Checklist of Formica species

The following species and subspecies belong to the genus Formica. Synonyms are listed under their senior names. For valid names only see Formica species and for distribution information see Formica species by Country.

A
abdominalis Latreille, 1802

accreta Francoeur, 1973 (Canada, United States)

adamsi Wheeler, W.M., 1909 (Canada, United States)

adamsi alpina Wheeler, W.M., 1909 (United States)

adamsi whymperi Wheeler, W.M., 1917 (Canada, United States)

• Formica microgyna californica Wheeler, W.M., 1917

adelungi Forel, 1904 (Mongolia)

aegyptiaca Fabricius, 1775

aequalis Walker, 1871

aerata Francoeur, 1973 (United States)

affinis Leach, 1825

albipennis Fabricius, 1793

altayensis Xia & Zheng, 1997 (China)

altipetens Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

amyoti Le Guillou, 1842

anatolica Seifert & Schultz, 2009 (Turkey)

animosa Forskål, 1775

approximans Wheeler, W.M., 1933 (China)

aquilonia Yarrow, 1955 (Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica rufa schmidti Ruzsky, 1926

archboldi Smith, M.R., 1944 (United States)

arenicola Buckley, 1866

argentea Wheeler, W.M., 1912 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica fusca argentata Wheeler, W.M., 1902

• Formica fusca blanda Wheeler, W.M., 1913

aserva Forel, 1901 (Canada, United States)

• Formica sanguinea subnuda Wheeler, W.M., 1910

aseta Chang & He, 2002 (China)

aterrima Cresson, 1865 (United States)

atra Schilling Schilling, 1839

B
beijingensis Wu, J., 1990 (China)

bicolor Leach, 1825

biophilica Trager, 2007 (United States)

bradleyi Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, United States)

• Formica neogagates morbida Wheeler, W.M., 1913

breviscapa Chang & He, 2002 (China)

browni Francoeur, 1973 (Mexico)

bruni Kutter, 1967 (Austria, Germany, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland)

C
californica (Creighton, 1950) (United States)

calviceps Cole, 1954 (Mexico, United States)

canadensis Santschi, 1914 (Canada, United States)

candida Smith, F., 1878 (Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, India, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

chufejif Forskål, 1775

ciliata Mayr, 1886 (United States)

cinerea Mayr, 1853 (Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine)

• Formica balcanina Petrov & Collingwood, 1993

• Formica cinerea armenica Ruzsky, 1905

• Formica cinerea brevisetosa Karavaiev, 1927

• Formica cinerea iberica Finzi, 1928

• Formica cinerea imitans Ruzsky, 1902

• Formica cinerea italica Finzi, 1928

• Formica cinerea novaki Kratochvíl, 1941

• Formica cinerea ochracea Karavaiev, 1937

• Formica cinerea sabulosa Karavaiev, 1931

• Formica cinerea subrufoides Forel, 1913

cinerea cinereoimitans Ruzsky, 1905 (Russian Federation)

cinereofusca Karavaiev, 1929 (Armenia, China, Georgia, Russian Federation, Ukraine)

clara Forel, 1886 (Afghanistan, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica lusatica Seifert, 1997

• Formica rizadaghi Arnoldi, 1968

• Formica rufibarbis caucasica Wheeler, W.M., 1913

clara sinae Emery, 1925 (China)

• Formica rufibarbis orientalis Wheeler, W.M., 1923

clarissima Emery, 1925 (China, Mongolia, Russian Federation)

• Formica subpilosa ruzskyi Dlussky, 1965

coloradensis Creighton, 1940 (United States)

comata Wheeler, W.M., 1909 (United States)

conica Fabricius, 1798

connecticutensis Buckley, 1866

corsica Seifert, 2002 (France)

creightoni Buren, 1968 (United States)

criniventris Wheeler, W.M., 1912 (United States)

• Formica crinita Wheeler, W.M., 1909

cunicularia Latreille, 1798 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Iran, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica cunicularia fuscoides Dlussky, 1967

• Formica fusca fuscorufibarbis Forel, 1874

• Formica fusca rubescens Forel, 1904

curiosa Creighton, 1935 (Canada, United States)

• Formica parcipappa Cole, 1947

D
dachaidanensis Chang & He, 2002 (China)

dakotensis Emery, 1893 (Canada, United States)

• Formica dakotensis saturata Wheeler, W.M., 1917

• Formica dakotensis wasmanni Forel, 1904

• Formica fusca specularis Wheeler, W.M., 1908

• Formica montigena Wheeler, W.M., 1904

decipiens Bondroit, 1918 (Andorra, France, Iberian Peninsula, Spain)

delinghaensis Chang & He, 2002 (China)

densiventris Viereck, 1903 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica microgyna rasilis Wheeler, W.M., 1903

• Formica rasilis spicata Creighton, 1950

didyma Fabricius, 1782

difficilis Emery, 1893 (United States)

• Formica difficilis consocians Wheeler, W.M., 1904

• Formica habrogyna Cole, 1939

dirksi Wing, 1949 (United States)

dislocata Say, 1836

dolosa Buren, 1944 (United States)

dusmeti Emery, 1909 (Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain)

E
elevata Fabricius, 1782

elongata Fabricius, 1787

emeryi Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, United States)

exsecta Nylander, 1846 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica dalcqi Bondroit, 1918

• Formica exsecta etrusca Emery, 1909

• Formica exsecta exsectopressilabris Forel, 1874

• Formica exsecta rubens Forel, 1874

• Formica exsecta sudetica Scholz, 1924

• Formica kontuniemii Betrem, 1954

• Formica nemoralis Dlussky, 1964

exsectoides Forel, 1886 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica exsectoides davisi Wheeler, W.M., 1913

• Formica exsectoides hesperia Wheeler, W.M., 1913

exsectorubens Ruzsky, 1905

F
fatale Christ, 1791

fennica Seifert, 2000 (Azerbaijan, Finland, Georgia)

ferocula Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

foetens Olivier, 1792

• Formica foetida De Geer De Geer, 1773

foreli Bondroit, 1918 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Georgia, Germany, Iberian Peninsula, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey)

• Formica goesswaldi Kutter, 1967

• Formica naefi Kutter, 1957

• Formica tamarae Dlussky, 1964

foreliana Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Mexico, United States)

forsslundi Lohmander, 1949 (Belarus, China, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Tibet)

• Formica brunneonitida Dlussky, 1964

• Formica forsslundi strawinskii Petal, 1963

• Formica fossilabris Dlussky, 1965

fossaceps Buren, 1942 (Canada, United States)

francoeuri Bolton, 1995 (Mexico, United States)

• Formica pilicornis Emery, 1893

frontalis Santschi, 1919 (Andorra, Iberian Peninsula, Kyrgyzstan, Portugal, Spain)

fukaii Wheeler, W.M., 1914 (China, Japan)

fusca Linnaeus, 1758 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Isle of Man, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica barbata Razoumowsky, 1789

• Formica flavipes Geoffroy, 1785

• Formica fusca pallipes Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926

• Formica fusca rufipes Stitz, 1930

• Formica glebaria Nylander, 1846

• Formica libera Scopoli, 1763

• Formica tristis Christ, 1791

fusca alpicola Gredler, 1858 (Austria)

fusca fuscolemani Samsinak, 1951 (Czech Republic)

fusca hyrcana Arnoldi, 1968 (Russian Federation)

fusca maura Santschi, 1929 (Morocco)

fusca tombeuri Bondroit, 1917 (Portugal)

fuscescens Gmelin, 1790

fuscicauda Motschoulsky, 1863

fuscocinerea Forel, 1874 (Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine)

• Formica lefrancoisi Bondroit, 1918

G
gagates Latreille, 1798 (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine)

• Formica capsincola Schilling, 1839

• Formica fusca fuscogagates Forel, 1874

• Formica morio Latreille, 1798

gagatoides Ruzsky, 1904 (Belgium, China, Finland, India, Japan, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland)

georgica Seifert, 2002 (Georgia, Turkey)

gerardi Bondroit, 1917 (Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain)

glabra Gmelin, 1790

glabridorsis Santschi, 1925 (China)

glacialis Wheeler, W.M., 1908 (Canada, United States)

• Formica fusca fairchildi Wheeler, W.M., 1927

glauca Ruzsky, 1896 (Bulgaria, Germany, Iran, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Ukraine)

• Formica rufibarbis katuniensis Ruzsky, 1915

gnava Buckley, 1866 (Mexico, United States)

gravelyi Mukerjee, 1930 (India)

gynocrates Snelling, R.R. & Buren, 1985 (United States)

H
hayashi Terayama & Hashimoto, 1996 (Japan, Republic of Korea)

helvetica Seifert, 2021 (Switzerland)

hewitti Wheeler, W.M., 1917 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

hirta Gravenhorst, 1807

I
impexa Wheeler, W.M., 1905 (Canada, United States)

incerta Buren, 1944 (United States)

incisa Smith, F., 1858

indianensis Cole, 1940 (United States)

inequalis Lowne, 1865

insultans Forskål, 1775

integra Nylander, 1856 (Canada, United States)

• Formica integra similis Mayr, 1886

integroides Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica rufa subcaviceps Creighton, 1940

• Formica rufa subfasciata Creighton, 1940

J
japonica Motschoulsky, 1866 (China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation)

• Formica fusca nipponensis Forel, 1900

K
kashmirica Stärcke, 1935 (India, Kashmir)

knighti Buren, 1944 (United States)

kozlovi Dlussky, 1965 (Mongolia)

kupyanskayae Bolton, 1995 (Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Russian Federation)

• Formica opacus Kupyanskaya, 1980

L
laeviceps Creighton, 1940 (United States)

lasioides Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica lasioides picea Emery, 1895

• Formica lasioides vetula Wheeler, W.M., 1912

lemani Bondroit, 1917 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica fusca borealis Vashkevich, 1924

lepida Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

limata Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

lincecumii Buckley, 1866

liogaster Chang & He, 2002 (China)

liopthalma Chang & He, 2002 (China)

litoralis Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926 (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan)

longipilosa Francoeur, 1973 (United States)

lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica congerens Nylander, 1846

• Formica pratensis unicolor Ruzsky, 1926

• Formica rufa alpina Santschi, 1911

• Formica rufa montana Sadil, 1953

• Formica rufa nylanderi Bondroit, 1920

• Formica rufa santschii Wheeler, W.M., 1913

lutea Duméril, 1860

M
maculata Geoffroy, 1785

malabarica Schrank, 1837

maligna Forskål, 1775

manchu Wheeler, W.M., 1929 (China, Mongolia, Russian Federation)

• Formica dlusskyi Bolton, 1995

• Formica longiceps Dlussky Dlussky, 1964

manni Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

maxillosa Fabricius, 1775

melanophthalma Reich, 1793

melanopis Gmelin, 1790

mesasiatica Dlussky, 1964 (China, Russian Federation)

microgyna Wheeler, W.M., 1903 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica microgyna recidiva Wheeler, W.M., 1913

microphthalma Francoeur, 1973 (United States)

miniocca Chang & He, 2002 (China)

minuta Lowne, 1865

moki Wheeler, W.M., 1906 (Mexico, United States)

• Formica rufibarbis occidua Wheeler, W.M., 1913

molestans Latreille, 1802

montana Wheeler, W.M., 1910 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica cinerea neocinerea Wheeler, W.M., 1913

• Formica cinerea rutilans Wheeler, W.M., 1913

montaniformis Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929

montivaga Santschi, 1928

• Formica montana Kuznetsov-Ugamsky Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923

morsei Wheeler, W.M., 1906 (United States)

mucescens Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

mutinensis (Canestrini, 1873)

N
nana Latreille, 1802

neoclara Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica fusca pruinosa Wheeler, W.M., 1917

neogagates Viereck, 1903 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

neorufibarbis Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica fusca algida Wheeler, W.M., 1915

• Formica fusca gelida Wheeler, W.M., 1913

nepticula Wheeler, W.M., 1905 (United States)

nevadensis Wheeler, W.M., 1904 (United States)

nigropratensis Betrem, 1962 (Germany)

nitida Razoumowsky, 1789

nortonii Buckley, 1866

novaanglae Buckley, 1866

O
obscuripes Forel, 1886 (Canada, United States)

• Formica rufa aggerans Wheeler, W.M., 1912

• Formica rufa melanotica Creighton, 1940

obscuriventris Mayr, 1870 (Canada, United States)

• Formica dryas Wheeler, W.M., 1905

• Formica dryas gymnomma Wheeler, W.M., 1905

• Formica rufa clivia Creighton, 1940

obsidiana Emery, 1923 (Taiwan)

obsoleta Linnaeus, 1758

obtusopilosa Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica munda Wheeler, W.M., 1905

• Formica munda alticola Wheeler, W.M., 1917

occidentalis Buckley, 1866

occulta Francoeur, 1973 (Mexico, United States)

omnivora Linnaeus, 1758

opaciventris Emery, 1893 (Canada, United States)

orangea Seifert & Schultz, 2009 (Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)

oreas Wheeler, W.M., 1903 (Canada, United States)

• Formica oreas comptula Wheeler, W.M., 1913

oregonensis Cole, 1938 (United States)

ovata Reich, 1793

P
pachucana Francoeur, 1973 (Mexico)

pacifica Francoeur, 1973 (United States)

pallida (Canestrini, 1873)

pallidefulva Latreille, 1802 (Canada, United States)

• Formica pallidefulva delicata Cole, 1938

• Formica pallidefulva fuscata Emery, 1893

• Formica pallidefulva nitidiventris Emery, 1893

• Formica pallidefulva succinea Wheeler, W.M., 1904

• Formica schaufussi Mayr, 1866

pallidelutea Latreille, 1802

pallipes Latreille, 1787

pamirica Dlussky, 1965 (China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan)

paralugubris Seifert, 1996 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Canada, Germany, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Switzerland)

pergandei Emery, 1893 (United States)

• Formica sanguinea sublucida Creighton, 1950

perpilosa Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

persica Seifert & Schultz, 2009 (Iran)

phyllophila Jerdon, 1851

picea Nylander, 1846 (Andorra, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Iberian Peninsula, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica fusca inplana Emery, 1925

• Formica fusca orientalis Ruzsky, 1915

• Formica fusca piceoinplana Emery, 1925

• Formica glabra White, W.F. White, W.F., 1884

• Formica picea lochmatteri Stärcke, 1935

picea formosae Emery, 1925 (Taiwan)

picipes Reich, 1793

pisarskii Dlussky, 1964 (Mongolia)

planipilis Creighton, 1940 (Canada, United States)

podzolica Francoeur, 1973 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

politurata Buckley, 1866

polyctena Foerster, 1850 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine)

• Formica major Nylander, 1849

• Formica rufa minor Gösswald, 1951

• Formica rufa nuda Karavaiev, 1930

postoculata Kennedy & Dennis, 1937 (United States)

pratensis Retzius, 1783 (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica minor pratensoides Gösswald, 1951

• Formica pratensis cordieri Bondroit, 1917

• Formica rufa ciliata Ruzsky, 1926

• Formica rufa grouvellei Bondroit, 1918

• Formica rufa nigricans Bondroit, 1912

pratensis nuda Ruzsky, 1926 (Russian Federation)

pratensis rufoides Stärcke, 1926 (Switzerland)

pratensis staerckei Betrem, 1960 (Netherlands)

pressilabris Nylander, 1846 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine)

• Formica exsecta rufomaculata Ruzsky, 1895

prociliata Kennedy & Dennis, 1937 (United States)

propatula Francoeur, 1973 (Mexico)

propinqua Creighton, 1940 (United States)

puberula Emery, 1893 (United States)

pulla Francoeur, 1973 (Mexico)

pusilla De Geer, 1773

pyrenaea Bondroit, 1918 (France)

Q
quadrinotata Losana, 1834

querquetulana Kennedy & Dennis, 1937 (United States)

R
ravida Creighton, 1940 (Canada, United States)

• Formica rufa haemorrhoidalis Creighton, 1940

• Formica rufa tahoensis Creighton, 1940

rediana Leach, 1825

reflexa Buren, 1942 (Canada, United States)

retecta Francoeur, 1973 (Honduras, Mexico)

robusta Chang & He Chang & He, 2002 (China)

rostrata Fabricius, 1787

rubescens Leach, 1825

rubicunda Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

rufa Linnaeus, 1761 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uzbekistan)

• Formica apicalis Smith, F., 1858

• Formica dorsata Panzer, 1798

• Formica ferruginea Christ Christ, 1791

• Formica gaullei Bondroit, 1917

• Formica piniphila Schenck, 1852

• Formica rufa meridionalis Nasonov, 1889

• Formica rufa rufopratensis Forel, 1874

rufa angusticeps Stärcke, 1947 (Netherlands)

rufa brevisetosa Ruzsky, 1926 (Russian Federation, Ukraine)

rufa constricta Karavaiev, 1929 (Russian Federation)

rufa obscurata Santschi, 1925 (France)

rufa rufopratensoides Forel, 1874 (Switzerland)

rufa tshugunovi Ruzsky, 1914 (Russian Federation)

rufibarbis Fabricius, 1793 (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica defensor Smith, F., 1878

• Formica fraterna Smith, F., 1878

• Formica fusca cinereorufibarbis Forel, 1874

• Formica nicaeensis Leach, 1825

• Formica rufibarbis piligera Lomnicki, 1925

rufibarbis clarorufibarbis Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916 (Russian Federation)

rufibarbis subpilosorufibarbis Ruzsky, 1905 (Russian Federation)

ruficeps Motschoulsky, 1863 (Indonesia)

ruficornis Gmelin, 1790

rufolucida Collingwood, 1962 (Myanmar)

rupestris Leach, 1825

S
saccharivora Linnaeus, 1758

sanguinea Latreille, 1798 (Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

• Formica dominula Nylander, 1846

• Formica sanguinea arenicola Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928

• Formica sanguinea borea Santschi, 1925

• Formica sanguinea clara Karavaiev, 1927

• Formica sanguinea clarior Ruzsky, 1905

• Formica sanguinea flavorubra Forel, 1909

• Formica sanguinea fusciceps Emery, 1895

• Formica sanguinea griseopubescens Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926

• Formica sanguinea leninei Santschi, 1928

• Formica sanguinea mollesonae Ruzsky, 1903

• Formica sanguinea monticola Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926

• Formica sanguinea rotundata Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926

• Formica sanguinea strennua Santschi, 1925

• Formica sanguinea tristis Karavaiev, 1929

saxicola Buckley, 1866

schardj Forskål, 1775

scitula Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

selysi Bondroit, 1918 (Albania, Austria, France, Germany, Iberian Peninsula, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland)

• Formica torrentium Bernard, 1967

sentschuensis Ruzsky, 1915 (China, Tibet)

• Formica dalailamae Ruzsky, 1915

siamicarubra Christ, 1791

sibylla Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

sinensis Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (China)

spatulata Buren, 1944 (United States)

stenoptera Foerster, 1850

subaenescens Emery, 1893 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica fusca marcida Wheeler, W.M., 1913

subcyanea Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (Mexico)

subelongata Francoeur, 1973 (United States)

subintegra Wheeler, W.M., 1908 (Canada, United States)

subnitens Creighton, 1940 (Canada, United States)

subpicea Motschoulsky, 1863

subpilosa Ruzsky, 1902 (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)

• Formica cinerea bipilosa Karavaiev, 1926

subpolita Mayr, 1886 (Canada, Mexico, United States)

• Formica flammiventris Wheeler, W.M., 1912

• Formica rufiventris Emery Emery, 1893

• Formica subpolita camponoticeps Wheeler, W.M., 1913

• Formica subpolita ficticia Wheeler, W.M., 1913

subsericea Say, 1836 (United States)

• Formica lecontei Kennedy & Dennis, 1937

subspinosa Buckley, 1866

suecica Adlerz, 1902 (Austria, Finland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden)

T
talbotae Wilson, 1977 (United States)

tarimica Seifert & Schultz, 2009 (China)

tenuissima Buckley, 1866

testacea Gmelin, 1790

testaceipes Leach, 1825

thoracica Olivier, 1792

tianshanica Seifert & Schultz, 2009 (China, Kyrgyzstan)

tomentosa Reich, 1793

transkaucasica Nasonov, 1889 (Denmark)

• Formica gagates piceogagates Karavaiev, 1926

transmontanis Francoeur, 1973 (Canada, United States)

triangularis Say, 1836

truncorum Fabricius, 1804 (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine)

• Formica rufa menozzii Stitz, 1939

• Formica rufa rufotruncicola Ruzsky, 1896

• Formica rufa staegeri Stitz, 1939

• Formica rufa truncicolopratensis Forel, 1874

• Formica simulata Smith, F., 1878

• Formica truncicola Nylander, 1846

truncorum finzii Stitz, 1939 (Germany)

U
ulkei Emery, 1893 (Canada, United States)

• Formica ulkei hebescens Wheeler, W.M., 1913

uralensis Ruzsky, 1895 (Belarus, China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine)

• Formica pratensis superba Wheeler, W.M., 1933

ussuriensis Seifert, 2021 (Russian Federation)

V
vagans Fabricius, 1793

venosa Gmelin, 1790

villiscapa Chang & He, 2002 (China)

vinculans Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (United States)

virginiana Buckley, 1866

volgensis Ruzsky, 1914

W
wheeleri Creighton Creighton, 1935 (Mexico, United States)

wheeleri Stitz Stitz, 1939

wongi Wu, J., 1990 (China)

X
xerophila Smith, M.R., 1939 (Mexico, United States)

• Formica moki grundmanni Cole, 1943

Y
yessensis Wheeler, W.M., 1913 (China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation)

yoshiokae Wheeler, W.M., 1933 (Japan)

=Fossil Species=

A
aemula Heer, 1867

alsatica Théobald, 1937

annosa LaPolla & Greenwlalt, 2015

arcana Scudder, 1877

auxillacensis Piton, 1935

B
bauckhorni Meunier, 1915

biamoensis Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva, 2015

buphthalma Novak, O., 1878

C
cantalica Piton, 1935

ceps Zhang, J., 1989

cockerelli Carpenter, 1930

D
demersa Heer, 1849

E
eoptera Cockerell, 1923

F
flavifemoralis Zhang, J., Sun & Zhang, X., 1994

flori Mayr, 1868

fragilis Heer, 1867

G
gibbosa Presl, 1822

globiventris Heer, 1849

grandis Carpenter, 1930

gravida Heer, 1849

gustawi Dlussky, 2002

H
heteroptera Cockerell, 1920

horrida Wheeler, W.M., 1915

I
immersa Heer, 1849

K
kollari Heer, 1867

kutscheri Dlussky, 2008

L
latinodosa Théobald, 1937

lavateri Heer, 1849

lavateri major Heer, 1867

linquensis Zhang, J., 1989

longicollis Heer, 1849

lucida Giebel, 1856

luteola Presl, 1822

M
macrognatha Presl, 1822

macrophthalma Heer, 1849

maculipennis Théobald, 1935

martynovi (Popov, 1933)

N
nigra Presl, 1822

O
oblita Heer, 1867

obscura Heer, 1849

obtecta Heer, 1849

obvoluta Heer, 1849

oculata Heer, 1849

orbata Heer, 1849

ovala Zhang, J., 1989

P
palaeopolonica Dlussky, 2008

paleosibirica Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva, 2015

parexsecta Dlussky & Putyatina, 2014

parvula Presl, 1822

phaethusa Wheeler, W.M., 1915

pitoni Théobald, 1935

primitiva Heer, 1849

primordialis Heer, 1849

procera Heer, 1849

pulchella Heer, 1849

Q
quadrata Holl, 1829

R
radchenkoi Dlussky, 2008

ribbeckei Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2021

robusta Carpenter Carpenter, 1930

S
sepulta Théobald, 1937

serresi Théobald, 1937

seuberti Heer, 1849

strangulata Wheeler, W.M., 1915

surinamensis Berendt, 1830

T
trigona Presl, 1822

tripartita Théobald, 1937

U
ungeri Heer, 1849

ungeri neutra Heer, 1849 (Fossil (details uncertain))

Z
zherikhini Dlussky, 2008