Anochetus pupulatus

The holotype was dug from dry soil at the base of a large tree in disturbed, open, dry-season deciduous woodland. Paratypes were collected from an evergreen forest.

Identification
Brown (1978) - Anochetus pupulatus is the smallest of the minute-eyed Anochetus species. Anochetus myops (Malaya), Anochetus longifossatus (Ceylon) and Anochetus subcoecus (Taiwan) are all larger in body size, the first 2 of these considerably so. In addition, myops has a bluntly rounded petiolar node.

A. longifossatus from Ceylon is similar, but larger and has a longer and straighter dorsal truncal profile, especially in the metanoto-propodeal area; this last is feebly concave in the front half, and gently convex in the posterior half, just before the propodeal teeth (which are small, but acute and erect in the specimen I have from Kandy, 600-700 m, E. O. Wilson). A. pupulatus, by contrast, has the front half of the metanoto-propodeum distinctly convex, and it becomes weakly concave only in the posterior part. A. longifossatus also has the mandibles still more strongly thickened apicad, and longer, and the funicular segments II-IV are longer, collectively = or > I. The eyes are a bit larger in longifossatus (eye L 0.10 mm, with about 18-20 facets), and the petiolar node is thicker in side view, with convex front and rear slopes, especially the rear. In front view, the apical crest is nearly straight, and the sides are more strongly convex than in pupulatus. The mesonotum in longifossatus is minutely roughened in part, but still shining, as are also the sides of the metanotum, and the gastric pubescence is rather dense and decumbent; color ferruginous yellow, gaster brown.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Oriental Region: India.

Castes
Male unknown.

Nomenclature

 * . Anochetus pupulatus Brown, 1978c: 591, figs. 14, 21, 22 (w.) INDIA (Kerala, Tamil Nadu).
 * Type-material: holotype worker, 18+ paratype workers.
 * Type-locality: holotype: India, Kerala State, Western Ghats, east of Nilambur, nr Punnapuzha, 10.iv.1969, series M-228 (A.B. Soans & W.L. Brown); paratypes: an unstated number from same series as holotype, 18 workers from the following localites (number from each not stated), Kerala, Kottiyoor, Wynaad Taluk (Soans & Brown), Kerala, Valara Falls, 46 km. SW Munnar, 450+ m. (no collector’s name), Madras Prov. (=Tamil Nadu), Cardamon Hills, no. 49 (Besuchet, Löbl & Mussard), Tamil Nadu, 39 km. E Kodaikanal, 650 m., Palai Hills, no. 20 (Besuchet, Löbl & Mussard).
 * Type-depositories: MCZC (holotype); BMNH, MCZC, MHNG (paratypes).
 * Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 65; Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013a: 141 (in key); Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 48.
 * Distribution: India.

Worker
Holotype, worker: TL 3.0, HL 0.77, HW 0.69, ML 0.36, WL 0.87, scape L. 0.54, eye L 0.06 mm; CI 90, MI 47.

TL 2.9-3.1, HL 0.74-0.81, HW 0.68-0.71, ML 0.34-0.39, WL 0.86-0.88, scape L 0.54-0.57, eye L 0.06-0.07 mm; CI 88-92, MI 45-49.

Color clear light yellow throughout.

The smallest member of the genus, with compound eyes greatly reduced (to about 12-14 facets), filling only about half the length of the orbital fossae. Convergent to A. siphneus of West Africa, but with the frontal striation better developed, fine, and reaching back to embrace the posteromedian impression, but not extending all the way to the nuchal carina. Dorsal surfaces of head behind eyes densely and coarsely punctate, punctures mixed with striation mesad, and surface here opaque, but the punctures becoming spaced out a little on the sides and pasterolateral corners of the head, where the interspaces are smooth and shining.

Antennal scapes fail to reach posterior corners of head seen full-face by less than the apical thickness of a scape; funicular segments II, III, IV short, not or scarcely longer than broad, together shorter than I (pedicel). Mandibles nearly twice as thick in apical third as at their insertions; apical triad of teeth short and conical; preapical excision and angle absent to rather weakly developed; ventral mesial margins subcrenulate as seen from dorsal oblique view. Maxillary palpi 4-merous.

Trunk compact, gently convex in outline, the promesonotal and mesometanotal sutures broad and impressed, so that really 3 separate convexities, pronotal, mesonotal, and fused metanoto-propodeal, exist, the anterior part of the last rising slightly above the others. Propodeal teeth in the form of prominent but bluntly rounded, laterally compressed tubercles. Cervix and anterior margin of pronotum finely, transversely rugulose; metanoto-propodeum with dorsum finely transversely rugulose; pronotal disc and sides of trunk predominantly smooth and shining, as are also the propodeal declivity, petiolar node and gaster.

Petiolar node thin in side view, tapered to a sharp apex; in front view, the sides are vertical and only weakly convex; apical edge truncate and concave in the middle, leaving a subacute point on each side. Gaster thick, the first segment (postpetiole) slightly larger than second, and without a distinct constriction between. Middle tibiae without apical spurs.

Short, fine erect hairs, mostly paired bilaterally, often difficult to distinguish from background pubescence: 1 pair on frontal lobes, 1 pair on middle vertex, 1 pair on posterior vertex, 1 pair on humeri, another pair on anteromedian pronotum, 1 pair on posterior pronotum, 2 pairs on mesonotum; numerous, but still sparse, hairs generally distributed on both upper and lower surfaces of all gastric segments. Pubescense fine, appressed or decumbent, fairly abundant and conspicuous on head, dense but very short and fine on mandibles and appendages (which are mostly smooth and shining, though finely punctulate), dilute on trunk dorsum and gaster. The paratypes sometimes have an extra pair of erect hairs on the frontal carina, or an extra pair on the upper vertex or on the pronotal disc; the hairs are extremely delicate, and probably are easily lost to rubbing.

Type Material
Holotype worker one of a series (M-228) dug from dry soil at the base of a large tree in disturbed, open, dry-season deciduous woodland near Punnapuzha, at the western base of the Western Ghats, east of Nilambur, Kerala State, India, 10 April 1969 (A. B. Soans and W. L. Brown).

Paratypes, 18 workers (MCZC,, , and elsewhere), all from southern peninsular India: Kottiyoor, Wynaad Taluk, Kerala State (Soans and Brown), evergreen forest litter berlesate; Valara Falls, 46 km SW Munnar, 450+ m, Cardamon Hills, Kerala State, team of Besuchet, Löbl, and Mussard, No. 49; 39 km E Kodaikanal, 650 m, Palni Hills, Madras State, Besuchet-Löbl-Mussard, No. 20; plus type nest series.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Brown W.L. Jr. 1978. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography. Studia Ent. 20(1-4): 549-638.
 * Dad J. M., S. A. Akbar, H. Bharti, and A. A. Wachkoo. 2019. Community structure and ant species diversity across select sites ofWestern Ghats, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica 39: 219–228.