Messor barbarus

The harvester ant, Messor barbarus, causes 46–100% of the seed losses in arable fields in northeastern Spain (Westerman et al. 2012). In irrigated fields in Valencia, M. barbarus represents the majority of the ant population (Urbaneja et al. 2006).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Algeria, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Gibraltar, Iberian Peninsula, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Tunisia.

Biology
A 2013 study of 55 citrus orchards in eastern Spain (Atanackovic et al., 2015) found: Messor barbarus was the only granivorous species present, with nests found on the field edges and between the tree rows in the field. No nests were observed under the trees, which is most likely related to the lack of insulation. The nests were large in size (quantified by having several nest entrances and a high number of workers), while small colonies were detected in only a few fields. The number of nests was approximated to be zero-to-five nests per field, based on observations from the diagonal transect, as well as between the rows. Seed predation was observed in almost all the fields with M. barbarus. The harvester ants mostly removed Lolium rigidum and Solanum spp. seeds, although in one orchard, Conyza spp. seeds were observed surrounding the nest entrances."

M. barbarus were the main ant species that were observed in the fields, as confirmed by previous studies in this area (Monzó et al. 2013). They are present in citrus orchards during most of the year, except in the winter months of November to April (Urbaneja et al. 2006). Messor barbarus never climbs on trees, but forages on the soil surface; therefore, it is a species that does not damage citrus fruits (Platner et al. 2012). In the surveyed fields, ant nests were located both in the field and on the borders. This differed from the drip-irrigated citrus orchards in Valencia, where the ants were settled only along the edge (Monzó et al. 2013). Cerdà et al. (2009) did not find differences in the nest numbers between the margins and the inner part of the citrus orchards.

Gonçalves et al (2017) found this to be one of the most common ants in the Iberian vineyards they sampled (pitfall trapping).

Predators
Pekár et al. (2018) - This ant is preyed upon by numerous spider species in the genus Zodarion (Araneae: Zodariidae). All members of this genus are specialized ant predators that exclusively prey on ants.

Nomenclature

 * . Formica barbara Linnaeus, 1767: 962 (w.) (no state data, “Habitat in Barbaria”).
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: “Barbaria” (= North African coast from Morocco to Libya).
 * Type-depository: ZMLS.
 * [Note: there is one Linnaean specimen in LSLC (Day & Fitton, 1979: 196), type-status unknown.]
 * Mayr, 1861: 67 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953b: 65 (l.).
 * Combination in Myrmica: Lucas, H. 1849: 300;
 * combination in Atta: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Roger, 1859: 253;
 * combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29;
 * combination in A. (Messor): Forel, 1890a: lxviii; Emery, 1891b: 9; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741;
 * combination in Stenamma (Messor): Emery, 1895a: 178; Emery, 1898c: 125;
 * combination in Messor: Forel, 1894d: 8; Ruzsky, 1903b: 315; Bingham, 1903: 278; Emery, 1908e: 442.
 * Status as species: Fabricius, 1775: 393; Fabricius, 1782: 491; Fabricius, 1787: 308; Gmelin, 1790: 2797; Christ, 1791: 514; Olivier, 1792: 495; Fabricius, 1793: 356; Latreille, 1802c: 262; Fabricius, 1804: 403; Lucas, H. 1849: 300; Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery, 1869b: 17; Dours, 1873: 167; André, 1874: 195 (in key); Radoszkowsky, 1876: 141; Mayr, 1877: 13; Emery, 1877b: 373; Emery, 1878a: x (in list); Emery, 1878b: 56; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Mayr, 1880: 33; Emery, 1880: 392; Emery, 1881a: 270; Emery, 1881b: 534; André, 1881b: 74; Emery, 1882: 451; Costa, 1883: 60; André, 1883b: 354 (in key); André, 1884b: 541; Emery, 1884a: 382; Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Forel, 1889: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 37; Forel, 1890a: lxviii; Saunders, E. 1890: 204; Emery, 1891b: 9; Forel, 1892e: 352; Forel, 1892i: 316; Emery, 1892a: 112; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Medina, 1893: 105; Forel, 1894d: 31; Forel, 1895d: 227, 233; Ruzsky, 1896: 74; Emery, 1899a: 500; Forel, 1902a: 148; Ruzsky, 1902d: 28; Mayr, 1904b: 5; Forel, 1904b: 373; Forel, 1904c: 5; Forel, 1905b: 176; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Mayr, 1907b: 14; Forel, 1907e: 15; Emery, 1908e: 442 (redescription); Forel, 1909c: 104; Bondroit, 1910: 495; Karavaiev, 1910b: 62; Karavaiev, 1911: 3; Karavaiev, 1912a: 5; Emery, 1912f: 97; Emery, 1916b: 141; Stitz, 1917: 342; Bondroit, 1918: 152; Santschi, 1919e: 244; Arnold, 1920a: 405; Emery, 1921f: 69; Menozzi, 1922b: 326; Müller, 1923b: 63; Emery, 1924c: 164; Santschi, 1925g: 341; Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 3; Donisthorpe, 1926a: 6; Karavaiev, 1926b: 99; Karavaiev, 1927a: 287; Menozzi, 1927b: 90; Menozzi, 1928a: 127; Santschi, 1929e: 141; Finzi, 1929: 78; Finzi, 1930b: 15; Santschi, 1931a: 4; Santschi, 1932c: 69; Santschi, 1932g: 3; Grandi, 1935: 100; Santschi, 1936c: 200; Finzi, 1939c: 154; Santschi, 1939c: 2; Menozzi, 1940: 267; Finzi, 1940: 158; Weber, 1943c: 303; Bernard, 1945: 132; Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1059; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 136; Ceballos, 1956: 300; Bernard, 1959: 346; Cagniant, 1964: 87; Bernard, 1967: 146 (redescription); Cagniant, 1968a: 143; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 62; Cagniant, 1970a: 416; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 57; Baroni Urbani, 1976: 210; Collingwood, 1978: 81 (in key); Bernard, 1980: 266; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 271 (in key); De Haro & Collingwood, 1994: 99; Bolton, 1995b: 252; Mei, 1995: 761; Poldi, et al. 1995: 3; Espadaler, 1997b: 30; Cagniant & Espadaler, 1998: 424; Tiwari, 1999: 38; Markó & Csösz, 2002: 116; Cagniant, 2006a: 197; Petrov, 2006: 93 (in key); Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 488; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 14; Borowiec, L. 2014: 102 (see note in bibliography); Lebas, et al. 2016: 290; Barech, et al. 2020: 18.
 * Senior synonym of binodis: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * Senior synonym of juvenilis: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * Senior synonym of megacephala Leach: Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * Senior synonym of nigriceps Santschi, 1925g: Collingwood, 1978: 68; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * Senior synonym of rufitarsis Foerster: Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * Distribution: Algeria, Egypt, France, Gibraltar, Italy (+ Sicily), Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (+ Balearics), Tunisia.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus gallaoides, politus, sahlbergi.
 * binodis. Formica binodis Fabricius, 1775: 393 (w.) EGYPT.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Egypt: (no further data) (Forskål).
 * Type-depository: ZMUK.
 * [Note: Fabricius, 1775: 393, refers to this as Forskål material. It may therefore be the same as Formica binodis Forskål, 1775: xxiii. According to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 79, Forskål material is in ZMUC.]
 * [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica binodis Linnaeus, 1763: 413 (Bolton, 1995b: 252).]
 * Combination in Atta: Latreille, 1809: 130;
 * combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
 * Status as species: Forskål, 1775: xxiii; Fabricius, 1782: 491; Fabricius, 1787: 309; Gmelin, 1790: 2798; Christ, 1791: 506; Olivier, 1792: 496; Fabricius, 1793: 357; Latreille, 1802c: 285; Fabricius, 1804: 405.
 * Subspecies of barbarus: Emery & Forel, 1879: 461.
 * Junior synonym of barbarus: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
 * juvenilis. Formica juvenilis Fabricius, 1804: 405 (w.) FRANCE.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: France: “Habitat in Gallia” (no further data).
 * Type-depository: no type-material known to exist (Zimsen, 1964: 425).
 * Combination in Atta: Latreille, 1809: 130;
 * combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
 * Junior synonym of capitatus: Mayr, 1855: 462.
 * Junior synonym of barbarus: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 254.
 * megacephala. Formica megacephala Leach, 1825: 292 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
 * Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s), syntype male(s) (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: France: Nice (W.E. Leach).
 * Type-depository: unknown (in BMNH, according to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 151).
 * [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica megacephala Fabricius, 1793: 361 (Emery, 1921a: 26, Bolton, 1995b: 255).]
 * Combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
 * Junior synonym of barbarus: Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 255.
 * nigriceps. Messor barbarus var. nigriceps Santschi, 1925g: 341 (w.q.) SPAIN.
 * Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s) (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Spain: Cáceres (Dusmet).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * Subspecies of barbarus: Ceballos, 1956: 301.
 * Junior synonym of barbarus: Collingwood, 1978: 68; Bolton, 1995b: 255.
 * rufitarsis. Myrmica rufitarsis Foerster, 1850b: 485 (w.) ALGERIA.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: Algeria: Algiers (no collector’s name).
 * Type-depository: MNHU (Horn & Kahle, 1935: 78).
 * [Note: perhaps type-material is also in MNHN as Foerster (p, 486) thanks “Leon Fairmaire in Paris” for the specimens.]
 * [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Formica rufitarsis Fabricius, 1804: 406 (Bolton, 1995b: 256).]
 * Combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
 * Junior synonym of barbarus: Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 256.
 * Status as species: Nezhad, et al. 2012: 68 (error).
 * [Note: Nezhad, et al. 2012, perhaps confuse rufitarsis Foerster with rufitarsis Fabricius; or more probably a misidentification.]

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