Monomorium bicolor

An Afrotropical species that appears to have a wide native range. It has also been found in the Dominican Republic. The latter is an unusual occurrence. While there are many Monomorium tramp species, most have been spread to many areas outside of their native range. It nests in open ground. In Nigeria, foraging has been observed on the ground and it tends aphids on cocoa flowers near ground level. In Benin it is known from mango (Mangifera indica) orchards (Taylor et al., 2018).

Identification
Bolton (1987) - A member of the M. bicolor complex in the M. salomonis species group.

Worker. TL 3.2-3.9, HL 0.70-0.93, HW 0.52-0.75, CI 73-83, SL 0.56-0.78, SI 104-115, PW 0.36-0.50, AL 0.82-1.20 (25 measured).

Third and fourth (basal) tooth of mandible approximately the same size or the fourth very slightly smaller than the third, but the basal tooth never reduced to a minute denticle. Median portion of clypeus with its anterior free margin usually indented, more rarely the margin approximately transverse but never with flanking sharp teeth. Eyes of moderate size, the maximum diameter 0.24-0.27 x HW. Ventral surface of head with curved simple hairs but lacking extremely long J-shaped ammochaete hairs. Dorsal alitrunk hairless, petiole with one pair and postpetiole with 1-2 pairs of posteriorly directed hairs. Discounting the apical transverse row the first gastral tergite usually with only 1-2 pairs of hairs, situated on the basal half; rarely 3-4 pairs of hairs present. Dorsum and sides of head and entirety of alitrunk densely and sharply reticulate-punctate. Gaster usually finely and densely shagreenate dorsally but the sculpture may fade posteriorly in some examples and is reduced in a few. Colour bright orange to red on the head and alitrunk, the gaster blackish brown to black, the two strongly contrasting. First gastral tergite frequently with an anteromedian paler area.

In the bicolor-complex Monomorium bicolor differs from its closest relatives in that it lacks the densely hairy alitrunk seen in Monomorium hirsutum, has such smaller eyes than Monomorium personatum (0.31-0.33 x HW), lacks the reduced basal mandibular tooth of Monomorium rufulum, lacks the pair of sharp clypeal teeth characteristic of Monomorium westi, and lacks the dense gastral pilosity of Monomorium dictator.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, United Arab Emirates. Neotropical Region: Dominican Republic, Greater Antilles. Palaearctic Region: Egypt, Turkey.

Biology
Bolton (1987) - In sub-Saharan Africa Monomorium bicolor is characteristically a species of open savannah or semi-arid zones, but it also occurs in forested areas where there is some direct insolation, often being found on forest paths in Nigeria and Ghana. Nests are constructed directly into the earth and the species appears to be a general scavenger in habits, quickly appearing in traps baited with crushed large insects.

Nomenclature

 * . Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877b: 368 (w.) ERITREA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a great number”).
 * Type-locality: Eritrea: Bogos, Sciotel, 1870 (O. Beccari).
 * Type-depositories: MRAC, MSNG.
 * [Misspelled as bicolour by Hita Garcia, et al. 2013: 212.]
 * Mayr, 1901b: 7 (q.).
 * Combination in M. (Xeromyrmex): Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 868.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Santschi, 1927d: 244; Santschi, 1935b: 268; Finzi, 1936: 178; Santschi, 1936a: 42 (in key); Finzi, 1939a: 158.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1881b: 531 (in key); André, 1883a: 334 (in key); André, 1884b: 540; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Forel, 1894b: 88; Mayr, 1901b: 7; Forel, 1903a: 687; Forel, 1903e: 564; Mayr, 1904b: 4; Forel, 1907a: 18; Forel, 1907e: 15; Emery, 1908h: 677; Santschi, 1908: 518; Forel, 1910c: 251; Karavaiev, 1911: 5; Santschi, 1912b: 163; Santschi, 1914d: 353; Arnold, 1916: 209; Emery, 1922e: 176; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 162, 868; Emery, 1922e: 176; Menozzi, 1926a: 41; Menozzi, 1930b: 108; Santschi, 1937d: 222; Donisthorpe, 1942a: 28; Weber, 1943c: 314; Donisthorpe, 1947e: 109; Menozzi & Consani, 1952: 66; Ettershank, 1966: 87; Collingwood, 1985: 269; Bolton, 1987: 338 (redescription); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 55; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 272 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 259; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 342; Petrov, 2006: 94 (in key); Lush, 2008: 72 (in key); Collingwood, et al. 2011: 433; Hita Garcia, et al. 2013: 212; Borowiec, L. 2014: 116 (see note in bibliography); Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 47; Lubertazzi, 2019: 128; Madl, 2019: 15.
 * Senior synonym of aequatoriale: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Senior synonym of coerulescens: Santschi, 1914d: 353 (in key); Emery, 1922e: 176; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 869; Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Senior synonym of rufibasis: Santschi, 1926b: 240 (in text); Santschi, 1927d: 244; Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Senior synonym of tropicale: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Senior synonym of uelense: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * Distribution: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic (introduced), Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Iran, Israel, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Togo, United Arab Emirates.
 * aequatoriale. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. aequatoriale Santschi, 1926b: 240 (w.) CAMEROON, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO.
 * Type-material: 3 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Cameroon: Gr Batanga, 1991 (Schwab).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1927d: 244.
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Ettershank, 1966: 87.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 258.
 * coerulescens. Monomorium bicolor var. coerulescens Santschi, 1912c: 148 (w.) DJIBOUTI.
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Djibouti: Obock, 1893 (Maindron).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Santschi, 1914d: 353 (in key); Emery, 1922e: 176; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 869; Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 260.
 * rufibasis. Monomorium bicolor var. rufibasis Santschi, 1914d: 353 (diagnosis in key) (w.) EGYPT.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Egypt: Upper Egypt (F. Silvestri).
 * Type-depository: not in NHMB (perhaps lost, or perhaps in DEUN).
 * [Misspelled as rufobasalis by Santschi, 1926b: 240, Santschi, 1927d: 244.]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Finzi, 1936: 178.
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Emery, 1922e: 176.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Santschi, 1926b: 240 (in text); Santschi, 1927d: 244; Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
 * phoenicum. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) subopacum var. phoenicum Santschi, 1927d: 242.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
 * Type-localities: Lebanon: Tripoli (no collector’s name), Egypt: Suez (no collector’s name), Israel (“Palestine”) (no further data).
 * Type-depositories: MSNG, NHMB.
 * [First available use of Monomorium salomonis subsp. subopacum var. phoenicia Emery, 1908h: 677 (w.q.) LEBANON; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
 * [Misspelled as phaenicium by Santschi, 1934d: 277; misspelled as phoenicium by Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, 2014: 135.]
 * Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916: 170 (m.).
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916: 170; Donisthorpe, 1918b: 166; Emery, 1922e: 178; Emery, 1924a: 9; Kutter, 1928: 66; Ettershank, 1966: 91.
 * Subspecies of subopacum: Menozzi, 1933b: 62; Menozzi, 1934: 161; Santschi, 1934d: 277; Finzi, 1936: 177; Finzi, 1940: 161.
 * Subspecies of salomonis: Weber, 1952c: 14.
 * Status as species: Collingwood, 1985: 272; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 55; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 272 (in key); Collingwood, 1993b: 194; Bolton, 1995b: 266; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 353; Petrov, 2006: 94 (in key); Legakis, 2011: 15; Collingwood, et al. 2011: 435; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 519; Borowiec, L. 2014: 124; Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, 2014: 135; Lebas, et al. 2016: 304; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2020: 14.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, et al. 2021: 26.
 * tropicale. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. tropicale Santschi, 1926b: 240 (w.q.m.) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queen(s), syntype male(s) (numbers not stated).
 * Type-locality: Democratic Republic of Congo (“Congo belge”): Stanleyville (= Kisangani) (Majella).
 * Type-depository: NHMB.
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1927d: 244; Santschi, 1936a: 42 (in key).
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Ettershank, 1966: 92.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 268.
 * uelense. Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. uelense Santschi, 1926b: 239 (w.) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Democratic Republic of Congo (“Congo belge”): Haut Uelé, Moto, 1920 (L. Burgeon).
 * Type-depositories: MRAC, NHMB.
 * [Misspelled as uluense by Santschi, 1926b: 240.]
 * [Note: Bolton, 1987: 338, records that the spelling uluense occurs on the syntype data labels, but that uelense was the published form of the name.]
 * As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1927d: 245.
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Ettershank, 1966: 93.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Bolton, 1987: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 268.

Type Material

 * Monomorium bicolor var. coerulescens: Holotype worker, DJIBOUTI: Obock, 1893 (M. Maindron).
 * Monomorium bicolor var. rufibasis: Syntype workers, EGYPT: Upper Egypt (diagnosis in key) (not in, presumed lost).
 * Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. uelense: Syntype workers, ZAIRE: Haut Uele, Moto, 1920 (L. Burgeon) (NHMB; MRAC).
 * Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. aequatoriale: Syntype workers, CAMEROUN: Gr. Batanga, 1911 (Schwab), (Wasmann) (NHMB).
 * Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) bicolor var. tropicale: Syntype workers, female, ZAIRE: Stanleyville (Majella) (NHMB).

Worker
Bolton (1987) - TL 3.2-3.9, HL 0.70-0.93, HW 0.52-0.75, CI 73-83, SL 0.56-0.78, SI 104-115, PW 0.36-0.50, AL 0.82-1.20 (25 measured).

Third and fourth (basal) tooth of mandible approximately the same size or the fourth very slightly smaller than the third, but the basal tooth never reduced to a minute denticle. Median portion of clypeus with its anterior free margin usually indented, more rarely the margin approximately transverse but never withftanking sharpteeth. Eyes of moderate size, the maximum diameter 0.24-0.27 x HW. Ventral surface of head with curved simple hairs but lacking extremely long J-shaped ammochaete hairs. Dorsal alitrunk hairless, petiole with one pair and postpetiole with 1-2 pairs of posteriorly directed hairs. Discounting the apical transverse row the first gastral tergite usually with only 1-2 pairs of hairs, situated on the basal half; rarely 3-4 pairs of hairs present. Dorsum and sides of head and entirety of alitrunk densely and sharply reticulate-punctate. Gaster usually finely and densely shagreenate dorsally but the sculpture may fade posteriorly in some examples and is reduced in a few. Colour bright orange to red on the head and alitrunk, the gaster blackish brown to black, the two strongly contrasting. First gastral tergite frequently with an anteromedian paler area.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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