Ponera

Species of Ponera form small nests with less than 100 workers in protected places on the ground. The most common nesting sites are in the soil with or without coverings, in cracks or between rocks, in rotten wood, or under bark or moss on rotten logs. They forage cryptically in leaf litter on the ground and are often collected using Berlese funnels.

Identification
The mandibles are triangular and with numerous small teeth along their inner margins. The forward sections of the frontal lobes and antennal sockets are very close together and are separated by at most a very narrow rearward extension of the clypeus. The node of the petiole has distinct front, top and rear faces. The underside of the petiole (subpetiolar process) with a translucent thin spot near the front and a sharp angle or pair of small teeth near the rear. The tibiae of the hind legs each have a single large, comb-like (pectinate) spur at their tips (best viewed from the front).

Ponera belongs to a set of very similar genera which includes Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Pachycondyla. Because these genera have the same overall body shape they are often confused. Ponera is unique, however, in having the lower surface of the petiole elaborate, with a thin, circular spot near the front and a sharp angle or small pair of spines towards the rear.

Castes


Ponera pennsylvanica queen.

Nomenclature

 *  PONERA [Ponerinae: Ponerini]
 * Ponera Latreille, 1804: 179. Type-species: Formica coarctata, by subsequent designation of Westwood, 1840a: 83 (see discussion in Taylor, 1967a: 6).
 * Ponera senior synonym of Pseudocryptopone, Selenopone: Wilson, 1957: 356.
 * Ponera senior synonym of Pteroponera: Brown, in Bolton, 1994: 164.
 * PSEUDOCRYPTOPONE [junior synonym of Ponera]
 * Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, W.M. 1933g: 12. Type-species: Cryptopone tenuis, by original designation.
 * Pseudocryptopone junior synonym of Ponera: Wilson, 1957: 356.
 * PTEROPONERA [junior synonym of Ponera]
 * Pteroponera Bernard, 1950a: 3. Type-species: Pteroponera sysphinctoides, by monotypy.
 * Pteroponera junior synonym of Ponera: Brown, in Bolton, 1994: 164.
 * SELENOPONE [junior synonym of Ponera]
 * Selenopone Wheeler, W.M. 1933g: 19. Type-species: Ponera selenophora, by original designation.
 * Selenopone junior synonym of Ponera: Wilson, 1957: 356.

Additional References

 * Latreille, P. A. (1804). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris Vol. 24.
 * Taylor, R. W. (1967). A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 13: 1–112.
 * Wilson, E. O. (1958). Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia, III: Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas; IV: The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119: 300–371.