Rhytidoponera metallica

A very common smallish, iridescent species. This species, or a complex of sibling species, is found throughout Australia. In the suburbs of some major cities in the eastern states, where it is present in large numbers in parks and gardens, it is regarded as a stinging nuisance. Rhytidoponera metallica is fond of elaiosomes and has a significant role in dispersal of seeds (Hughes and Westoby 1992; Hughes et al. 1994).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia, New Zealand.

Biology
These ants are common in both native and urban habitats, being being abundant across a wide range of situations.

In rare instances these ants have been known to cause serious health problems for humans. In May 2009, a 4 year old girl in northern New South Wales was stung three times by this ant. Within minutes she developed anaphylactic shock and required adrenaline. She recovered but the concern is that future stings may cause similar reactions (Shattuck, 2009).

Beaumont et al. (2018) studied how this ant might influence germination of three legumes in burned and unburned sites in Adelaide.

R. metallica is the major seed disperser in our study region. It disperses between 43% and 97% of the seeds (Beaumont et al. 2011, 2013), transports seeds greater distances than other ant species, promotes further dissemination of seeds through processes of seed redispersal (Beaumont et al. 2013) and buries a large fraction of seeds within a potential germination zone. This, in addition to frequent nest relocation (Hughes 1990; Thomas 2002), suggests that R. metallica is likely to be a major agent in determining the spatial development of myrmecochorous seed banks during inter-fire periods. In this present study germination rates of buried seeds associated with nests were higher in burned sites. This demonstrates that R. metallica buried a proportion of the seeds they collected at depths where sufficient soil heating occurred to break seed dormancy during the prescribed fire. We conclude R. metallica may provide fire avoidance benefits by burying seeds at a range of depths within a potential germination zone defined by intra- and inter-fire variation in levels of soil heating.

Castes
Ward (1986) - Several gamergates reproduce in each colonies. Winged queens are produced sporadically, and seem mostly non-functional.

Queens (n=8 dissected) had 14-18 ovarioles; workers (n=18) had 4-8 ovarioles (C. Peeters, unpublished data from 2 colonies sampled in Bilpin, NSW, and Barrington Tops, NSW). All these queens were dealate with empty spermathecae and undeveloped ovarioles.

Nomenclature

 * . Ponera metallica Smith, F. 1858b: 94 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA (South Australia).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Brown, 1958g: 275), 1 paralectotype worker.
 * [Note: the original syntype queen has apparently been lost.]
 * Type-locality: lectotype Australia: South Australia, Adelaide, “Smith coll. pres. by Mrs Farren White. 99-103” (no collector’s name); paralectotype with same data.
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Mayr, 1866b: 891 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 125 (l.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1964b: 449 (l.); Crozier, 1969: 241 (k.); Imai, Crozier & Taylor, 1977: 347 (k.).
 * Combination in Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera): Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1887: 539;
 * combination in Ectatomma: Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1887b: 444;
 * combination in Rhytidoponera (Chalcoponera): Emery, 1897d: 548;
 * combination in Chalcoponera: Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 10.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1860: 308; Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Mayr, 1865: 72; Lowne, 1865b: 334; Mayr, 1866b: 891; Mayr, 1876: 90 (in key); Mayr, 1886c: 358; Emery, 1887b: 444; Dalla Torre, 1893: 24; Forel, 1907h: 270; Wheeler, W.M. 1909a: 26; Emery, 1911d: 39; Stitz, 1911a: 354; Emery, 1912a: 78; Emery, 1914b: 180; Forel, 1915b: 14; Wheeler, W.M. 1915g: 805; Crawley, 1918: 88; Poulton & Crawley, 1922: 121; Clark, 1928c: 40; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 10; Clark, 1938: 362; Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 20, 102; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380; Don, 2007: 81; Heterick, 2009: 140.
 * Senior synonym of caeciliae: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * Senior synonym of pulchra: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * Senior synonym of purpurascens: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * Senior synonym of varians: Brown, 1958g: 204, 276; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * Distribution: Australia.
 * caeciliae. Rhytidoponera (Chalcoponera) caeciliae Viehmeyer, 1924a: 227 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA (South Australia).
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Australia: South Australia, Killolpanino (= Killalpaninna) (W. Riedel).
 * Type-depositories: MNHU, NHMB, USNM.
 * Junior synonym of metallica: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 378.
 * pulchra. Chalcoponera pulchra Clark, 1941: 86, pl. 13, fig. 16 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Western Australia).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Australia: Western Australia, Forrest, iv.1930 (C.L. Barrett).
 * Type-depository: MVMA.
 * Junior synonym of metallica: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * purpurascens. Rhytidoponera (Chalcoponera) metallica var. purpurascens Wheeler, W.M. 1915g: 805 (w.) AUSTRALIA (South Australia).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Australia: South Australia, Moorilyanna (no collector’s name).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * Junior synonym of metallica: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 380.
 * varians. Rhytidoponera (Chalcoponera) metallica var. varians Crawley, 1922b: 436 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Western Australia).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Australia: Western Australia, Darlington, no. 40 (J. Clark).
 * Type-depositories: NHMB, OXUM.
 * Crawley, 1925b: 591 (m.).
 * Subspecies of metallica: Crawley, 1925b: 591.
 * Junior synonym of metallica: Brown, 1958g: 204, 275; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 45; Taylor, 1987a: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 381.

Type Material


Ponera metallica

Two worker syntypes in. Labelled “Adelaide,” and “Smith coll. pres. by Mrs Farren White. 99-103.” [One specimen designated lectotype by Brown, 1958.]

Male
Crawley (1925) - Length 5.2 mm.

Slightly smaller than the above. The funicular joints are rather shorter, the sculpture on head and thorax is denser, the punctures less defined, on the postpetiole the sculpture is coarser, irregularly transversely rugose; the first segment of gaster transversely roughened; otherwise like inornata. The pilosity on the legs is less dense.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Andersen A. N., B. D. Hoffman, and J. Somes. 2003. Ants as indicators of minesite restoration: community recovery at one of eight rehabilitation sites in central Queensland. Ecological Management and Restoration 4: 12-19.
 * Andrew N., L. Rodgerson, and A. York. 2000. Frequent fuel-reduction burning: the role of logs and associated leaf litter in the conservation of ant biodiversity. Austral Ecology 25: 99107.
 * CSIRO Collection
 * Crawley W. C. 1922. Notes on some Australian ants. Biological notes by E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., and notes and descriptions of new forms by W. C. Crawley, B.A., F.E.S., F.R.M.S. [concl.]. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 58: 121-126
 * Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [concl.]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 25(5): 427-473.
 * Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
 * Emery C. 1914. Formiche d'Australia e di Samoa raccolte dal Prof. Silvestri nel 1913. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 179-186.
 * Emery, C. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine)." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 5, no. 25 (1887): 427-473.
 * Heterick B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1-206.
 * Lobry de Bruyn L. A. 1993. Ant composition and activity in naturally-vegetated and farmland environments on contrasting soils at Kellerberrin, Western Australia. Soil Biol. Biochem 25(8): 1043-1056.
 * Nooten S. S., P. Schultheiss, R. C. Rowe, S. L. Facey, and J. M. Cook. Habitat complexity affects functional traits and diversity of ant assemblages in urban green spaces (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 29: 67-77.
 * Stevens M. M., D. G. James, K. J. O'Malley, and N. E. Coombes. 1998. Seasonal variations in foraging by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in two New South Wales citrus orchards. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38: 889-896.
 * Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
 * Taylor R. W., and D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2: 1-149.
 * Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.