Pachycondyla inca

Little is known about the biology of this species.

Identification
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker and female of P. inca are nearly identical to those of Pachycondyla impressa, differing only in having a longer clypeus. The shape of the clypeus of P. inca is very similar to that of Pachycondyla purpurascens. The two species can be separated as the mandible of P. purpurascens has definite striae; the surface of the mandible of P. inca is smooth. The two species are poorly known and when more material becomes available it is possible that P. inca will be shown to be a synonym of P. purpurascens.

The male of P. inca is similar to that of Pachycondyla striata, but can easily be separated by the lack of erect and suberect hairs on the anterior tibia. Additionally the petiole is narrower with a sharper apex. The male of P. purpurascens is unknown. Emery recognized the similarity of this species to P. purpurascens, as the female paralectotype was labeled as a variety of P. purpurascens and he compared this taxon to P. purpurascens in the description. Two workers of P. purpurascens were found in his collection.

Pachycondyla fuscoatra var. cearensis is identical with the worker lectotype of P. fuscoatra inca differing only in having the mandibles less striate, having a slightly more emarginate medial border of the clypeus and in having fewer erect hairs on the side of the head.

Distribution
Peru, Brazil, Bolivia (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Peru.

Habitat
Unknown. A dealate female was collected at 1525 meters (Wheeler, 1925) and specimens were collected at 1600m in Perú []. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Biology
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): Unknown. Workers [] were collected from July and August and December in Bolivia. A dealate female was collected in May (Perú), [].

Nomenclature

 * . Pachycondyla fuscoatra subsp. inca Emery, 1901a: 48 (w.q.) PERU, BOLIVIA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
 * [Note: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400, designated a lectotype queen and a paralectotype queen, but without specifying the series or place of origin (Peru or Bolivia). They do not mention workers in the lectotype series but do record two other original syntypes, in MSNG and MCZC, from Bolivia.]
 * Type-localities: Peru: Ocobamba (Staudinger & Bang-Haas), and Bolivia (no further data) (Staudinger & Bang-Haas).
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Combination in Pachycondyla: Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, 2014: 155.
 * Subspecies of fuscoatra: Emery, 1911d: 75; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 5.
 * Junior synonym of impressa: Kempf, 1961c: 195; Kempf, 1972a: 174; Bolton, 1995b: 306.
 * Status as species: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400 (redescription); Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 124.
 * Senior synonym of cearensis: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400.
 * Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Peru.
 * cearensis. Pachycondyla fuscoatra var. cearensis Forel, 1901e: 336 (w.q.) BRAZIL (Ceará).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400), 2 paralectotype workers.
 * [Note: original description also mentions a syntype queen; also Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400, mention another original syntype worker in MCZC.]
 * Type-locality: lectotype Brazil: Ceará, Baturité (M.J.Schmitt); paralectotypes with same data.
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Forel, 1908e: 64.
 * Subspecies of fuscoatra: Emery, 1911d: 74; Borgmeier, 1923: 70.
 * Junior synonym of impressa: Kempf, 1961c: 195; Kempf, 1972a: 174; Bolton, 1995b: 304.
 * Junior synonym of inca: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 400.

Worker
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker is a large (total length 16 mm) dark reddish brown specimen with reddish brown appendages. The mandible has approximately 9 - 10 poorly defined teeth. Most of the anterior margin of the clypeus is straight or slightly concave medially. The region anterior to the frontal lobes is approximately 0.2 mm in length. The head length is 3.1 mm; the head width is 2.8 mm. The head is narrowed both anteriorly and posteriorly to the eyes, the posterior margin is concave and the posterior lateral corners are angulate. The eyes are relatively small (maximum diameter 0.55 mm) located approximately one diameter from the anterior margin of the head (side view). The malar carina is absent. The scape (2.75 mm) extends approximately the first funicular segment past the posterior lateral corner of the head. The pronotal shoulder is slightly swollen, but does not form a carina. The promesonotal suture is well developed and depressed and the metanotal suture is barely visible. The propodeal spiracle is slit-shaped. The petiolar node is nearly rectangular with the anterior and posterior faces being almost parallel and a well-developed dorsal face is present. The subpetiolar process consists of a thickened lobe with a slight ventral angle anteriorly. The anterior face of the postpetiole is nearly vertical and abruptly rounds into the dorsal face. The stridulatory file is absent on the second pretergite, as are the arolia between the tarsal claws.

Erect hairs are abundant on most surfaces, including all surfaces of the head, mesosoma, petiole and gaster, most hairs on the legs are suberect, especially those on the tibiae. Appressed pubescence is sparse and present on the dorsum of the head, dorsum of the mesosoma and dorsum and ventral surfaces of the gaster.

The mandibles are smooth and glossy near the bases, with striae and scattered punctures on most of the remainder of the surface. Most of the head is punctate with punctures being arranged in poorly defined rows; fine concentric striae are present on the dorsum of the pronotum, longitudinal on the mesonotum and mostly transverse on the dorsal face of the propodeum. The fine striae on the side of the pronotum are nearly vertical, those on the mesopleuron and the side of the propodeum are obliquely elevated posteriorly. The dorsum of the petiole has transverse fine striae; the sides have poorly defined horizontal striae. The gaster is punctate, but also with transverse very fine striae. All surfaces except for the mandibles and the legs are dull.

Queen
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The female is a large (total length 18 mm) dark reddish brown specimen with reddish brown legs. The mandible has 9 teeth, the anterior medial margin of the clypeus is concave. The head length is 3.6 mm; the head width is 3.26 mm. The sides of the head are slightly narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly of the eye, the posterior margin is strongly concave. The eye is relatively small (maximum diameter 0.75 mm) located less than one diameter from the anterior margin of the head (side view). The malar carina is absent. The scape (3.1 mm) extends the first funicular segment past the posterior lateral corner of the head. The pronotal shoulder is swollen but does not form a carina, the propodeal spiracle is slit-shaped. The petiole, subpetiolar process and postpetiole are similar to those of the worker.

The pilosity and sculpture are similar to those of the worker.

Male
From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The male (undescribed) is a relatively large (total length 12 mm) dark reddish black specimen with dark brown legs. The depressions are well-developed at the base of the mandible, the anterior margin of the clypeus is straight, the clypeus is swollen when viewed from the side. The head length is 1.8 mm; the head width is 1.65 mm. The eye is moderate in size (maximum diameter as seen in lateral view 0.85 mm) located less than ½ diameter from the anterior margin of the head and is slightly less than one diameter from the lateral ocellus (frontal view).

The ocelli are relatively small (maximum diameter of the median ocellus is 0.18 mm) located more than one diameter from the lateral ocellus. The pronotal shoulder is swollen but does not form a carina, the propodeal spiracle is slit-shaped. The petiole is nearly triangular-shaped with the anterior and posterior faces meeting in a bluntly rounded apex near the posterior edge, the dorsal face is not developed. The subpetiolar process is poorly developed.

Erect hairs are abundant on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, absent on the scape, present posterior to the eyes and on the posterior margin of the head, abundant on the dorsum of the mesosoma, dorsum of the petiole, on the subpetiolar process and all surfaces of the gaster, erect hairs are present on the coxae, but are absent on the remainder of the legs. Appressed pubescence is present on the mesosoma, petiole and all surfaces of the gaster.

All of the surfaces are finely punctate and weakly shining.

Type Material
Perú, Ocobamba: Bolivia; Brasil, Ceará, Baturité. Lectotype and paralectotype female designated, 1 additional syntype from Bolivia,, 1 syntype seen, ; lectotype worker, 2 paralectotype workers seen, , 1 syntype seen  (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Etymology
The name is meant to honor the Inca Indians, who inhabit much of the region where these ants occur. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Borgmeier T. 1923. Catalogo systematico e synonymico das formigas do Brasil. 1 parte. Subfam. Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae. Archivos do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro) 24: 33-103.
 * Emery C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponérines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 45: 32-54.
 * Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
 * Forel A. 1901. Variétés myrmécologiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 45: 334-382.
 * Forel A. 1908. Catálogo systemático da collecção de formigas do Ceará. Boletim do Museu Rocha 1(1): 62-69.
 * Kusnezov N. 1953. La fauna mirmecológica de Bolivia. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6: 211-229.
 * Mackay, W.P. and E.E. MacKay. 2010. The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston, NY
 * Wheeler W. M. 1925. Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Arkiv för Zoologi 17A(8): 1-55.