Aphaenogaster subterranea

This species is common and widespread in central and southern Italy. It is a ground-nesting ant chiefly inhabiting deciduous forests (Rigato & Toni, 2011). Bracko et al. (2018) noted this ant, described from France, has been recorded from most of the western Palearctic Region and is likely a cryptic species complex. Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on soil in a Caspian moist littoral area.

Identification
A member of the Aphaenogaster subterranea-group.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Poland, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Nomenclature

 * . Formica subteranea Latreille, 1798: 49 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
 * [Justified emendation of spelling to subterranea: Latreille, 1802c: 219.]
 * Latreille, 1802c: 220 (q.m.); Hauschteck, 1962: 219 (k.).
 * Combination in Manica: Jurine, 1807: 279;
 * combination in Myrmica: Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 180;
 * combination in Atta: Mayr, 1855: 460; Smith, F. 1858b: 162;
 * combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29;
 * combination in Stenamma (Aphaenogaster): Emery, 1895c: 301;
 * combination in Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma): Emery, 1915d: 70.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 219; Walckenaer, 1802: 164; Jurine, 1807: 279; Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lamarck, 1817: 97; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 180; Schilling, 1839: 55; Schenck, 1852: 110; Mayr, 1855: 460 (redescription); Nylander, 1856b: 85; Gredler, 1858: 30; Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 67 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 397; Dours, 1873: 167; Forel, 1874: 74 (in key); André, 1874: 197 (in key); Emery, 1878a: x (in list); Emery, 1878b: 55; Emery & Forel, 1879: 462; André, 1883b: 359 (in key); Costa, 1883: 60; Emery, 1884a: 382 (footnote); Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Forel, 1889: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 38; Forel, 1890a: lxx; Emery, 1891b: 7; Forel, 1892i: 315; Lameere, 1892: 67; Dalla Torre, 1893: 106; Medina, 1893: 105; Emery, 1895b: 71; Ruzsky, 1896: 74; Emery, 1898c: 139; Ruzsky, 1902d: 26; Forel, 1904f: 425; Ruzsky, 1905b: 714; Wasmann, 1906: 118; Emery, 1908c: 326; Emery, 1908d: 23; Bondroit, 1910: 495; Krausse, 1912b: 163; Stitz, 1914: 68; Emery, 1914d: 156; Forel, 1915d: 36 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 411; Emery, 1916b: 129; Escherich, 1917: 327; Menozzi, 1918: 82; Bondroit, 1918: 158; Santschi, 1919e: 245; Emery, 1921f: 60; Menozzi, 1921: 25; Menozzi, 1922b: 325; Soudek, 1922: 33; Müller, 1923a: 68 (in key); Müller, 1923b: 51; Finzi, 1923: 3; Finzi, 1924a: 13; Soudek, 1925b: 15; Donisthorpe, 1926a: 6; Karavaiev, 1926b: 96; Stärcke, 1926: 88 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927a: 285; Kutter, 1927: 98; Menozzi, 1927b: 90; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 45; Finzi, 1930a: 154; Finzi, 1930d: 312; Gösswald, 1932: 73; Finzi, 1933: 162; Grandi, 1935: 99; Zimmermann, 1935: 12; Stitz, 1939: 113; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 81 (in key); van Boven, 1947: 174 (in key); Arnol'di, 1948: 211 (in list); Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1059; Creighton, 1950a: 149; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 40; Ceballos, 1956: 298; Bernard, 1959: 345; Collingwood, 1962: 222; Baroni Urbani, 1964b: 30; Bernard, 1967: 134 (redescription); Kutter, 1968a: 59; Baroni Urbani, 1969a: 326; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 59; Cagniant, 1970a: 414; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 54; Collingwood, 1971: 159; Baroni Urbani, 1974: 226; Pisarski, 1975: 16; Arnol'di, 1976b: 1023 (in key); Aktaç, 1977: 120; van Boven, 1977: 87; Kutter, 1977c: 80; Collingwood, 1978: 79 (in key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 536 (in key); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 54; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 270 (in key); Kugler, J. 1988: 256; Le Moli & Rosi, 1991: 30; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 111; Arakelian, 1994: 32; Schulz, A. 1994a: 424; Bolton, 1995b: 73; Mei, 1995: 761; Poldi, et al. 1995: 3; Espadaler, 1997b: 29; Gallé, et al. 1998: 214; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 35; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 77; Markó & Csösz, 2002: 116; Karaman, M.G. & Karaman, 2003: 41; Karaman, G.S. & Karaman, 2005: 54; Bračko, 2006: 135; Markó, Sipos, et al. 2006: 69; Petrov, 2006: 91 (in key); Bračko, 2007: 17; Seifert, 2007: 212; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 140; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 137; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 487; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 13; Boer, 2010: 60; Csösz, et al. 2011: 56; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 19; Legakis, 2011: 8; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 467; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 117; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 40; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 17; Borowiec, L. 2014: 19 (see note in bibliography); Bračko, et al. 2014: 13; Lebas, et al. 2016: 264; Radchenko, 2016: 166; Gómez, et al. 2018: 221 (in key); Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 42; Seifert, 2018: 175 Galkowsky, et al. 2019: 422 (redescription).
 * friederichsi. Aphaenogaster friederichsi Forel, 1918b: 151 (w.) MADAGASCAR.
 * Combination in Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma): Emery, 1921f: 57.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1921f: 57; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1016; Bolton, 1995b: 69.
 * Junior synonym of subterranea: Csősz et al., 2021: 14.

Type Material

 * Formica subteranea: Nine workers from the same nest, designated as "paraneotypes" (not an official designation recongnised by the ICZN), are deposited at MNHN, from which a new neotype could easily be designated in case of loss or destruction of the neotype. Ten workers of this same nest have also been deposited at the Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde of Görlitz, Germany (Galkowski et al., 2019).
 * Aphaenogaster friederichsi: Two syntype workers, MADAGASCAR: Diego Suarez (Antsiranana), (K. Friedrichs); CASENT0101054, CASENT0101054; MHNG [examined by Csősz et al., 2021].
 * Aphaenogaster friederichsi: Two syntype workers, MADAGASCAR: Diego Suarez (Antsiranana), (K. Friedrichs); CASENT0101054, CASENT0101054; MHNG [examined by Csősz et al., 2021].

Taxonomic Notes
Csősz et al. (2021): One species described from Madagascar, Aphaenogaster friederichsi, is excluded from the swammerdami group and placed in the A. subterranea group and synonymized with A. subterranea. Aphaenogaster friederichsi is indistinguishable from A. subterranea based on the redescription and neotype designation by Galkowski, Aubert & Blatrix (2019). A. friederichsi was described based on two syntype works collected in Diego Surarez, a port city in the North of Madagascar. Repeated collections in the north of Madagascar and in and around Diego Surarez did not uncover this species. The specimens described by Forel could represent a temporarily established introduction of A. subterranea or mislabeled specimens of A. subterranea collected from Europe. A. friederichsi is neither considered native to Madagascar nor established in the region.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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