Camponotus lateralis

This arboreal species is present in southern and central Europe, as well as in Crimea, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Kopet Dag (Iran) and NW Africa (Radchenko 1997a). It inhabits warm, xerotherm areas; nests are mostly built in dead wood (Marko et al., 2009; Rigato & Toni, 2011). Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on city plant in a Caspian moist littoral area.

Identification
A member of the Camponotus lateralis species group. Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - C. lateralis is characterized by a deep metanotal groove and a flat or concave propodeal dorsum posteriorly. The petiolar scale is strongly convex anterodorsally and flat posteriorly. The body is feebly sculptured and shiny. The pilosity on the dorsum of the propodeum consists of a transversal row of six erect setae at the junction with declivity and short apressed pubescence. C. lateralis has a weak ground sculpture, is mostly shiny, and has yellowish-brown head and mesosoma, occasionally reddish-brown to dark blackish-brown, and black gaster. C. lateralis and Camponotus staryi (its sister species, according to Radchenko, 1997c) are similar, except for the propodeal dorsum being lower than the highest point of the mesonotum in C. lateralis, as opposed to a propodeal dorsum exceeding the highest point of the mesonotum in C. staryi, and a uniformly dark gaster, as opposed to a mostly dark brown gaster with the first segment ochraceous. C. lateralis is similar to Camponotus dalmaticus except for its head being paler than gaster, as opposed to the head equally dark as the gaster. C. lateralis is similar to Camponotus rebeccae in coloration but differs from it by a deep metanotal groove, as opposed to a shallow metanotal groove and by a flat or concave propodeal dorsum, as opposed to a convex propodeal dorsum in C. rebeccae.

Distribution
Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - Southern and central Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, northwestern Morocco, and eastern Mediterranean (Radchenko, 1997c).

Marko et al. (2009) - This species occurs in every region of Romania, although data are scattered and scarce. The occurrence of C. lateralis sp. 2 (Seifert 2007) can also be expected, based on the preliminary distribution data.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France , Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine.

Biology
The color morph of Camponotus lateralis which occurs in the West and Central Mediterranean mimics the pigmentation pattern of the aggressive and unpalatable Crematogaster scutellaris in order to achieve protective Batesian mimicry in a parabiotic association with this dominant species (Seifert, 2019).

Guiliani et al. (2019) observed this species foraging on extrafloral nectaries of the invasive Reynoutria x bohemica (Polygonaceae) in Tuscany. The habitats examined were river banks and disturbed habitats.

Nomenclature

 *  lateralis. Formica lateralis Olivier, 1792: 497 (q.) FRANCE. Mayr, 1853b: 103 (s.w.m.); Hauschteck, 1962: 219 (k.). Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1861: 36; in C. (Orthonotomyrmex): Forel, 1913d: 436; in C. (Myrmentoma): Forel, 1912i: 92; Emery, 1925b: 120. Senior synonym of melanogastes, bicolor: Mayr, 1853b: 102; of axillaris: Mayr, 1855: 322; of pallidinervis: Mayr, 1863: 399; of hemipsila: Forel, 1894d: 5; of armouri (and its junior synonyn balearis): Collingwood, 1978: 73; of kosswigi: Radchenko, 1997b: 706. See also: Bondroit, 1918: 78; Emery, 1924a: 68; Finzi, 1930d: 318; Stitz, 1939: 254; Bernard, 1967: 344; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 191; Kutter, 1977c: 207; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 225; Radchenko, 1996b: 1197 (key). Current subspecies: nominal plus cypridis, ebneri, purius, rhodius.
 * bicolor. Formica bicolor Latreille, 1798: 43 (w.) FRANCE. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica bicolor Fabricius, 1793: 351 (now in Cataglyphis).] Junior synonym of lateralis: Mayr, 1853b: 102.
 * melanogastes. Formica melanogastes Latreille, 1802c: 171, pl. 7, fig. 39 (w.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of lateralis: Mayr, 1853b: 102.
 * axillaris. Formica axillaris Spinola, 1808: 243 (w.) ITALY. Junior synonym of lateralis: Mayr, 1855: 322.
 * pallidinervis. Formica pallidinervis Brullé, 1833: 326 (m.) GREECE. Combination in Camponotus, and junior synonym of aethiops: Roger, 1863b: 1. Junior synonym of lateralis: Mayr, 1863: 399.
 * hemipsila. Formica hemipsila Foerster, 1850b: 492 (q.) ALGERIA. Junior synonym of lateralis: Forel, 1894d: 5.
 * armouri. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis subsp. armouri Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 5 (w.q.m.) BALEARIC IS. Senior synonym of balearis: Santschi, 1936c: 207 (given as junior synonym but armouri has priority over balearis). Junior synonym of lateralis: Collingwood, 1978: 73.
 * balearis. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis var. balearis Santschi, 1929e: 164 (w.) SPAIN (Balearic Is). [First available use of Camponotus lateralis st. spissinodis var. balearis Santschi, 1925g: 360; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of armouri: Santschi, 1936c: 207 (given as senior synonym but armouri has priority).
 * kosswigi. Camponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) kosswigi Donisthorpe, 1950c: 68 (w.) TURKEY. Junior synonym of lateralis: Radchenko, 1997b: 706.
 * merula. Formica merula Losana, 1834: 313, pl.36, fig. 2 (w.) ITALY.
 * Bondroit, 1918: 77 (s.q.m.).
 * Combination in Camponotus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 238.
 * Combination in C. (Orthonotomyrmex): Müller, 1923: 162.
 * Combination in C. (Myrmentoma): Emery, 1925b: 120.
 * Junior synonym of piceus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 238; Ruzsky, 1905b: 255; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 194; Kutter, 1977c: 207.
 * Subspecies of lateralis: Emery, 1896d: 373; Emery, 1898c: 125; Ruzsky, 1902d: 7; Emery, 1916b: 226; Ruzsky, 1925b: 42.
 * Status as species: Bondroit, 1918: 77; Müller, 1923: 162; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 109; Bernard, 1967: 344; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 552.
 * Junior synonym of piceus: Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 222.
 * Junior synonym of lateralis: Seifert, 2019: 17.
 * purius. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis var. purius Santschi, 1929e: 163 (w.q.m.) ALGERIA.
 * Junior synonym of lateralis: Seifert, 2019: 17.

Taxonomic Notes
Camponotus armouri: Examined was one worker syntype from, labeled ‘Barranco de San Juan, Minorca 8-24 – 25 W.M. Wheeler’, ‘M.C.Z. CoType 1-3 21538’. It is a typical Camponotus lateralis morph 1 and is allocated to this cluster with p = 1.000 if run as wild-card in a discriminant analysis considering all investigated characters and all entities given in Tab. 2 (Seifert, 2019).

Formica axillaris: According to the shape characters reported, this name belongs to the C. lateralis group. Furthermore, Spinola’s statements on color (‘Caput rubrum...Thorax niger... Abdomen nigrum’) allow the conclusion that it may belong to the color morph of C. lateralis mimicking Crematogaster scutellaris (Seifert, 2019).

Camponotus balearis: Investigated were three syntype workers from, labeled ‘Type’, ‘Baleares Ekker’, and ‘Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis Ol v. balearis Sant’. All types are typical Camponotus lateralis morph 1 and each is allocated to this cluster with p=1.000 if run as wild-card in discriminant analysis considering all investigated characters and all entities given in Tab. 2 (Seifert, 2019).

Formica bicolor: The full text of the original description states ‘Rouge, luisante, rase. Yeux et abdomen noirs. Écaille épaisse, entière.’ Considering that the terra typica is France, this allows only to conclude on an ant of the subfamily Formicinae (Seifert, 2019).

Formica hemipsila: This taxon was described on the basis of a gyne from Alger/Algeria. Types most certainly do not exist. The description ‘Kopf...Mittelleib roth...nur Mittelbrust und Schildchen ganz schwarz’ may suggest a Camponotus related to the C. lateralis group (Seifert, 2019).

Camponotus kosswigi: The lecto- and paratype, stored in, were collected in Erbeyli / W Turkey, 14.V.1947. Pictures of syntypes in antweb.org under CASENT0903594 (major worker) and CASENT0903595 (minor worker) strongly suggest a synonymy with Camponotus lateralis morph 1 based on diagnostic setae and shape characters. A synonymy with Camponotus lateralis morph 2 and Camponotus rebeccae is excluded by the large scape base index SCI which is about 1.23 in the specimen with CW = 1.46 mm and 1.37 in the specimen with CW = 0.96 mm (Seifert, 2019).

Formica melanogastes: The shape and pigmentation characters reported suggest that it may belong to the color morph of C. lateralis mimicking Crematogaster scutellaris (Seifert, 2019).

Formica merula: It appears unlikely that a type specimen of Camponotus merula could ever be identified in a collection as the original description gives no type locality and its text and figure do not allow a reasonably safe allocation to a certain species. A total body length of 6 mm with a slender overall body shape and the ‘bilobe’ mesosoma (‘... bilobo, col lobo anteriore piu grande subrotonde...’) suggests a member of the Camponotus lateralis group. The chestnut-brown color (‘colore castagno intenso’) and occurrence on poplar trees plagued by aphids (‘..d‘onde percorre specialmente i pioppi dagli afidi travagliati.’) point to C. lateralis and make a synonymization with Camponotus piceus unlikely. As nobody is currently able to present counter-evidence, I synonymize C. merula with C. lateralis (Seifert, 2019).

Formica pallidinervis: This taxon has been described based on a male from Peloponnesus in Greece. The whereabouts of the type are unknown and the original description is insufficient – the more as males are generally poorly studied. The only possible conclusions seems to be that it is an ant of the subfamily Formicinae (Seifert, 2019).

Camponotus lateralis purius: Investigated were two worker syntypes from Algeria, stored in, mounted on the same pin and labeled ‘Camponotus lateralis Ol. / v. purius Sant / SANTSCI det. 1928’, ‘Alger Bequaert’, ‘Type’, ‘CASENT 09111698’ [major worker], ‘ANTWEB CASENT 0911699’ [minor worker]. Considering all characters and running the syntypes as wild-cards in a 4-class LDA considering the four species presented in Tab. 2, they are allocated to the C. lateralis cluster with posterior probabilities of 0.9998 and 0.9974. A wild-card run of the syntypes within the C. lateralis cluster, allocated the major to morph 1 with p=0.998 but the minor to morph 2 with p = 0.986 (Seifert, 2019).

Worker
Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - TL = 3.9–7.0, HL = 0.98–1.80, HW = 0.84–1.68, EL = 0.26–0.37, SL = 1.02–1.29, ML = 1.46–2.23, PW = 0.64–1.07, mTbL = 0.70–1.04, hTbL = 0.96–1.45 (n = 5).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Abril S., C. Gómez. 2012. Lista actualizada de las especies de hormigas de Menorca (Islas Baleares, España) y primera cita de Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de la isla Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 50: 403-407.
 * Abril S., and C. Gomez. 2013. Rapid assessment of ant assemblages in public pine forests of the central Iberian Peninsula. Forest Ecology and Management 293: 7984.
 * Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
 * Akyurek B., U. Zeybekoglu, G Gorur, M. Karavin. 2016. Reported Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) and Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Associations from Samsun Province. J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 18(3): 97-106.
 * Alonso de Medina, E., and X. Espadaler. "Nota sobre la entomofauna de la Sierra de Prades (Tarragona) (Formícidos)." Publicaciones del Departamento de Zoologia (Barcelona) 7 (1981): 67-71.
 * Alvarez-Blanco P., S. Caut, X. Cerda, and E. Angulo. 2017. Native predators living in invaded areas: responses of terrestrial amphibian species to an Argentine ant invasion. Oecologia 185: 95-106.
 * Andoni V. 1977. Kontribut mbi Himenopteret e familjes Formicidae te vendit tone. Buletini I Shkencave te Natyres 31(2): 93-101.
 * AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
 * Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
 * Antarea (at www.antarea.fr on June 11th 2017)
 * Arnan, X., A. Rodrigo and J. Retana. 2006. Post-fire recovery of Mediterranean ground ant communities follows vegetation and dryness gradients. Journal of Biogeography 33(7):1246-1258
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2012. List of species collected during the Taxomara Tres Cantos 2012. Iberomyrmex 4: 17-18.
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2013. List of species collected during the Taxomara 2013. Iberomyrmex 4: 35-36.
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2015. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2015 Iberomyrmex 7: 44-45.
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2016. List of species collected during the Taxomara Murcia 2016. Iberomyrmex 8: 48-49.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1968. Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. IV. La fauna mirmecologica delle isole Maltesi ed il suo significato ecologico e biogeografico. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Giacomo Doria 77: 408-559.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1968. Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. V. Aspetti ecologici della Riviera del M. Cònero. Boll. Zool. 35: 39-76.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1969. Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. VIII. L'Isola di Giannutri ed alcuni scogli minori dell'arcipelago Toscano. Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Mem. Ser. B 75: 325-338.
 * Baroni Urbani C. 1974. Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. XII. Le Isole Pontine. Fragm. Entomol. 9: 225-252.
 * Baroni Urbani, C.. "Catalogo delle specie di Formicidae d'Italia (Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia X)." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana Volume 50 (1971): 5-287.
 * Baroni Urbani, C.. "Formiche dell'Italia appenninica (Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia, III)." Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 12 (1964): 149-172.
 * Baroni Urbani, C.. "Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. II. Formiche di Sicilia." Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania (6) 16 (1964): 25-66.
 * Barrett K. E. J. 1970. Ants in France, 1968-69. Entomologist 103: 270-274.
 * Bernard F. 1959. Les fourmis de l'île de Port-Cros. Contribution à l'écologie des anciennes forêts méditerranéennes. Vie Milieu 9: 340-360.
 * Bernard F. 1967. Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp.
 * Bernard F. 1970. Les fourmis de la forêt de Mâmora (Maroc). Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 6:n483-513.
 * Bernard F. 1975. Rapports entre fourmis et vegetation pres des Gorges du Verdon. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nice 2: 57-79.
 * Bernard F. 1977. Écologie des fourmis du Parc national de Port-Cros. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Écologie Générale (3)36: 53-82.
 * Bernard F. 1978. Fourmis et milieu dans le massif des Maures. Vie et Milieu. Série C. Biologie Terrestre 27: 83-118.
 * Bernard, F.. "Remarques sur le peuplement des Baléares en fourmis." Bulletin de la Société d' Histoire naturelle de l' Afrique du Nord 47 (1956): 254-266.
 * Berquier C., C. Lebas, and M. C. Andrei-Ruiz. 2018. Etude du peuplement des Formicidae des arrieres-dunes littorales du site de Campo Dell'Oro (Ajaccio, Corse) et de la competition entre deux taxons a caractere envahissant: Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) et Tapinoma nigerrimum (Nylander, 1856). Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie) &3(1): 12-22.
 * Berquier C., C. Lebas, and M. C. Andrei-Ruiz. 2018. Etude du peuplement des Formicidae des arrieres-dunes littorales du site de Campo Dell'Oro (Ajaccio, Corse) et de la competition entre deux taxons a caractere envahissant: Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) et Tapinoma nigerrimum (Nylander, 1856). Revue d’Ecologie (Terre et Vie) 73 (1): 12-22.
 * Berville L., C. Santelli, J. Reybaud, M. Renucci, P. Ponel, O. Blight, and E. Provost. 2014. Suivi d’un site atelier dans le golfe de Fos: Une diversite myrmecologique insoupconne. Etudes Vauclusiennes 82: 71-78.
 * Berville L., M. Renucci, P. Vidal, and E. Provost. 2016. Peuplement myrmecologique et evaluation de l'invasion de Linepithema humile sur les iles de Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhone, France). Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie) 71(3): 278-287.
 * Berville L., M. Renucci, and E. Provost. 2012. Mise en place de protocoles de contrôle de la fourmi dArgentine (Linepithema humile) sur les îles de Port-Cros et de Porquerolles (Var, France). Sci. Rep. Port-Cros natl. Park, 26: 91-108.
 * Bezdecka P. 1996. The ants of Slovakia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomofauna carpathica 8: 108-114.
 * Bigot L. 1959. Complement a l'inventaire de la faune entomologique de la Camargue 93eme note). La Terre et la Vie 106 : 149-157.
 * Blatrix R., C. Lebas, C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, P. Pimenta, and D. Morichon. 2016. Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. – Myrmecological News 22: 119-127.
 * Bonaric J. C. 1971. Contribution a l'etude systematique et ecologique des formicides du Bas-Languedoc. PhD thesis Universite des sciences et techniques du Languedoc, 175 pages.
 * Bonaric J. C. 1971. Étude systématique et ecologique des fourmis de lHérault (fin). Ann. Soc. Hortic. Hist. Nat. Hérault 111: 169-176.
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2015. Pheidole symbioticaWasmann, 1909, an enigmatic supposed social parasite, is a nematodeinfested form of Pheidole pallidula(Nylander, 1849) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Sociobiology 62(2): 181-186.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2017. Ants of the Peloponnese, Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Polish Journal of Entomology 86: 193-236.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2017. New records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from southern Portugal. Acta Entomologica Silesiana 25(3): 1-10.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2018. Notes on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Samos Island, Greece. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-13.
 * Bracko G. 2007. Checklist of the ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natura Sloveniae 9: 15-24
 * Bracko G., H. C. Wagner, A. Schulz, E. Gioahim, J. Maticic, and A. Tratnik. 2014. New investigation and a revised checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Republic of Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology 10(1): 10-24.
 * Bracko G., K. Kiran, C. Karaman, S. Salata, and L. Borowiec. 2016. Survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Greek Thrace. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7945. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e7945
 * Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
 * Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
 * Cagniant, H. 1968. Liste preliminaire de fourmis forestieres d'Algerie. Resultats obtenus de 1963 a 1964. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 104: 138-147
 * Cagniant, H., and X. Espadaler. "Camponotus guanchus Santschi, 1908, stat. nov. et études des populations de Camponotus sicheli Mayr, 1866 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Journal of African Zoology 107 (1993): 419-438.
 * Cagniant, H.. "Les Camponotus du Maroc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): clé et catalogue des espèces." Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 32 (1996): 87-100.
 * Cagniant, H.. "Étude de quelques fourmis marocaines. Statistique provisoire des Formicidae du Maroc." Bulletin de la Société d' Histoire naturelle de l' Afrique du Nord 53 (1964): 83-118.
 * Cagniant, H.. Les peuplements de fourmis des forêts algériennes: écologie, biocénotique, essai biologique. Universite de Toulouse, 1973.
 * Cammell, M. E., M. J. Way, and M. R. Paiva. "Diversity and structure of ant communities associated with oak, pine, eucalyptus and arable habitats in Portugal." Insectes Sociaux 43 (1996): 37-46.
 * Carpintero S., J. Reyes-Lopes, and G. M. Luque. 2011. Ant community structure under Retama sphaerocarpa shrubs in a semi-arid environment. Entomological Science 14: 147153.
 * Carpintero S., and J. Reyes-Lopez. 2013. Effect of park age, size, shape and isolation on ant assemblages in two cities of Southern Spain. Entomological Science doi:10.1111/ens.12027
 * Carpintero, S., A. Tinaut, A. Herrera Grao, and M. Ferreras Romero. "Estudio faunístico y ecológico de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la cuenca superior del río Hozgarganta (Parque Natural de los Alconocales, Cádiz)." Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 24 (3-4) (2000): 124-138.
 * Carpintero, S., A. Tinaut, J. Reyes, and L. Arias. "Estudio faunístico de los formícidos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Parque Nacional de Doñana." Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 25 (1-2) (2001): 133-152.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J. 1990. Etude Systematique de la Myrmecofaune Corse (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), deuxieme partie. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris. 4eme serie 12, section A(2): 415-442.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J. 1992. La myrmecofaune de la reserve naturelle de Scandola, inventaire spécifique (1984/85-1991). Trav. Sci. Parc nat. Res. Nat. Corse, Fr, 36: 85-108.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse, J.. "Contribution a la connaisance des fourmis de la Corse (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." These de Doctorat Museum Nat (1989): 379pp.
 * Castillo-Miralbes M. 2001. Artropodos presentes en carrona de cerdos en la comarca de la litera (Huesca). Bol. S.E.A. 28: 133-140.
 * Castracani C., D. A. Grasso, A. Fanfani, and A. Mori. 2010. The ant fauna of Castelporziano Presidential Reserve (Rome, Italy) as a model for the analysis of ant community structure in relation to environmental variation in Mediterranean ecosystems. J Insect Conserv 14: 585594.
 * Cecconi G. 1908. Contributo alla fauna delle Isole Tremiti. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Università di Torino 23(583): 1-53.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1956. Ant hunting in France. Entomologist 89: 106-108.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1971. A synopsis of the Formicidae of north Europe. Entomologist 104: 150-176
 * Collingwood C., and A. Prince. 1998. A guide to ants of continental Portugal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia. Suplemento 5: 1-49.
 * Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
 * Comín del Río, P., and Andrés de Haro. "Datos iniciales para un estudio ecológico de las hormigas de Menorca." Bolletí de la Societat d´Historia Natural de les Balears 24 (1980): 23-48.
 * Comín del Río, P.. "Los Formícidos de Menorca. Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfico y biológico." Tesina de licenciatura Universida (1977): 135 pp.
 * Comín del Río, P.. Estudio de los formícidos de Baleares: Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfìco y biológico. Palma de Mallorca: Universidad de las Islas Baleares, 1988.
 * Consani M., and P. Zangheri. 1952. Fauna di Romagna. Imenotteri - Formicidi. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 31: 38-48.
 * Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7: 55-62.
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Della Santa E. 1995. Fourmis de Provence. Faune Provence 16: 5-37.
 * Delye G. 1983. Contribution a l'etude des peuplements des invertebres de milieux extremes: les fourmis des dunes littorales del aCamargue (B. d. Rh) et de l'Espiguette (Gard). Bull. Soc. Linneenne Provence 35: 121-124.
 * Delye, G., and J. L. Bonaric. "Fourmis du sud Marocain." Etude de certains milieux du Maroc et de leux evolution recente RCP 249 (1973).
 * Diniz, M. A.. "Estado actual do conhecimento dos himenópteros de Portugal." Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra 259 (1959): 1-42.
 * Dlussky G. M., O. S. Soyunov, and S. I. Zabelin. 1990. Ants of Turkmenistan. Ashkabad: Ylym Press, 273 pp.
 * Donisthorpe H. 1950. Two more new ants from Turkey. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 62: 68-69.
 * Donisthorpe H. 1950. Two new species of ants from Turkey. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 62: 60-61.
 * Donisthorpe, H.. "A first instalment of the ants of Turkey." Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12)3 (1950): 1057-1067.
 * Du Merle P. 1978. Les peuplements de fourmis et les peuplements d'acridiens du Mont Ventoux II. - Les peuplements de fourmis. Terre Vie 32(1): 161-218.
 * Dubovikoff D. A., and Z. M. Yusupov. 2018. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
 * Eidmann, H.. "Die Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 6 (1926): 694-742.
 * Eidmann, H.. "Zur Kenntnis der Insektekfauna der Balearischen Inseln." Entomologische Mitteilungen 16 (1927): 24-37.
 * Emery C. 1869. Enumerazione dei formicidi che rinvengonsi nei contorni di Napoli con descrizioni di specie nuove o meno conosciute. Ann. Accad. Aspir. Nat. Secunda Era 2: 1-26.
 * Emery C. 1878. Liste des fourmis de la collection de feu Camille van Volxem, avec la description d'une espèce nouvelle. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 21: viii-x.
 * Emery C. 1897. Anhang. Verzeichniss der auf der zweiten Reise nach Kleinasien (1897) gesammelten Ameisen, mit einer Neubeschreibung. P. 239 in: Escherich, K. 1897. Zur Kenntniss der Myrmecophilen Kleinasiens. I. Coleoptera. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 16: 229-239.
 * Emery C. 1914. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Bearbeitung von O. Leonhard's Sammlungen. 5. Südeuropäische Ameisen (Hym.). Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin-Dahlem 3: 156-159.
 * Emery C. 1916. Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47: 79-275.
 * Emery, C.. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der palaearktischen Ameisen." Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar (Helsinki) 20 (1898): 124-151.
 * Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte seconda. Formiche dell'Europa e delle regioni limitrofe in Africa e in Asia." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 12 (1878): 43-59.
 * Emery, C.. "Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. Zoologie. - Hyménoptères. Révision critique des fourmis de la Tunisie." Explor. Scient. De la Tunisie Zoll. Hym. (Folleto) Paris. Imp (1891): iii + 21 pp.
 * Emery, C.. "Liste des fourmis de la collection de feu Camille van Volxem, avec la description d'une espèce nouvelle." Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21 (1878): viii-x.
 * Emery, C.. "Spicilegio mirmecologico." Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 33 (1901): 57-63.
 * Emery, C.. "Studi mirmecologici." Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 2 (1870): 193-201.
 * Espadaler X. F. Garcia, K. Gomez, S. Serrano, and R. Vila. 2009. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Mont-Rebei gorge (Pallars Jussà). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 44: 393399.
 * Espadaler, X., and J. L. Nieves. "Hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) pobladoras de agallas abandonadas de cinípidos (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) sobre Quercus sp. en la Península Ibérica." Boletín de la Estación Central de Ecología 12 (1983): 89-93.
 * Espadaler, X., and X. Roig. "Ants from the Montnegre-Corredor Natural Park with description of the male lasius cinereus Seifert." Miscellanea Zoologica 23 (2) (2001): 45-53. Abstract
 * Espadaler, X.. "Formicidos de las sierras de Cazorla, del Pozo y Segura (Jaén, España)." Ecología 11 (1997): 489-499.
 * Finzi, B.. "Formiche dell'isola d'Elba e Monte Argentario." Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 56 (1924): 12-15.
 * Finzi, B.. "Raccolte entomologiche nell'Isola di Capraia fatte da C. Mancini e F. Capra (1927-1931). II. Formicidae." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 11 (1933): 162-165.
 * Forel A. 1886. Études myrmécologiques en 1886.. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 30: 131-215.
 * Forel A. 1892. Die Ameisenfauna Bulgariens. (Nebst biologischen Beobachtungen.). 305-318.
 * Forel A. 1911. Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 47: 331-400.
 * Forel, A. 1894. Les formicides de la province d'Oran (Algerie). Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 30: 1-45.
 * Forel, A.. "Ameisen aus den Sporaden, den Cykladen und Griechenland, gesammelt 1887 von Herrn von Oertzen." Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 32 (1889): 255-265.
 * Forel, A.. "Fourmis de Tunisie et de l'Algerie orientale recoltees et decrites par Auguste Forel." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 34 (1890): lxi-lxxvi.
 * Forel, A.. "Les Formicides de la Province d'Oran (Algérie)." Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 30 (1894): 1-45.
 * GRETIA. 2017. Bilan annuel de l'enquete sur la repartition des fourmis armoricaines. 23 pages.
 * Galkowski C. 2011. Une liste des fourmis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) récoltées dans la région de Grasse, avec la mention dune nouvelle espèce de la faune de France. Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Provence, 62 : 41-44.
 * Galkowski C. 2013. Nouvelles données sur la répartition de Strongylognathus huberi Forel, 1874 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en France. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux (n.s.) 41: 167-174.
 * Galkowski C., and C. Foin. 2013. Nouvelles données sur la répartition de Strongylognathus huberi Forel, 1874 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en France. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux (n.s.) 41: 167-174.
 * Galkowski C., and C. Lebas. 2016. Temnothorax conatensis nov. sp., décrite des Pyrenees-Orientales (France) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 25(2): 80-87.
 * Galkowski C., and J. Casevitz-Weulersse. 2008. Temnothorax clypeatus (Mayr) en France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). L'Entomologiste 64(4): 233-238.
 * Galle L. 1972. Study of ant-populations in various grassland ecosystems. Acta Biologica Szeged 18(1-4): 159-164.
 * Garcia F., X. Espadaler, and K. Gomez. 2009. First record of Amblyopone impressifrons (Emery, 1869) from the Iberian Peninsula and of Proceratium melinum (Roger, 1860) from Catalonia (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 45: 357-360.
 * García F., X. Espadaler, P. Echave, and R. Vila. 2011. Hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de los acantilados de l'Avenc de Tavertet (Osona) Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 47: 363-367.
 * Gasperini, R.. "Notizia sulla fauna imenotterologadalmata, II, Formicidae-Mutillidae-Scoliadae-Sapygidae-Pompilidae-Sphegidae-Chrysididae." Anuario Dalmatico 4 (1887): 143-160.
 * Goetsch, W.. "Beiträge zur Biologie spanischer Ameisen." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 18 (1942): 175-241.
 * Gomez C., D. Casellas, J. Oliveras, and J. M. Bas. 2003. Structure of ground-foraging ant assemblages in relation to land-use change in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 21352146.
 * Gomez K. 2017. Two species of exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to Malta. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 61: 233-235.
 * Gomez, C., P. Pons and J.M. Bas. 2003. Effects of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile on Seed Dispersal and Seedling Emergence of Rhamnus alaternus. Ecography 26(4):532-538
 * Grandi G. 1935. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XV. Boll. R. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Studi Bologna 8: 27-121.
 * Gratiashvili N., Barjadze S. 2008. Checklist of the ants (Formicidae Latreille, 1809) of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Tbilisi) 23: 130-146.
 * Gribodo, G., Emery C.. "Ordo Hymenoptera." Pp. 81-85 in: Cavanna, G. Parte II.- Catalogo degli animali raccolti al Vulture, al Pollino ed in altri luoghi dell'Italia meridionale e centrale Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 14 (1882): 31-87.
 * Gómez C., and S. Abril. 2011. Selective logging in public pine forests of the central Iberian Peninsula: Effects of the recovery process on ant assemblages Forest Ecology and Management 262: 1061-1066.
 * Hohmann H., F. La Roche, G. Ortega, and J. Barquín. 1993. Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln. Veröff. Überseemus. Bremen Naturwiss. 12: 14.
 * IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
 * Ionescu-Hirsch A. 2009. An annotated list of Camponotus of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a key and descriptions of new species. ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 39: 5798.
 * Ivanov S. P., A. V. Fateryga, and V. Yu Zhidkov. 2019. Aculeate Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) inhabiting trap nests in Crimea. Entomological Review 99(2): 163–179.
 * Karaman C., N. Aktac, and K. Kiran. 2009. Ants of the genus CamponotusMayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Kaz Mountains, Turkey, with descriptions of sexuals of Camponotus candiotes Emery, 1894 and Camponotus ionius Emery, 1920. Tubitak 35(2): 183-197.
 * Karaman M. G. 2009. An introduction to the ant fauna of Macedonia (Balkan Peninsula), a check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Natura Montenegrina 8(3): 151-162.
 * Karaman M. G. 2011. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp.
 * Karavaiev V. 1926. Beiträge zur Ameisenfauna des Kaukasus, nebst einigen Bemerkungen über andere palaearktische Formen. (Schluss). Konowia 5: 187-199.
 * Karavaiev V. 1927. Übersicht der Ameisenfauna der Krim nebst einigen Neubeschreibungen. Konowia 5: 281-303.
 * Kiran K., and C. Karaman. 2012. First annotated checklist of the ant fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3548: 1-38.
 * Kiran K., and N. Aktac. 2006. The vertical distribution of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Samanh Mountains, Turkey. Linzer Biol. Beitr. 38(2): 1105-1122.
 * Korlevic, A.. "Prilozi fauni hrvatskih opnokrilaca." Glasn. Hrv. Narav. Dr. 5 (1890): 189-250.
 * Krausse, A. H.. "Ueber sardische Ameisen." Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin A 78(7) (1912): 162-166.
 * Kugler J. 1988. The zoogeography of Israel. 9. The zoogeography of social insects of Israel and Sinai. Monographiae biologicae 62: 251-275.
 * Lapeva-Gjonova, L., V. Antonova, A. G. Radchenko, and M. Atanasova. "Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria." ZooKeys 62 (2010): 1-124.
 * Lebas C., C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, X. Espadaler, and R. Blatrix. 2015. The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France. R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1): 24  33
 * Legakis A. 1983. The Zoological Museum of the University of Athens 2. The collection of ants from Greece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 11(1): 85-87.
 * Legakis Collection Database
 * Lenoir A. 1971. Les fourmis de Touraine, leur intérêt biogéographique. Cahiers des Naturalistes 27: 21-30.
 * Lomnicki, J.. "Une contribution à la connaissance de la faune des fourmis des îles Baléares." Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne - Bulletin Entomologique de Pologne 4 (1925): 1-3.
 * Luque-García, G., J. L. Reyes-López, and J. Fernández-Haeger. "Estudio faunístico de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la cuenca del río Guadiamar: Primeras aportaciones." Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 30 (2002): 153-159.
 * Markó B., A. Ionescu-Hirsch, and A. Szász-Len. 2009. Genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Romania: distribution and identification key to the worker caste. Entomologica Romanica 14: 29-41.
 * Markó B., B. Sipos, S. Csősz, K. Kiss, I. Boros, and L. Gallé. 2006. A comprehensive list of the ants of Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 65-76.
 * Marlier J. F., B. Schatz, and J. C. de Biseau, 2002. Influence de Crematogaster scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) sur deux communautés de fourmis. Colloque UIEIS, Versailles: 68-72.
 * Martinez J. J. 2008. Firebreaks in planted pine forests in Israel: patches for Mediterranean Bata ants. Vie et Milieu 58(3/4): 233-236.
 * Menozzi C. 1918. Primo contributo alla conoscenza della fauna mirmecologica del Modenese. Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena. (5)4: 81-88.
 * Menozzi C. 1928. Note sulla mirmecofauna paleartica. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici. 21: 126-129.
 * Menozzi, C.. "Zur Kenntnis der Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zoologischer Anzeiger 66 (1926): 180-182.
 * Mohammadi S., M. S. Mossadegh, and M. Esfandiari. 2012. Eight ants species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new for the fauna of Iran. Mun. Ent. Zool. 7(2): 847-851.
 * Monteserín Real, S.. "Invertebrados de la Reserva Natural Integral de Muniellos, Asturias: Formicidae." Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Ordenación del Territorio e Infraestructuras del Principado de Asturias KRK edicio (2003): 269.
 * Müller, G.. "Le formiche della Venezia Guilia e della Dalmazia." Bollettino della Società Adriatica di Scienze Naturali in Trieste 28 (1923): 11-180.
 * Neumeyer R., and B. Seifert. 2005. Commented check list of free living ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species of Switzerland. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 78: 1-17.
 * Obregon R., J. Lopez, J. L. Reyes-Lopez. 2014. A catalogue of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Sierra Mágina (Jaén, southern Spain). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), 54: 370374.
 * Ordóñez-Urbano C., J. Reyes-López, and S. Carpintero-Ortega. 2007. Estudio faunísidos de los formícidos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociados a los bosques de ribera en la Provincia de Córdoba (España). Primeras Aportaciones. Boletin Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 40: 367-375.
 * Ortiz, F. J.. "Formícidos del litoral granadino." Memoria de Licenciatura Universida (1985): 206 pp.
 * Ovazza M. 1950. Contribution à la connaissance des fourmis des Pyrénées-Orientales. Récoltes de J. Hamon Vie et Milieu 1: 93-94.
 * Ovazza M. 1953. Contributions a l'etude biologique de la Camargue, Formicides. Vie et Milieu 4(4) : 751-753.
 * Paiva, M. R., M. J. Way, and M. E. Cammell. "Estudo preliminar sobre a distribuçao das formigas nos sistemas florestais em Portugal." Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Naturais 119 (1990): 197-205.
 * Paraschivescu D. 1978. Elemente balcanice in mirmecofauna R. S. Romania. Nymphaea 6: 463- 474.
 * Pashaei Rad S., B. Taylor, R. Torabi, E. Aram, G. Abolfathi, R. Afshari, F. Borjali, M. Ghatei, F. Hediary, F. Jazini, V. Heidary Kiah, Z. Mahmoudi, F. Safariyan, and M. Seiri. 2018. Further records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 64(2): 145-159.
 * Passera L. 1967. Peuplement en fourmis terricoles du rebord Meridional des Causses jurassiques du Quercy: la lande calcaire a buis. Vie et milieu. Serie C, Biologie terrestre 18(1): 189-205.
 * Passera L. 1977. Peuplement myrmecologique du cordon littoral du Languedoc-Roussillon modifications anthropiques. Vie et Milieu 27: 249-265.
 * Pekar S., J. Smeda, M. Hruskova, O. Sedo, C. Muster, P. Cardoso, Z. Zdrahal, S. Korenko, P. Bures, E. Liznarova, and L. Sentenska. 2012. Prey-race drives differentiation of biotypes in ant-eating spiders. Journal of Animal Ecology 81: 838848.
 * Pereira, J. A., A. Bento, D. Sousa, M. Campos, and L. Torres. "Estudo preliminar sobre as formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associadas ao olival da Terra Quente Transmontana (Nordeste de Portugal." Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 28 (2002): 357-365.
 * Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
 * Poldi B., M. Mei, and F. Rigato. 1995. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Vol 102. Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana: 1-10.
 * Restrepo, C., X. Espadaler, and Andrés de Haro. "Contribución al conocimiento faunístico de los formícidos del Macizo de Garraf (Barcelona)." Orsis (Organismes i Sistemes) 1 (1986): 113-129.
 * Reyes Lopez J., and A. Taheri. 2016. Relacion provisional de los formicidos del Poryecto del Parque Natural Regional de Bouhachem (Marruecos). Iberomyrmex 8: 35-36.
 * Reyes-López J., S. Carpintero-Ortega, and E. Retamoza-Muñoz. 2010. Adiciones a la relación de especies de hormigas (Hym., Formicidae) del Parque Natural del Cabo de Gata- Níjar (Almería, España) Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 34: 67-76.
 * Reyes-López, J., J. López-Tirado, and R. Obregón-Romero. "Nuevas citas de hormigas parásitas y esclavistas (Hym., Formicidae) para Sierra Mágina (Andalucía)." Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 35, no. 3-4 (2011): 497-501.
 * Rigato F., and J. K. Wetterer. 2018. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of San Marino. Natural History Sciences. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 5(2): https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2018.367
 * Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1989. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Val Gesso (alpi Marittime) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 7(2): 427-442.
 * Rigato S., and I. Toni. 2011. Short notes 21. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Pp. 873-882 in: Nardi, G.; Whitmore, D.; Bardiani, M.; Birtele, D.; Mason, F.; Spada, L.; Cerretti, P. (eds.) 2011. Biodiversity of Marganai and Montimannu (Sardinia). Research in the framework of the ICP Forests network. Conservazione Habitat Invertebrati, 5. Sommacampagna, Verona: Cierre Edizioni, 896 pp.
 * Roig X., X. Espadaler, R. Cusco, F. Garcia, K. Gomez, S. Serrano, and R. Vila. 2008. Ants in gypsum areas. First record from Catalonia (Iberian Peninsula) of Cardiocondyla batesii Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with an updated list of Catalan Formicidae. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 42: 189-192.
 * Salata S., L. Borowiec, and A.Trichas. 2018. Taxonomic Revision of the Cretan Fauna of the Genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with Notes on the Endemism of Ant Fauna of Crete. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 68(4): 769-808.
 * Salata S., and L Borowiec. 2017. Species of Tetramorium semilaeve complex from Balkans and western Turkey, with description of two new species of (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 62:279–313.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. A new species of the ant genus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 from Crete (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 789: 139–159.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. Taxonomic and faunistic notes on Greek ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-51.
 * Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2019. Preliminary division of not socially parasitic Greek Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with a description of three new species. ZooKeys 877: 81-131.
 * Salgueiro, J.. "Primeiros registros de Formicídeos (Hymenoptera) para dúas áreas protegidas portuguesas. Adiçao de duas novas especies á mirmecofauna de Portugal." Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 32 (2003): 109-110.
 * Sanchez-Gil Jimeno R., and J. L. Reyes-Lopez. 2016. Study of ants species of the Sierra de San Carlos del Valle (Ciudad Real) and updating the provincial check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 40 (1-2): 93-109.
 * Santschi F. 1925. Fourmis d'Espagne et autres espéces paléartiques EOS (Revista española de entomología) 1: 339-360.
 * Santschi F. 1926. Travaux scientifiques de l'Armée d'Orient (1916-1918). Fourmis. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 32: 286-293.
 * Santschi, F.. "Fourmis d'Espagne et autres espéces paléartiques." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 1 (1925): 339-360.
 * Santschi, F.. "Fourmis d'Espagne et des Canaries." Boletín de la Real Sociedad española de Historia natural (Madrid) 19 (1919): 241-248.
 * Santschi, F.. "Fourmis du Portugal." Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra 59 (1932): 1-3.
 * Santschi, F.. "Inventa entomologica itineris Hispanici et Maroccani, quod a. 1926 fecerunt Harald et Håkan Lindberg. Fourmis du Bassin Méditerranéen occidental et du Maroc récoltées par MM. Lindberg." Societas Scientiarum Fennica (Helsingfors) 3 (14) (1931): 1-13.
 * Santschi, F.. "Liste de fourmis d'Espagne recueilliés par Mr. J. M. Dusmet." Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica de España 15 (1932): 69-74.
 * Saunders, E.. "Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. II Spain (1901-1902)." Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (1904): 624-660.
 * Schembri, Stephen P. and Cedric A. Collingwood. A Revision of the Myrmecofauna of the Maltese Islands. 417-442.
 * Schmitz, H.. "Ein Verzeichnis portugiesischer Ameisen (Formicidae, Hymenoptera)." Brotéria Ser. Cienc. Nat. 24 (1955): 27-37.
 * Scupola A., and R. Poggi. 2014. Ricerche zoologiche della nave oceanografica "minerva" (C.N.R.) sulle isole circumsarde. XXXIII. Formiche. Estratto dagli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria” 106: 93-131.
 * Seifert B. 1994. Die freilebenden Ameisenarten Deutschlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) und Angaben zu deren Taxonomie und Verbreitung. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz 67(3): 1-44.
 * Seifert B. 2019. A taxonomic revision of the members of the Camponotus lateralis species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasia. Soil Organisms 91:7–32.
 * Sommer F., and H. Cagniant. 1988. Peuplements de fourmis des Albères Orientales (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) (Première partie). Vie Milieu 38: 189-200.
 * Soyer B. 1951. Les fourmis des collines des environs de Marseille. Bull Soc Linn Provence 18: 3-6.
 * Stitz, H.. "Ameisen aus dem westlichen Mittelmeergebiet und von den Kanarischen Inseln." Mitteilungen aus den Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 8 (1917): 333-353.
 * Stitz, H.. "Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meersteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. 37. Theil. Hautflüger oder Hymenoptera. I: Ameisen oder Formicidae." Jena G. Fischer (1939): 428 pp.
 * Stukalyuk S. V., S. P. Ivanov. 2013. Rhytmics of daily activity of seven species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in multi-species assemblages in the Crimea. Optimization and Protection of Ecosystems. Simferopol: TNU 9: 150-176.
 * Stumper R. 1953. Etudes myrmecologiques. XI. Fourmis luxembourgeoises. Bulletin Soc. Nat. luxemb. 57: 122-135.
 * Stärcke A. 1942. Formicides de l'île de Port-Croz (Hyères) récoltées par le docteur Chassagne. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 11: 23.
 * Suñer i Escriche, David. "Contribució al coneixement mirmecologic de Gavarres, Montgrí, Guilleríes i la Serralada Transversal." Tesis Doctoral Universida (1991): 577 pp.
 * Taheri A., J. Reyes-Lopez, and N. Bennas. 2014. Contribution a l'etude de la fauna myrmecologique du parc national de Talassemtane (nord du Maroc): biodiversite, biogeographie et especes indicatrices. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), 54: 225236.
 * Tausan I. 2016. First record of Camponotus lateralis (Olivier, 1792)(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dobrogea (Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei, 11: 443-446.
 * Tinaut A. 2016. Ants of the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Mountains Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 40 (1-2): 125-159.
 * Tinaut, A., J. Jiménez Rojas, and R. Pascual. "Estudio de la mirmecofauna de los bosques de Quercus Linneo 1753 de la provincia de Granada." Ecología 8 (1995): 429-438.
 * Tinaut, A.. "Contribución al conocimiento de los formícidos del Parque Nacional de Doñana." Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 15 (1991): 57-63.
 * Trigos Peral G., and J. L. Reyes-Lopez. 2015. New record of Temnothorax algiricus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Iberian Peninsula and ten additional new records for the ant fauna from Málaga, with preliminary list of species from Natural Park Sierras de Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama (Andalusia, Spain). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 39 (3-4): 411-416.
 * Trigos-Peral G., and J. L. Reyes-Lopez. 2013. Primera relacion de los formicidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de la Reserva Natural Lagunas de Campillos (Malaga). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 37 (3-4): 217-224.
 * Vogrin, V.. "Prilog fauni Hymenoptera - Aculeata Jugoslavije." Zast. Bilja 31(suppl.) (1955): 1-74.
 * Vonshak M., and A. Ionescu-Hirsch. 2009. A checklist of the ants of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 39: 33-55.
 * Wheeler, W. M.. "Ants of the Balearic Islands." Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1 (1926): 1-6.
 * Zimmermann, S.. "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ameisenfauna Süddalmatiens." Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanisch Gesellschaft in Wien 84 (1935): 1-65.
 * Zina V., M. Branco, and J. C. Franco. 2017. Ant community associated to citrus canopy in Southern Portugal over a century after the invasion by the Argentine ant. Phytoparasitica 45:183–200.
 * de Haro, Andrés, C. A. Collingwood, and P. Comín del Río. "Prospección mirmecológica por Ibiza y Formentera (Baleares)." Orsis 2 (1986): 115-120.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por Andalucia." Boletín de la Estación Central de Ecología 6 (12) (1977): 85-90.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por Extremadura (España) y Sao Brás-Almodovar, Alcácer do Sal, Serra da Estrela (Portugal)." Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia Suplemento 3(1) (1992): 95-104.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por la península Tingitana al norte del Rif (Marruecos)." Orsis (Organismes i Sistemes) 12 (1997): 93-99.