Odontomachus monticola

Odontomachus monticola is widespread in Asia, including India, Myanmer, mainland China and Taiwan. In China, its range extends north of Beijing to beyond 40 degrees N latitude (Teranishi, 1936, the species there reported as O. haematodus Linnaeus; see also Yasumatsu, 1962). In Japan, O. monticola were originally confined to the southwestern part of the country. Nevertheless, their habitat range has expanded to Tokyo due to climate change over the last few decades. They use their powerful stings to prey upon termites. Although they are not aggressive toward humans, their stings cause intense pain and prolonged itching (Kazuma et al., 2017). Nests are found under stones and in rotten wood. When escaping, workers will often jump backwards for some centimeters propelled by the force of their jaws snapping on the ground. On Yaku Island, Japan, it occurs at altitudes as high as 1200 m (Japanese Ant Image Database).

Identification
A member of the Odontomachus rixosus group.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Biology
Kazuma et al (2017) examined the composition of the venom of this ant through both transcriptomic and peptidomic analyses. They found: The transcriptome analysis yielded 49,639 contigs, of which 92 encoded toxin-like peptides and proteins with 18,106,338 mapped reads. We identified six pilosulin-like peptides by transcriptomic analysis in the venom gland. Further, we found intact pilosulin-like peptide 1 and truncated pilosulin-like peptides 2 and 3 by peptidomic analysis in the venom.

Nomenclature

 * . Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892d: 560 (diagnosis in key) (w.) MYANMAR.
 * Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104), 4 paralectotype workers
 * Type-locality: lectotype Myanmar: Carin Checù, 1300-1400 m., ii.-iii.1888 (L. Fea); paralectotypes: 2 workers with same data, 2 workers Myanmar: Carin Asciuii Chebà, 800-1400 m., xii.1887 (L. Fea).
 * Type-depositories: MSNG (lectotype); MHNG, MSNG (paralectotypes).
 * Emery, 1895k: 463 (q.); Ogata, 1987: 126 (m.).
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 51; Emery, 1895k: 463 (redescription); Forel, 1900c: 58; Bingham, 1903: 48; Emery, 1911d: 114; Forel, 1913e: 659; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 233; Santschi, 1920h: 159; Santschi, 1924c: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44; Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105, 157; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Morisita, et al. 1989: 29; Terayama, 1989a: 28; Wang, M. 1992: 678; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1301; Wang, M. 1993a: 220 (in key); Radchenko, 1993a: 77; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 34; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 31; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 289; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Zhang, W. & Zheng, 2002: 218; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Lin & Wu, 2003: 67; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 29; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102 (redescription); Terayama, 2009: 116; Zhou & Ran, 2010: 106; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 56; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 42; Chen, Shi & Zhou, 2018: 6 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of formosae: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 60; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 52.
 * Senior synonym of hainanensis: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of longi: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of major: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * Senior synonym of pauperculus: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of punctulatus: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * Senior synonym of striata: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.
 * Distribution: China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * formosae. Odontomachus monticola var. formosae Forel, 1912a: 46 (w.q.m.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
 * Type-localities: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Kankan, Pilam, and Kosempo (H. Sauter).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Forel, 1913f: 183; Santschi, 1925f: 82; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Teranishi, 1940: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * hainanensis. Odontomachus monticola var. hainanensis Stitz, 1925: 115, fig. 3 (w.) CHINA (Hainan I.).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: China: Hainan (Schoede).
 * Type-depository: MNHU.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * longi. Odontomachus monticola var. longi Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam, Meghalaya).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: India: Assam (Long), and India: Assam, Garo Hills, CI/6 (Long).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Bingham, 1903: 49; Forel, 1911d: 379; Emery, 1911d: 114; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * major. Odontomachus monticola var. major Forel, 1913f: 183 (w.) TAIWAN.
 * Type-material: 4 syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Taihorin (H. Sauter).
 * Type-depository: MHNG, MSNG.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
 * pauperculus. Odontomachus monticola subsp. pauperculus Wheeler, W.M. 1921c: 530 (w.) CHINA (Zhejiang).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: China: Mokanshan (N.G. Gee).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * punctulatus. Odontomachus monticola r. punctulatus Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: Assam, LXI’X/7 (Pennington).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Status as species: Bingham, 1903: 49; Emery, 1911d: 114; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 8; Mukerjee, 1930: 149; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Wu, C.F. 1941: 149; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 290 (error).
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
 * striata. Odontomachus latidens susbp. striata Menozzi, 1930d: 329 (w.) CHINA (Hong Kong).
 * Type-material: holotype queen.
 * Type-locality: China: Hong Kong (H. Eidmann).
 * Type-depository: IEUB.
 * Subspecies of latidens: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
 * Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.

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