Aenictus aratus

There are few details known about the biology of this northern Australian species. Wilson (1964) discussed the biology and taxonomy of this and related species (under the single name A. aratus) and Disney and Kistner (1991) discuss parasitism by phorid flies while Shattuck (2008) discussed its taxonomy.

Identification
A member of the pachycerus group. Head capsule completely punctate; scape relatively short (scape index < 103); pronotum entirely sculptured with dense micro-reticulations. This species can be separated from the morphologically similar A. nesiotis by the broader head (cephalic index > 87 and head width > 0.70mm compared to cephalic index < 88 and head width < 0.70mm) and the relatively shorter scapes (scape index < 103 compared to scape index > 107 in A. nesiotis).



Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea. Oriental Region: India. Palaearctic Region: China.

Nomenclature

 * . Aenictus aratus Forel, 1900b: 74 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
 * Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1984: 265 (l.).
 * Status as species: Emery, 1910b: 29; Forel, 1915b: 36; Wheeler, W.M. & Chapman, 1925: 47; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 10; Wilson, 1964a: 446; Baltazar, 1966: 230; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 52; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1303; Bolton, 1995b: 58; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 52; Tiwari, 1999: 17; Wang, W. 2006: 637 (in key); Shattuck, 2008c: 4 (redescription); Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 32; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 22; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 20.
 * Senior synonym of impressus: Shattuck, 2008c: 4.
 * Material of the unavailable name fraterculus referred here by Wilson, 1964a: 446.

Taxonomic Notes
This species was previously thought to be wide spread and occurring from India eastward into Australia (Wilson, 1964). However, Shatttuck (2008) examined this taxon and restricted it to Australia with the extra-Australian specimens being referred to A. aitkenii, A. levior and likely additional as-yet unrecognised species. Detailed examination of this material will be required to resolve the true taxonomic status of these non-Australian ants.

Aenictus pachycerus impressus Karavaiev was synonymised with A. aratus by Shattuck (2008). The nomenclatural history of this name is rather complicated. It was first used by Karavaiev (1926) when describing the variety levior (as Eciton (Aenictus) impressus var. levior). The next year Karavaiev (1927) noted that A. impressus had actually never appeared in print and that he had used the name based on a specimen identified and labelled with this name that he had received from Forel. He then contacted Forel who provided notes from his 1893 notebook which listed the name “Aenictus bengalensis Mayr rasse impressus nov. subsp.”, followed by a short description complete with comparisons to A. aitkenii and A. bengalensis. The name impressus was not mentioned again until Bolton (1995) included it in his catalogue, listing Karavaiev (1927) as the author and noting that the type locality was unknown but was probably India.

Shattuck (2008) studied two specimens from the Forel Collection labelled as “Ae. impressus For. type” from Mackay, Queensland and collected by Turner, with the label being typical of Forel’s handwriting. These specimens had been more recently labelled as A. aratus and were stored with other “aratus” specimens, clearly indicating that they were considered to be types of A. aratus. This treatment is supported by the original description of A. aratus (Forel, 1900) where Mackay is listed as the type locality and Turner as the collector (and where comparisons are made to A. aitkenii and A. bengalensis).

Shattuck (2008) concluded that what seems to have happened is that Forel (around 1893) determined that he had a new taxon which he intended to name impressus and labelled the specimens using this name. However, when preparing the 1900 description he changed the name to A. aratus but neglected to update the specimen labels. He then sent a pin from this series to Karavaiev, who used the name on the specimen (impressus) when establishing A. levior (Karavaiev, 1926) not realising that this name was unpublished. Karavaiev (1927) then made matters worse by providing enough information for the name to be considered available by Bolton (1995). To confuse things further Forel’s (1893 notes and 1900) comparisons with the Indian species A. aitkenii and A. bengalensis implied that this is an Indian species. In fact, it would appear that both of these names, A. aratus and A. impressus, are based on the same type series from Mackay, Queensland. Using this assumption, a single specimen housed in Geneva was selected by Shattuck (2008) as the lectotype for both names, relegating A. impressus as a junior objective synonym of A. aratus.

Worker
Mandible triangular with numerous small teeth, those along the medial region of the masticatory margin ill defined; anterior clypeal border broadly convex, extending slightly anterior of frontal lobes; parafrontal ridges well developed, extending posteriorly approximately 1/3 length of head capsule; subpetiolar process broadly convex anteriorly, flat posteriorly; head entirely punctate; mesosoma uniformly punctate, generally with weak, ill-defined longitudinal rugae on dorsum of pronotum and lateral surfaces posterior of pronotum; body brown to black, anterior section of head sometimes lighter, distal antennae and legs always lighter.

Measurements. Worker (n = 18) - CI 87–93; HL 0.78–0.88; HW 0.70–0.78; MTL 0.67–0.75; ML 1.17–1.29; SI 96–103; SL 0.70–0.78.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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 * Andersen A. N., M. Houadria, M. Berman, and M. van der Geest. Rainforest ants of the Tiwi Islands: a remarkable centr of endemism in Australia's monsoonal tropics. Insectes Sociaux 59: 433-441.
 * Andersen, Alan N., John C.Z. Woinarski and Ben D. Hoffman. 2004. Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia's monsoonal tropics. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 97-110.
 * Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
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 * IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
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 * Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
 * Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58
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 * Shattuck, S. O. 2008. Review of the ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia with notes on A. ceylonicus (Mayr). Zootaxa 1926:1-19.
 * Tiwari R. N. 1999. Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18(4): 1-96.
 * Varghese T. 2004. Taxonomic studies on ant genera of the Indian Institute of Science campus with notes on their nesting habits. Pp. 485-502 in : Rajmohana, K.; Sudheer, K.; Girish Kumar, P.; Santhosh, S. (eds.) 2004. Perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity. Prof. T.C. Narendran commemoration volume. Kerala: Systematic Entomology Research Scholars Association, xxii + 666 pp.
 * Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
 * Wilson E. O. 1964. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects 6: 427-483.