Odontomachus monticola

Odontomachus monticola is widespread in Asia, including India, Myanmer, mainland China and Taiwan. In China, its range extends north of Beijing to beyond 40 degrees N latitude (Teranishi, 1936, the species there reported as O. haematodus Linnaeus; see also Yasumatsu, 1962). In Japan, O. monticola were originally confined to the southwestern part of the country. Nevertheless, their habitat range has expanded to Tokyo due to climate change over the last few decades. They use their powerful stings to prey upon termites. Although they are not aggressive toward humans, their stings cause intense pain and prolonged itching (Kazuma et al., 2017). Nests are found under stones and in rotten wood. When escaping, workers will often jump backwards for some centimeters propelled by the force of their jaws snapping on the ground. On Yaku Island, Japan, it occurs at altitudes as high as 1200 m (Japanese Ant Image Database). In Uttarakhand, India they occur at altitudes greater than 1500m (Gupta S. K. 2004).

Identification
A member of the Odontomachus rixosus group.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Biology
Kazuma et al (2017) examined the composition of the venom of this ant through both transcriptomic and peptidomic analyses. They found: The transcriptome analysis yielded 49,639 contigs, of which 92 encoded toxin-like peptides and proteins with 18,106,338 mapped reads. We identified six pilosulin-like peptides by transcriptomic analysis in the venom gland. Further, we found intact pilosulin-like peptide 1 and truncated pilosulin-like peptides 2 and 3 by peptidomic analysis in the venom.

Nomenclature

 * . Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892d: 560 (diagnosis in key) (w.) MYANMAR.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104), 4 paralectotype workers
 * Type-locality: lectotype Myanmar: Carin Checù, 1300-1400 m., ii.-iii.1888 (L. Fea); paralectotypes: 2 workers with same data, 2 workers Myanmar: Carin Asciuii Chebà, 800-1400 m., xii.1887 (L. Fea).
 * Type-depositories: MSNG (lectotype); MHNG, MSNG (paralectotypes).
 * Emery, 1895k: 463 (q.); Ogata, 1987: 126 (m.).
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 51; Emery, 1895k: 463 (redescription); Forel, 1900c: 58; Bingham, 1903: 48; Emery, 1911d: 114; Forel, 1913e: 659; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 233; Santschi, 1920h: 159; Santschi, 1924c: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44; Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105, 157; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Morisita, et al. 1989: 29; Terayama, 1989a: 28; Wang, M. 1992: 678; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1301; Wang, M. 1993a: 220 (in key); Radchenko, 1993a: 77; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 34; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 31; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 289; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Zhang, W. & Zheng, 2002: 218; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Lin & Wu, 2003: 67; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 29; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102 (redescription); Terayama, 2009: 116; Zhou & Ran, 2010: 106; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 56; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 42; Chen, Shi & Zhou, 2018: 6 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of formosae: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 60; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 52.
 * Senior synonym of hainanensis: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of longi: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of major: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * Senior synonym of pauperculus: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of punctulatus: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of striata: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.
 * Distribution: China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * formosae. Odontomachus monticola var. formosae Forel, 1912a: 46 (w.q.m.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
 * Type-localities: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Kankan, Pilam, and Kosempo (H. Sauter).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Forel, 1913f: 183; Santschi, 1925f: 82; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Teranishi, 1940: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * hainanensis. Odontomachus monticola var. hainanensis Stitz, 1925: 115, fig. 3 (w.) CHINA (Hainan I.).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: China: Hainan (Schoede).
 * Type-depository: MNHU.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * longi. Odontomachus monticola var. longi Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam, Meghalaya).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: India: Assam (Long), and India: Assam, Garo Hills, CI/6 (Long).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Bingham, 1903: 49; Forel, 1911d: 379; Emery, 1911d: 114; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * major. Odontomachus monticola var. major Forel, 1913f: 183 (w.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: 4 syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Taihorin (H. Sauter).
 * Type-depository: MHNG, MSNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * pauperculus. Odontomachus monticola subsp. pauperculus Wheeler, W.M. 1921c: 530 (w.) CHINA (Zhejiang).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: China: Mokanshan (N.G. Gee).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * punctulatus. Odontomachus monticola r. punctulatus Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: Assam, LXI’X/7 (Pennington).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Status as species: Bingham, 1903: 49; Emery, 1911d: 114; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 8; Mukerjee, 1930: 149; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Wu, C.F. 1941: 149; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 290 (error).
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * striata. Odontomachus latidens susbp. striata Menozzi, 1930d: 329 (w.) CHINA (Hong Kong).
 * Type-material: holotype queen.
 * Type-locality: China: Hong Kong (H. Eidmann).
 * Type-depository: IEUB.
 * Subspecies of latidens: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.

Description
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from Yoshimura et al, 2007, where this species is redescribed.

Worker

Head in full-face view constricted by distinct extraocular furrow in posterior half. Posterior margin of head in full-face view slightly concave. Mandible elongateand linear, its length about half of HL. Teeth of mandible divided into apical group and preapical group: apical group consisting of large and acute apical teeth, smaller intercalary teeth, and truncate subapical teeth, last ones wide and short in newly emerged specimens, but subject to various degrees of erosion with use; preapical group consisting of 8–11 small denticles (Fig. 3F). Palp formula 4, 4 (1 dissected). Scape slender and long, exceeding posterior margin of head.

Mesosoma slender to stout. With mesosoma in dorsal view, mesepisternum without lateral projection. Anterior portion of mesonotum slightly convex in lateral view. Propodeum elongated posteriorly, dorsum nearly straight in lateral view. Pair of processes on metasternum gently raised, their height less than their basal width (Fig. 3D). Petiole variable in shape. With petiole in lateral view, node often symmetrically raised with its anterior margin gently convex and often making distinct angle with margin of petiolar apical spine; apical spine long to moderate in length and sharp. True petiolar peduncle reduced to anterior collar. Subpetiolar process developed but variable, its ventral apex in lateral view blunt. With head in full-face view, ocular ridge, extraocular furrow, and area posterior to extraocular furrow fully striate or partially lacking striae. With head in lateral view, area posterior to extraocular furrow distinctly striated or mostly smooth.

Whole pronotum, mesonotum, and propodeum in dorsal view transversely or circularly striated. In lateral view, most of mesepisternum striated. Petiolar tergite in lateral view weakly striated or completely lacking striation. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III not striated and opaque. Pronotal dorsum with dense pubescence. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III without setae. Body almost uniformly blackish brown.

Measurements:

Lectotype: HL 2.79, HW 2.31, ML 1.65, CI 82.8, SL 2,85, SI 123.4, FLW 0.66, EL 0.33, WL 4.05, PtL 0.62, PtH 1.17, A3L 1.77, A3H 1.65.

Two syntypes of Odontonachus monticola formosae: HL 3.02–3.23, HW 2.27–2.45, HD 1.72–1.83, ML 1.67–1.81, CI 75.2–75.9, SL 2.95–3.06, SI 124.9–130.0, FLW 0.66–0.72, EL 0.34–0.38, WL 3.78–3.96, PtL 0.65, PtH 1.30–1.34, PtHI 200.0–206.2, A3L 1.92–2.15, A3H 1.83–1.87.

Twenty other individuals collected in Japan: HL 2.56–3.15, HW 2.00–2.57, HD 1.49–1.89, ML 1.45–1.83, CI 76.6–81.6, SL 2.63–3.16, SI 117.5–132.7, FLW 0.43–0.79, EL 0.29–0.41, WL 3.34–4.21, PtL 0.60–0.78, PtH 1.15–1.52, PtHI 168.0–212.7, A3L 1.60–2.05, A3H 1.59–2.00.

Queen

Generally similar to workers but with usual caste differences. Distinct ocelli situated on midlength of head in full-face view. Subapical tooth of mandible wide and short, only as long as its own basal width. Apex of subapical tooth truncate, its anteroapical corner with a small dent. Mesoscutum and scutellum developed, scutellum raised dorsally in lateral view. Metanotum not convex in lateral view. Mesepisternum in lateral view with distinct oblique furrow. Petiolar peduncle, node, and subpetiolar process in lateral view similar to those of workers. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III steeply raised. With head in full-face view, ocular ridge, extraocular furrow, and area posterior to extraocular furrow fully striated to partially lacking striae. With head in lateral view, area posterior to extraocular furrow distinctly striated to mostly smooth. Whole pronotum in dorsal view transversely striated. Mesoscutum and scutellum in dorsal view with longitudinal or transverse striae, but development of striae variable. Development of striae on mesepisternum variable. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III not striated. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III without setae. Body almost uniformly blackish brown

Measurements:

Three individuals of Odontomachus monticola formosae used by Forel (1913) [MHNG: labeled as “typus” (see comments)]: HL 3.12–3.14, HW 2.43–2.58, HD 1.73–1.79, ML 1.76–1.79, CI 77.4–82.7, SL 2.95–2.99, SI 115.9–121.4, FLW 0.69–0.71, EL 0.36–0.38, PrH 1.34–1.39, MsH 0.68–0.77, MsI 50.7–57.5, WL 4.14–4.25, PtL 0.74, PtH 1.60, PtHI 216.2, A3L 2.40–2.48, A3H 2.22–2.28.

One individual collected in Japan: HL 2.75, HW 2.25, HD 1.68, ML 1.63, CI 81.8, SL 2.80, SI 124.4, FLW 0.66, EL 0.35, PrH 1.33, MsH 0.78, MsI 58.6, WL 3.77, PtL 0.73, PtH 1.60, PtHI 219.2, A3L 2.42, A3H 2.35.

Male

Head in full-face view subglobose and wider than long when eyes and ocelli included. Posterior margin of head with large, well-developed ocelli. Major axis of lateral ocellus as long as ocello-ocular space. Eye prominent, its length in full-face view distinctly shorter than head length excluding ocelli. Posterior margin of eye in lateral view slightly concave at midlength. Mandibles in full-face view (when fully opened) reduced, variable, and triangular; their masticatory faces not opposite, facing obliquely forward, expanded at their base, and lacking setae. PF 5, 4 or 6, 4 (1 dissected, 1 observed with SEM, and 4 observed in situ). Anterior margin of clypeus in full-face view convex, nearly straight in middle. Anterior tentorial pits distinct. Antenna long and filiform, consisting of 13 segments. Antennal scape short. Occipital carina distinct.

Mesosoma well developed. Pronotum in lateral view relatively thin, nearly as thick as mesoscutum. Scutellum strongly convex dorsally. Metanotum convex posterodorsally. Petiole high, with petiolar tergite higher than long. Subpetiolar process well developed, its apex sharper than that of queens. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III gently raised. Paramere short, exceeding apical margin of abdominal sternum IX by 1/4 of paramere length. Paramere in lateral view bent ventrally at single point at around 1/3 of its length. Abdominal sternum IX expanded in basal half in ventral view, this expansion most pronounced in its basal half. Apical margin of forewing relatively sharp (compare Fig. 8A and 8B). On forewing, costa (C), radius (R) and radial sector 1 (Rs1), and 2r-m and cu-a crossveins clearly present. Media (M) reduced from meeting point with 2r-m cross-vein, cubitus (Cu) and anals (A) also reduced from their own meeting point. Rs2 entirely absent, but often with vestiges of branch on 2r-m cross-vein. On hind wing, R Rs, R and M Cu, and r-m and cu-a cross-veins clearly present. Rs, M, Cu, and distal 1/4 of A nearly vestigial. Jugal lobe developed. Body almost uniformly yellowish brown.

Measurements:

One individual of Odontomachus monticola formosae [MHNG: labeled as “typus” (see comments)]: HL 1.22, HW 1.47, HD 0.86, CI 120.5, EL 0.82, PrH 0.89, MsH 0.75, MsI 84.3, WL 3.20, PtL 0.65, PtH 0.92, PtHI 141.5, A3L 1.64, A3H 1.23.

Five individuals collected in Japan: HL 1.13–1.23, HW 1.40–1.48, HD 0.80–0.90, CI 120.3–125.4, EL 0.80–0.87, PrH 0.80–0.93, MsH 0.63–0.69, MsI 72.0–82.9, WL 2.95–3.24, PtL 0.64–0.68, PtH 0.80–0.96, PtHI 121.2–150.0, A3L 1.46–1.62, A3H 1.07–1.18.

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