Formica lugubris

Identification
Bicoloured with distinct but not well demarcated dark patch on promesonotum. Frontal groove distinctly shining. Large punctures coarse and deep, widely dispersed among close set microscopic puncturation. Occiput with a thick fringe of hairs extending forward over area between ocelli and sides of head and laterally round to the eyes. Eye hairs erect and prominent. Body pilosity including gula, tibiae and femora more or less densely pilose. Some populations have scape hairs. Head width of largest workers 2.1 mm. Length: 4.5-9.0 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution
Northern Eurosiberia and European mountains from Pyrenees to Kamchatka and Japan, Italy to North Norway (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: United States. Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Biology
Collingwood (1979) - This is a robust active species. Colonies are often in groups with inter-connecting nests. It has similar habits to Formica rufa but is able to forage at much lower temperatures and replaces F. rufa entirely from Central Fennoscandia to the far north. This species varies in the presence, abundance or absence of scape hairs in the female castes and some local populations in South Finland and in the Alps with such hairs have widely spaced micropunctures on the dorsum of the gaster as in F. rufa. Because of great variability among local populations in these areas it has not been possible to demarcate the extreme forms as a separate species but samples mainly from coastal areas and offshore islands in Nylandia include some extremely hairy specimens with queens consistently having wide spaced micropunctures which are well outside the range of F. lugubris as described by Yarrow (1955) and Betrem (1960). Bondroit (1917) briefly described a form, F. rufa var. nylanderi, as having long outstanding body and antennal hairs and F. nylanderi could be a suitable name for this form, if distinguished as a species.

F. lugubris spreads by colony fission but also by the adoption of fertile queens by [[Formica lemani]. Such mixed incipient nests often under stones have frequently been seen in Norway and North Sweden (Collingwood, 1959).

Nomenclature

 *  lugubris. Formica lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838: 449 (m.) NORWAY. Junior synonym of rufa: Nylander, 1856b: 60; Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 425; Emery, 1925b: 253; Stitz, 1939: 328. Revived from synonymy and status as species: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Betrem, 1960b: 77; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 180; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 218; Kutter, 1977c: 271; Gösswald, 1989: 19; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 198; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 274. Senior synonym of congerens: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Radchenko, 2007: 36; of nylanderi, santschii: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; of montana Sadil: Samsinak, 1964: 157; of unicolor: Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 180. Material of the unavailable name tir referred here by Yarrow, 1955a: 5.
 * congerens. Formica congerens Nylander, 1846a: 906 (w.) FINLAND. Nylander, 1849: 30 (m.); Foerster, 1850a: 17 (q.). Junior synonym of pratensis: Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Nasonov, 1889: 17; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 428; Forel, 1915d: 57; Emery, 1916b: 256; Müller, 1923: 142. Revived from synonymy: Betrem, 1953: 324. Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Dlussky, 1967a: 91; Radchenko, 2007: 36.
 * alpina. Formica rufa var. alpina Santschi, 1911j: 349 (w.) ITALY. [Junior primary homonym of alpina Wheeler, above.] Replacement name: santschii Wheeler, 1913f: 428. Raised to species: Bondroit, 1918: 59.
 * santschii. Formica rufa var. santschii Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 390 (in key). Replacement name for alpina Santschi, 1911j: 349. [Junior primary homonym of alpina Wheeler, W.M. 1909e: 85.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5.
 * nylanderi. Formica rufa var. nylanderi Bondroit, 1920a: 145 (q.) FRANCE. [Also described as new by Bondroit, 1920b: 300.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Yarrow, 1955a: 5; Seifert, 1996: 200.
 * unicolor. Formica pratensis subsp. unicolor Ruzsky, 1926: 110 (w.) RUSSIA. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. unicolor Ruzsky, 1914b: 102; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Dlussky, 1967a: 91.
 * montana. Formica rufa var. montana Sadil, 1953b: 198, fig. 1 (q.) CZECHOSLOVAKIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of montana Wheeler, W.M., above.] Junior synonym of lugubris: Samsinak, 1964: 157.

Additional References

 * Collingwood, C. A. 1979. The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol. Scand. 8:1-174.


 * [[Media:Finnegan4.pdf| Finnegan, R.J. 1975. Introduction of a predacious red wood ant, Formica lugubris (Hymenoptera:Formicidae), from Italy to eastern Canada.  The Canadian Entomologist 107:1271-1274. PDF]]