Iridomyrmex chasei

Iridomyrmex chasei, widely known for its large, populous nests, its pugnacity and its characteristic ‘crushed ant’ smell, is a familiar sight to many Australians living in temperate areas. The ant is particularly common in and around Perth, where it is occasionally reported to the Department of Agriculture as a garden nuisance. There, it has been popularly known in the past as the ‘native odorous garden ant’ (P. Davies, pers. comm.). Although the ant never nests indoors, wet weather or spilt food will infrequently bring foragers inside dwellings.

Identification
Iridomyrmex chasei is very similar to several close relatives; however, most specimens may be distinguished from Iridomyrmex rufoniger (usually a distinctly larger ant) and Iridomyrmex fulgens by the lack of erect setae on the hind tibiae, from Iridomyrmex victorianus by the more steeply vertical anterior pronotum and the lack of generalised blue- green iridescence on the gaster (coppery reflections may be present on the first gastral tergite), and from Iridomyrmex gibbus by the pronotal features described above, the more strongly concave posterior margin of the head and also the greater number of erect setae usually present on the pronotum in I. chasei. A few, very hirsute populations of I. chasei (mainly occurring in Western Australia) that possess erect setae on the scape and hind tibiae can be distinguished from the species I. rufoniger and I. fulgens by the lack of uniform greenish-yellow or greenish-blue iridescence on the gaster and, in the case of the very similar I. victorianus, also by the more steeply angled anterior pronotum. Also similar but smaller close relatives, such as Iridomyrmex difficilis, have a planar posterior margin of the head, seen in full-face view, compared with the distinctly concave posterior margin of the head in most I. chasei populations. Iridomyrmex gumnos, a very rare species, lacks pronotal setae entirely.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia.

Biology
Iridomyrmex chasei is widespread throughout all mainland Australian states, although it is absent from Tasmania. While present in most ecosystems, it is generally replaced by other Iridomyrmex or by Anonychomyrma species in very cool, wet regions and in tropical rainforest. In drier areas, however, it is among the most conspicuous and abundant of all ant species. Single pitfall traps may contain more than 1000 workers. Even in the heart of large capital cities I. chasei shares the pavements and street verges with tramp species such as the Argentine (Linepithema humile (Mayr)) and Big-headed (Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)) ants, while most rural paddocks also support large numbers of colonies. In the Perth region, ant activity for this species is most pronounced in spring and early summer, when enormous piles of soil from ephemeral nests connected by smaller nodes indicate the high point of the colony’s annual cycle. In south-western Australia, nuptial flights appear to occur sporadically throughout the year in suitably humid and usually warm conditions, and involve vast streams of workers and numbers of winged queens and males moving purposefully from their nests up high man-made structures (fence-posts, pillars, walls, etc.) and tree-trunks, from whence the reproductives launch themselves into the air. This species is very common in sandy soils, and smooth pavers can be undermined or made hazardous to walk on because of the sand displaced by thousands of workers. Long tunnels in grassy lawns, up to half a centimetre deep below the soil surface, bear witness to the streams of myriads of foragers heading back to nest nodes, their crops filled with honeydew or nectar. Iridomyrmex chasei workers regularly work trees and shrubs near their nests, where they tend sap- sucking Hemiptera as well as gather nectar. This is a particularly aggressive species that will not hesitate to swarm over and bite people who are gardening, hanging out washing or engaging in other activities in yards or on front lawns.

Nomenclature

 *  chasei. Iridomyrmex chasei Forel, 1902h: 467 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Forel, 1907h: 288 (m.); Forel, 1910b: 52 (q.). Senior synonym of concolor, yalgooensis: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 60.
 * concolor. Iridomyrmex chasei var. concolor Forel, 1902h: 468 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Forel, 1907h: 289 (q.); Forel, 1910b: 53 (m.). Subspecies of chasei: Forel, 1907h: 289. Junior synonym of chasei: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 60.
 * yalgooensis. Iridomyrmex chasei var. yalgooensis Forel, 1907h: 288 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA. Junior synonym of chasei: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 60. See also: Wheeler, W.M. 1934d: 149.

Taxonomic Notes
This taxon is quite variable in appearance, and, to this point of time, it has been taken as an article of faith by myrmecologists that ‘I. chasei’ and its subspecies ‘concolor’ and ‘yalgooensis’ represent a complex of several if not many species. In fact, many hours of close examination has failed to result in the detection of discernible morphological differences across all populations. Moreover, preliminary molecular data using the mitochondrial gene CO 1 has also failed to detect strong divergence in populations, the large, orange red form ‘I. chasei’ falling in between two samples of smaller, brownish ‘I. concolor’ at the end of shallow twigs on a molecular phylogram (unpublished data). The position taken here is that I. chasei is a single ‘good’ species by all the indicators that can be marshalled at present.

Description
Worker Description. Head. Posterior margin of head strongly concave; erect setae on posterior margin in full- face view set in a row; sides of head noticeably convex; erect genal setae present on sides of head in full-face view, or absent from sides of head in full-face view (one to a few small setae may be present near mandibular insertion). Ocelli absent; in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of head capsule; eye asymmetrical, curvature of inner eye margin more pronounced than that of its outer margin. Frontal carinae straight; antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of head by 1-2 x its diameter. Erect setae on scape present and abundant, or absent, except at tip; prominence on anteromedial clypeal margin present as an indistinct swelling or undulation; mandible regularly triangular with oblique basal margin; long, curved setae on venter of head capsule absent. Mesosoma. Pronotum strongly inclined anteriorly. Erect pronotal setae moderate in number to numerous (6 or more) and longest setae elongate, flexuous and/or curved. Mesonotum sinuous, or straight. Erect mesonotal setae moderate in number (6-12), short and bristly, or sparse (6 or fewer) and bristly. Mesothoracic spiracles always inconspicuous; propodeal dorsum protuberant; placement of propodeal spiracle posteriad and near propodeal declivity, or mesad, more than its diameter away from propodeal declivity; propodeal angle present as a bluntly defined right angle, the dorsal and declivitous propodeal faces never separated by a carina. Erect propodeal setae moderate in number (6-12), short and bristly. Petiole. Dorsum of node acuminate, or convex; node thin, scale- like, orientation more-or-less vertical. Gaster. Non-marginal erect setae of gaster present on first gastral tergite; marginal erect setae of gaster present on first tergite. General characters. Allometric differences between workers of same nest absent. Colour foreparts variable in colour with shades of orange, red, brown or blackish-brown most frequent, alone or in combination, but with some mottling or infuscation usually evident, legs brown to blackish, gaster brown to black but without true iridescence (may have coppery reflections in some lights). Colour of erect setae pale brown.

Measurements. Worker (n = 19)—CI 84–94; EI 24–32; EL 0.19–0.23; EW 0.13–0.19; HFL 0.79–1.27; HL 0.7 1–1.03; HW 0.64–0.94; ML 0.85–1.34; MTL 0.57–1.14; PpH 0.10–0.23; PpL 0.37–0.60; SI 93–105; SL 0.65– 0.90.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * CSIRO Collection
 * Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
 * Chong C-S., L. J. Thomson, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2011. High diversity of ants in Australian vineyards. Australian Journal of Entomology 50: 7-21.
 * Chong C. S., C. F. D'Alberto, L. J. Thomson, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2010. Influence of native ants on arthropods communities in a vineyard. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12: 223-232.
 * Dias R. K. S. 2002. Current knowledge on ants of Sri Lanka. ANeT Newsletter 4: 17- 21.
 * Forel A. 1915. Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-13. 2. Ameisen. Ark. Zool. 9(16): 1-119
 * Forel, A. 1908. Fourmis de Ceylan et d'Égypte récoltées par le Prof. E. Bugnion. Lasius carniolicus. Fourmis de Kerguelen. Pseudandrie? Strongylognathus testaceus. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 44: 1-22
 * Heterick B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1-206.
 * Heterick B. E. 2013. A taxonomic overview and key to the ants of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 375-404.
 * Heterick B. E., B. Durrant, and N. R. Gunawardene. 2010. The ant fauna of the Pilbara Bioregion, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78: 157-167.
 * Heterick B. E., M. Lythe, and C; Smithyman. 2012. Urbanisation factors impacting on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biodiversity in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia: Two case studies. Urban Ecosyst. DOI 10.1007/s11252-012-0257-16
 * Heterick B. E., and S. Shattuck. 2011. Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2845: 1-174.
 * Shattuck S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 112: i-xix, 1-241.
 * Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1934. Contributions to the fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. No. IX. The ants. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 20: 137-163.