and closely punctate. The mesonotal-propodeal discontinuity marked.

Type Material
Lemien, near Berlinhafen (Aitape), NE New Guinea

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * CSIRO Collection
 * Emery C. 1900. Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova-Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biró. Publicatio secunda. Természetrajzi Füzetek 23: 310-338.
 * Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
 * Janda M., G. D. Alpert, M. L. Borowiec, E. P. Economo, P. Klimes, E. Sarnat, and S. O. Shattuck. 2011. Cheklist of ants described and recorded from New Guinea and associated islands. Available on http://www.newguineants.org/. Accessed on 24th Feb. 2011.
 * Taylor R. W. 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph 13: 1-112.
 * Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
 * Taylor R. W., and D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2: 1-149.
 * Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1933. Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. American Museum Novitates 672: 1-23.
 * Wilson E. O. 1957. The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116: 355-386.
 * Wilson Edward O. 1959. Adaptive Shift and Dispersal in a Tropical Ant Fauna. Evolution 13(1): 122-144