Heteroponera monticola

Heteroponera monticola comes from a high, wet region near the upper limit of forest ant occurrence, where ants of whatever kind are scarce and very hard to find (Kempf and Brown 1970).

Identification
See the nomenclature section below.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Colombia.

Biology
Kempf and Brown (1970) - The nests as found contained from about 30 to about 45 adult workers each. From nest C-21, 5 workers were dissected, and all had 6 malpighian tubules. Of 8 workers dissected from nest C-25, 2 had 5 tubules. 3 had 6, and 3 had 7.

Nomenclature

 * . Heteroponera monticola Kempf & Brown, 1970: 312, figs. 1, 2 (w.) COLOMBIA.
 * Type-material: holotype worker, 55 paratype workers.
 * Type-locality: holotype Colombia: Valle Dept., Television Tower Road, Salidito, W Cali, 1900-2100 m., 23.iii.1967, C-25, in rotten wood (R.B. Root & W.L. Brown); paratypes: 33 workers with same data, 22 workers with same data but 2100 m., C-21, in mossy log.
 * Type-depositories: MCZC (holotype); CUIC, MCZC, MZSP (paratypes).
 * Status as species: Kempf, 1972a: 117; Fernández, 1993: 253; Bolton, 1995b: 212; Arias-Penna & Fernández, 2008: 115; Feitosa & Prada-Achiardi, 2019: 676.
 * Distribution: Colombia.

General habitus of an Acanthoponera, but with reduced number of palpal segments (3,3), simple tarsal claws and obsolescent antennal scrobes, which characters place it into genus Heteroponera.

In Kempf's key (1962: 31-32) the present species runs to couplet 2. On account of its piceous color and relatively weakly sculptured terga I and II of gaster, monticola agrees more with the first alternative, Heteroponera carinifrons from Chile, but is really strikingly different from the latter species in general habitus, much larger size, protruding and marginate occipital lobes, strong propodeal teeth, strong reclinate spine on petiolar apex, heavily reticulate-foveolate dorsum and sides of head.

On account of the lobate occipital corners and well developed propodeal spines, monlicola is closest to the nearly sympatric Heteroponera inca (the only other species having these characters), from which it disagrees in the following features: Body color black, much larger size, shorter and parallel frontal carinae, shorter and less distinct antennal scrobe, longer funicular segments II-VII (longer than thick), more superficial and less distinct reticulate-rugose macrosculpture on thorax and gaster, strong petiolar spine like that of Acanthoponera, and longer propodeal teeth.

Worker
holotype - Total length 7 mm; maximum length of head capsule 1.65 mm; maximum width of head in front of eyes 1.46 mm; maximum width between frontal carinae 0.73 mm; maximum diameter of eyes 0.29 mm; length of scape 1.24 mm; Weber's length of thorax 2.11 mm; hind femur length 1.65 mm; petiole length 0.59 mm; petiole width 0.59 mm; width of tergum I of gaster 1.43 mm; width of tergum II of gaster 1.32 mm. Piceous black, gaster lighter, more reddish-brown; mandibles, tips of scapes, femora and tibiae, the entire coxae and trochanters fuscous ferruginous; funiculi, tarsi and apical gastric segments lighter. Integument quite shiny throughout notwithstanding the sculpture. Normally exposed surfaces of body covered with an abundant and mostly decumbent, fine, light-colored pubescence, sparse only on the mandibles, gula and retractile segments of gaster. Body and appendages also with an abundant pilosity of fine, tapered erect hairs, uneven in length, the longest about 0.50 mm long.

Head as shown in figure 1 and 2. Mandibles triangular, smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctulae, baso-laterally inconspicuously rugulose-punctate; chewing border with approximately 8 small teeth, apical and subapical teeth stronger: basal angle rectangular; a shallow curved groove parallels the basal border. Clypeus convex in the middle, with a strong sagittal carina prolonged more faintly caudad over the dorsum of head, fading on occiput; anterior clypeal apron narrow, its border gently convex, its lateral corners bluntly rectangular. Frontal area smooth, distinctly impressed. Frontal carinae forming convex lobes in front, covering the antennal sockets from above, then running parallel caudad and fading out at level of middle of eyes. Antennal scrobes weakly defined, terminating indefinitely in front and above eyes. Eyes strongly convex, each with a circummarginal sulcus; facet count across greatest diameter about 14. Occipital corners lobate, projecting both in dorsal and lateral view, sharply marginate infra-laterally. Antennal scapes finely reticulate-punctate, incrassate toward apices, which reach or even slightly surpass the occipital margin when laid straight back or nearly so from their insertions. Funiculi gradually thickened toward their apices; segments I and XI nearly twice as long as thick, the remaining segments slightly to distinctly longer than thick. Dorsum and sides of head reticulate-rugose and foveate; the foveae larger, with the intervening meshes of rugae less distinct, on dorsum, smaller, and rugae more distinct, on sides. Gular face impressed; finely but indistinctly reticulate-punctate or rugulose. Microsculpture of head capsule consisting of fine more or less distinct punctulae. Palpal formula 3,3.

Truncus as shown in Fig. 2. Pronotum gently convex in both directions, shoulders completely rounded, antero-inferior corner rectangular. Promesonotal suture deeply cut, possibly mobile. Mesonotum continuous with dorsum of propodeum, straight in profile, transversely convex; metanotal suture absent. Propodeal teeth unusually long, obliquely raised and diverging caudad; their length greater than the distance between their inner faces at base. Propodeal stigma protruding, its opening facing caudad. Declivitous face of propodeum transversely costate between spines, smooth and shiny below, laterally immarginate. Microsculpture of truncus consisting of fine, indistinct punctulae and rugulae, which do not suppress very much the luster of the integument. Dorsum of thorax with shallow larger foveae (especially on pronotum) and more distinct rugulae. Coxae more heavily punctulate and subopaque; femora and tibiae more lightly sculptured and shining. Tarsal claws simple (without basal lobe and preapical tooth), needlelike.

Petiolar node as long as broad, its apex drawn out posteriorly in a long spine extending caudad and sloping slightly dorsad. Subpetiolar process in the form of a sagittal flange, the anterior corner of which is rectangular, the posterior subacute. Segment I of gaster (postpetiole) vaulted, hemispherical, slightly constricted just in front of posterior margin. Segment II narrower, with the stigma protruding from a small tumulus on each side of tergum. Sculpture of petiole and segments I and II of gaster the same as on thorax. Petiole with only anterior face finely punctulate; posterior face, beneath spine, practically smooth and shining. Tergum I with sparse, shallow foveae, the punctulae quite superficial except on posterior margin where rugulae become more distinct.

Variation. - No specimens were found in any of the three nests that showed outward signs of being a queen, ergatoid or otherwise. We assume that in this species, as in most Rhytidoponera and some other ectatommines, there is no obvious morphological differentiation of worker and queen castes, but that certain individual workers are fertilized and act as reproductives. The two nest series studied under the lens differ from each other in size and color. The first series, including the holotype, averages larger: head length 1.59-1.73 mm; head width 1.35-1.48 mm; truncus length 2.00-2.13 mm; hind femur length 1.59-1.68 mm; whereas the second series (C-21) has head length 1.40-1.46 mm; head width 1.21-1.30 mm; truncus length 1.64-1.81 mm; hind femur length 1.35-1.41 mm. This last series has the mandibles, antennae and legs a somewhat brighter ferruginous, contrasting with the black body. Immature workers of both series are dark reddish brown. Some individuals have the propodeal teeth very slightly recurved at their apices, while others have straight teeth. The petiolar spine also varies in that some examples have the apex straight, while others have it bent very slightly downwards. Sculptural and other variation is very slight.

Type Material
56 workers, as follows: Colombia, Valle Dept., Television Tower Road, Salidito, W of Cali, 1900-2100 m, March 23, 1967, R. B. Root and W. L. Brown, Jr. leg., 34 workers (holotype and paratypes), collected in rotten wood (no. C-25); same data, 2100 m, 22 workers (paratypes), collected in mossy log (no. C-21), deposited in Cornell University collection and WWK. A third colony, later lost when the vial was broken, was taken near colony C-25 in a cavity of a small tree, under rhizomes of an epiphyte about 2.5 m above the ground.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Bustos H., J. 1994. Contribucion al conocimiento de al fauna de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del occidente del Departamento de Narino (Colombia). Bol. Mus. Ent. Univ. Valle 2(1,2):19-30
 * Fernández F., E. E. Palacio, W. P. Mackay, and E. S. MacKay. 1996. Introducción al estudio de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Pp. 349-412 in: Andrade M. G., G. Amat García, and F. Fernández. (eds.) 1996. Insectos de Colombia. Estudios escogidos. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 541 pp
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).