Meranoplus bicolor

Meranoplus bicolor inhabits bare lands, grasslands and sparse forests, and nests in soil. Workers forage on the ground. (Eguchi, Bui and Yamane 2011)

Identification
The most common species in the Oriental Region. It is hardly to be confused with any other congener within the range of its occurrence. It is distinct by the long posteriorly directed spines and the unique pilosity, which are found in no other species.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China.

Biology
Meranoplus bicolor inhabits bare lands, grasslands and sparse forests, and nests in soil. Workers forage on the ground. Mohyuddin et al. (2020) found this species in grasslands, field crops of maize and wheat and apple orchards.

Nomenclature

 * . Cryptocerus bicolor Guérin-Méneville, 1844a: 425 (w.) INDIA (Puducherry).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: India: Pondichery (A. Delessert).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * [Note: Schödl, 1998: 372 says, “the holotype worker could not be located”.]
 * Smith, F. 1875: 34 (q.m.); Imai, et al. 1984: 6 (k.).
 * Combination in Meranoplus: Smith, F. 1853: 224.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1853: 224; Smith, F. 1858b: 193; Smith, F. 1862d: 412; Mayr, 1862: 764; Roger, 1863b: 39; Mayr, 1863: 428; Smith, F. 1871a: 334; Smith, F. 1873: ix; Smith, F. 1875: 34; Forel, 1885b: 182; Emery, 1887b: 470; Rothney, 1889: 373; Emery, 1892b: 166; Dalla Torre, 1893: 136; Emery, 1893f: 248; Emery, 1895k: 472; Mayr, 1897: 431; Emery, 1901f: 120; Forel, 1903a: 705; Rothney, 1903: 97; Bingham, 1903: 168; Forel, 1907a: 12; Forel, 1908a: 2; Forel, 1911i: 226; Forel, 1913k: 83; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 237; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 128; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 3; Emery, 1924d: 228; Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Mukerjee, 1930: 154; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 69; Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576; Karavaiev, 1935a: 99; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 112; Collingwood, 1970: 377; Bolton, 1995b: 250; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 78; Schödl, 1998: 371 (redescription); Tiwari, 1999: 61; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 332; Zhou, 2001b: 98; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 25; Terayama, 2009: 186; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 47; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 44; Bharti & Akbar, 2014c: 814 (in key); Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 38; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 36; Rasheed, et al. 2019: 432; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 75.
 * Senior synonym of dimicans: Smith, F. 1871a: 334; Bingham, 1903: 168; Emery, 1924d: 228; Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576; Bolton, 1995b: 250; Schödl, 1998: 372.
 * Senior synonym of fuscescens: Schödl, 1998: 372; Terayama, 2009: 186.
 * Senior synonym of lucidus: Schödl, 1998: 372.
 * Senior synonym of tarda: Emery, 1892b: 166; Dalla Torre, 1893: 136; Emery, 1924d: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 250; Schödl, 1998: 372; Zhou, 2001b: 98.
 * Senior synonym of villosus: Roger, 1863b: 39; Smith, F. 1871a: 334; Bingham, 1903: 168; Emery, 1924d: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 250; Schödl, 1998: 372.
 * Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Java), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * dimicans. Meranoplus dimicans Walker, 1859: 375 (w.) SRI LANKA.
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Sri Lanka: (no further data) (F. Walker).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Unidentifiable taxon: Forel, 1903a: 705.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 428; Motschoulsky, 1863: 21; Dalla Torre, 1893: 136.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Smith, F. 1871a: 334; Bingham, 1903: 168; Emery, 1924d: 228; Donisthorpe, 1932b: 576; Bolton, 1995b: 251; Schödl, 1998: 372.
 * fuscescens. Meranoplus bicolor var. fuscescens Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 101 (w.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Schödl, 1998: 372), 1 paralectotype worker.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Taiwan (“Formosa”): Pescadore (R. Takahashi); paralectotype with same data.
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * [Misspelled as fuscens by Lin & Wu, 2003: 64.]
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 112; Bolton, 1995b: 251; Lin & Wu, 2003: 64 (error).
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Schödl, 1998: 372; Terayama, 2009: 186.
 * lucidus. Meranoplus bicolor var. lucida Forel, 1903a: 706 (w.) MYANMAR, INDIA.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Schödl, 1998: 372), 2+ paralectotype workers..
 * Type-locality: lectotype Myanmar (“Burma”): (no further data), 1893 (Watson); paralectotypes with same data.
 * [Note: other syntype localities: Myanmar (“Burma”): (no futher data) (L. Fea), India: Calcutta (Rothney), India: Calicut (Rothney).]
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Forel, 1909d: 225 (m.).
 * Subspecies of bicolor: Forel, 1909d: 224; Forel, 1913k: 83; Emery, 1924d: 228; Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 25; Santschi, 1928e: 471; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 69; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 112; Bolton, 1995b: 251.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Schödl, 1998: 372.
 * minor. Meranoplus minor Crawley, 1918: 89 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Northern Territory).
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Taylor, 1990c: 34), 2 paralectotype workers.
 * Type-locality: lectotype Australia: Northern Territory, Koolpinyah, 6.iv.1915, no. 603 (G.F. Hill).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * [Junior primary homonym of Meranoplus hirsutus r. minor Forel, 1902h: 457.]
 * Replacement name: Meranoplus minimus Crawley, 1922b: 445.
 * tarda. Myrmica tarda Jerdon, 1851: 115 (w.) INDIA (Karnataka/Kerala).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: “in the Carnatic and Malabar” (T.C. Jerdon).
 * Type-depository: unknown (no type-material is known to exist).
 * [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 56.]
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 435.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Emery, 1892b: 166; Dalla Torre, 1893: 136; Emery, 1924d: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 252; Schödl, 1998: 372; Zhou, 2001b: 98.
 * villosus. Meranoplus villosus Motschoulsky, 1860a: 115 (q.) SRI LANKA.
 * Type-material: holotype queen.
 * Type-locality: Sri Lanka: (no further data) (V. Motschoulsky).
 * Type-depository: ZMUM.
 * Unidentifiable taxon: Forel, 1903a: 705.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 428; Motschoulsky, 1863: 21.
 * Junior synonym of bicolor: Roger, 1863b: 39; Smith, F. 1871a: 334; Bingham, 1903: 168; Emery, 1924d: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 252; Schödl, 1998: 372.

Worker
Schödl (1998) - TL: 3.7 - 4.5, HL: 0.76 - 0.93, HW- 85 - 1 05 CI- 89-103 SL- 0.65 - 0.75, SI: 75 - 82, PML: 0.55 - 0.82, PW: 0.7 - 1.0, PMI: 1 16 - 136 AL- 8 -'l 13 (16 measured).

Mandibles striate, armed with four teeth. Mid-portion of clypeus carinulate at least with a tew cannulae; anterior clypeal margin produced into a narrow and concave translucent lamella which is produced into small denticles in the antero-lateral corners Frontal triangle shiny, with few carinulae posteriorly. Head above antennal scrobes trapezoid lateral sides evenly narrowed towards clypeus; ventral part of head (below antennal scrobes) distinctly wider, parallel-sided, the genae distinctly protruding and visible from above. Antennal scrobes posteriorly shagreened, occasionally with additional transverse carinulae or rugae Genae rugulose. Compound eyes situated in posterior half of sides of head close to posterior corners. Maximum diameter of eye 0.2 - 0.26, with 11-14 ommatidia in the longest row.

Promesonotum slightly wider than long, laterally margined and slightly overhanging alitrunk. Declivity of propodeum almost invisible from above, overhung by posterior margin of promesonotal shield (the propodeal spines are visible though). Anterior pronotal corners produced into acute, laterally projecting teeth. At about level of (not visible) promesonotal suture the shield constricted by a lateral indentation which is followed by a short lateral denticle and a large, posteriorly directed straight spine on each side, which may vary considerably in length. In specimens from Sri Lanka the posterior spines occasionally are conspicuously diverging ("dimicans"). Posterior margin of the mesonotum a translucent lamella between the posterior spines, overhanging the propodeum. Propodeal declivity meeting dorsum of alitrunk almost at a right angle. Propodeum shiny throughout, with occasional transverse rugae above or at level of the slender and acute, only little diverging lateral spines. The suture between dorsal alitrunk and propodeum is very well visible beneath posterior mesonotal margin on the propodeal declivity, when viewed from behind.

Petiole in profile cuneate, when viewed from behind, highest in middle, occasionally the crest acute. Both anterior and posterior faces of petiole unsculptured. Postpetiole nodiform, strongly rugulose throughout. Caster densely shagreened, sometimes partly glossy (lucidus).

Dorsum of head longitudinally carinulate to rugulose anteriorly, occipital region with a reticulum, width of meshes ca. 50 - 70 μm. Secondarily the meshes with a distinct shagreenmg. Promesonotal shield and postpetiole strongly reticulate-rugulose, width of meshes ca. 50 - 80 μm, without secondary shagreening. All dorsal surfaces with a shorter suberect, scattered pilosity (ca. 100 - 170 μm) and fewer, extraordinary long, outstanding erect setae (0.3 - 0.6 mm). Femora and tibiae with numerous long, outstanding hairs as well. Populations from different samples vary noticeably in the hair length. Body mostly bicoloured, with head, alitrunk, petiole and postpetiole of a pale to darker ferrugmeous and the gaster piceous. Sometimes appearance of entire body uniformly dark.

Schödl (1999) - Meranoplus bicolor workers with identical label data as the type series of Meranoplus birmanus: TL: 4,1 ± 0.17 (3.8 - 4.4), HL: 0.95 ± 0.037 (0.88 - 0.98), HW: 0.88 ± 0.035 (0.84 - 0.93), CI: 93 ± 1 (90 - 95), SL: 0.70 ± 0.028 (0.66 - 0.73), SI: 80 ± 2 (78 - 83), PML: 0.69 ± 0.040 (0.60 - 0.75), PW: 0.85 ± 0.042 (0.80 - 0.90), PMI: 124 ± 3 (120 - 130), AL: 0.96 ± 0.058 (0.8 - l.0), PTL: 0.42 ± 0.019 (0.39- 0.44), PTH: 0.43 ± 0.024 (0.39 - 0.46), PTI: 96 ± 3 (93 - 100), eyes with 12 - 14 ommatidia in the longest row, maximum diameter of eye 0.21 - 0.25 (12 measured).

Type Material
Schödl (1999) - The holotype worker could not be located.

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