Echinopla cherapunjiensis

The holotype was collected from a high elevation range of the North-Eastern Himalayas in an area with wet atmospheric conditions and high annual rainfall. The specimen was collected from inside of a hollow twig of a broad leaved tree.

Identification
Zettel and Laciny (2015), Philippines - A member of the Echinopla melanarctos species group. This species can be characterized by the: tuberculate sculpture of head and mesosoma; tergite 1 of the gaster polyporous; black trunk with yellowish legs, scape, and mouthparts; and white pilosity. It shares the position of eyes with Echinopla tritschleri but is easily distinguished from this species by the: relatively low pedestals on head and mesosoma, polyporous sculpture of tergite 1, almost vertically positioned frontal lobes, longer and lower polyporous petiolar-node, and a narrow mesometanotal suture covered by the dense hair (similar to Echinopla tritschleri.

Bharti and Gul (2012), India - Echinopla cherapunjiensis is significantly different from all known species of this genus. The species is well distinguished by the distinct sculpture (sinuate sculpture, spikes, excavations) of body, shape of mesosoma (flat dorsum, narrow mesometanotal suture covered by the dense hair), sculpture, shape and number of teeth on petiole (surface excavated, scale transverse, 7 teeth). The shape of mesosoma is a trait somewhat unique to this species. It is remarkably different from Echinopla senilis, the only other species reported from India. It is easy separated from E. senilis due to this congener having a body that is striped and its pro-mesonotal and meso-metanotal sutures are distinct, which is not the case with E. cherapunjiensis. The species shows some resemblance with Echinopla melanarctos but can be reasonably differentiated, as E. melanarctos possesses short spiky, blunt elevations that are distinctly present on head, mesosoma and gaster, the mesosomal dorsum is strongly convex in profile, and the head flat on the posterior margin, while in Echinopla cherapunjiensis the gaster is only excavated without distinct elevations, mesosomal dorsum flat, and posterior margin of the head convex. Additionally, the setae in E. melanarctos are very dense, thick and much longer than E. cherapunjiensis.

However, the species most closely resembles Echinopla pallipes. In E. pallipes' the mesosoma dorsally, in profile, forms a strongly convex arch (dome shaped), the petiolar scale is smooth without any sculpture, and only two short horizontal spines are present on the petiole but in Echinopla cherapunjiensis'', the mesosomal dorsum is flat in profile, the surface of petiolar scale is rough due to excavations and spiky elevations, and the petiole has seven distinct teeth.

Distribution
Bharti and Gul (2012) described E. cherapunjiensis from a worker collected in Meghalaya, northeastern India. Other occurrence records include: Liu et al. (2015) Yunnan, China, Antweb (2015) Guanxi, China (as “Echinopla cn01”), Zettel & Laciny (2015) Laos and West Malaysia, and Zettel & Laciny (2017) Myanmar.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Malaysia. Oriental Region: India, Laos, Myanmar. Palaearctic Region: China.

Biology
Bharti and Gul (2012) - Appears to be rare in Himalaya, was found only once in a single locality of Meghalaya during intensive surveys. The holotype was found under the cover of a rain forest nesting inside a hollow twig and was collected by hand picking.

Nomenclature

 *  cherapunjiensis. Echinopla cherapunjiensis Bharti & Gul, 2012: e-53, figs. 1-3 (w.) INDIA.

Worker
Holotype. TL 6.6; HL 1.70; HW 1.90; WL 2.16; PW 0.75; PL 0.60; SL 1.49; GL 2.14 mm. Indices: CI 89.47; SI 78.42; PI 125.

Head. Head more or less globose in full face view, broadest just behind eyes; lateral sides convex; posterior margin of head feebly convex; eyes very prominent, with approximately 21 facets in its greatest diameter, positioned behind the midline, towards lateral sides of the head; clypeus weakly convex, with its anterior border more or less straight; frontal lobes much raised over the antennal sockets; mandibles short, stout armed with five prominent teeth; antennal scape slender, short, extending up to the posterior bor- der of head, funiculus with first joint a little longer than the following six, which are of about equal length, last joint about as long as the two preceding taken together.

Mesosoma and petiole. In profile, mesosomal dorsum more or less flat; in dorsal view, the sides of the mesosoma narrowed to the base of the propodeum; promesonotal and mesometanotal suture obsolete; scale of petiole transverse, armed with seven teeth, which are almost equidistant, except for the dorsal two teeth, where the distance is max- imum between the two; propodeal declivity more or less straight; gaster subglobose, broad in dorsal view; the acidopore at the apex of gaster, covered by long bristles. Sculpture. Head, mesosoma, petiole coarsely sinuous and excavated; gaster only exca- vated; whole head and mesosoma and basal part of the gaster interspersed with spiky blunt elevations placed in great regularity over the entire upper surface making the surface rough, each elevation having a long setae at its apex, the elevations longer on the mesosoma and relatively short on head, petiole and gaster; mandibles, legs and scape smooth.

Pilosity. Head, mesosoma, gaster, petiole and legs covered with hairs, more abundant and curved on head and mesosoma, sparse on gaster and legs, straight and plentiful on petiole; pubescence more dense on antennal funiculus, sparse on legs; entire surface of the body, including legs and scape, covered with more uniformly placed long setae. Color. Mandibles, antennae, eyes and legs light brown to dark brown; head, mesosoma, petiole and gaster black; mandibles, antennal scapes, legs and ventral part of gaster shiny.

Type Material
Holotype worker. India, Meghalaya, Cherapunji, 25.2988° N 91.7086° E, 1200 m a. s. l. 02. i. v. 2009 (coll. Irfan Gul). Holotype deposited in Punjabi University Patiala Ant Collection (PUPAC), Patiala, India.

Etymology
The species is named after the type locality, Cherapunji.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Fontanilla A. M., A. Nakamura, Z. Xu, M. Cao, R. L. Kitching, Y. Tang, and C. J. Burwell. 2019. Taxonomic and functional ant diversity along tropical, subtropical, and subalpine elevational transects in southwest China. Insects 10, 128; doi:10.3390/insects10050128
 * Liu C, B. Guénard, F Hita Garcia, S. Yamane, B. Blanchard, and E. Economo. New records of ant species from Yunnan, China. Submitted to Zookeys
 * Xu Z., and X. Zhou. 2015. Species grouping and key to known species of the ant Genus Echinopla Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with reports of Chinese species. Asian Myrmecology 7:.
 * Zettel H. and A. Laciny. 2017. Further additions to the taxonomy and distribution of the ant genus Echinopla (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien B. 119: 7-16.