Lepisiota frauenfeldi

Distribution
Although its origin seems Palaearctic, this species is more densely distributed in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East and has been introduced on some islands of the Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan and Nearctic region as well as in the Australasia region (Guénard et al., 2017). Schifani et al. (2018) recently discovered it in the Canary Islands of Tenerife and Fuerteventura. In our sampling, it was also detected on Lanzarote and La Gomera as well as the islands where it was previously reported (Hernandez-Teixidor et al., 2020).

Wachkoo et al. (2021) - Forel (1885) first considered that L. frauenfeldi was Palearctic in distribution and attributed Indian specimens from Kolkata (then Calcutta), West Bengal to Lepisiota bipartita''. But, in his subsequent publications (Forel 1886, 1894), he argued that he had confused L. bipartita with L. frauenfeldi and accordingly treated specimens from Kolkata and Barrackpore as L. frauenfeldi. However, he also mentioned its rare occurrence in India. Bingham (1903), Rothney (1903), and subsequent Indian authors until today continued with Forel’s (1886, 1894) unverified reporting without further clarification (see Bharti et al. 2016).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Malagasy Region: Réunion. Palaearctic Region: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Malta, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Spain, Turkey.

Biology
Sorger et al. (2016) - In 2005, this species was discovered at the airport in Guam and subsequently eradicated (Hoffmann et al. 2011). In 2013, it was found covering a 60-ha area around Perth, Australia, airport, where it may have arrived 5 years earlier, and a year later a 10-ha outbreak was located 6km away in the suburb of Belmont. While these Perth populations have been eradicated, in 2016 another infestation of this species led to the partial shut-down of the port of Darwin, Australia (Mark Widmer, pers. comm.).

Lepisiota frauenfeldi is considered an invasive species (FAO, 2018), which eats and displaces native ant species, as well as other insects in the infested area (Commonwealth of Australia, 2019). In Australia, it is a serious environmental pest (Commonwealth of Australia, 2019) and currently is under national eradication there (Commonwealth of Australia, 2018) (Hernandez-Teixidor et al., 2020).

Association with Other Organisms
This species is known to tend the following aphids in Pakistan (Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020): , ,, , , , , , , and. It is also known to tend (Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019) and  (Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019).

Nomenclature

 *  frauenfeldi. Hypoclinea frauenfeldi Mayr, 1855: 378 (w.) YUGOSLAVIA. Roger, 1859: 243 (q.); Emery, 1878b: 46 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1968: 209 (l.). Combination in Acantholepis: Mayr, 1861: 42; in Lepisiota: Baroni Urbani, Bolton & Ward, 1992: 303. Senior synonym of azerbeidzhanica, caucasica: Arakelian, 1994: 81. Current subspecies: nominal plus aegyptiaca, atlantis, barbara, ferganica, kantarensis, libanica, marocana, pubescens, saharensis, truncata, variabilis, velox. See also: Bingham, 1903: 316; Santschi, 1917d: 42; Tohmé, H. 1981: 1; Atanassov & Dulssky, 1992: 205.
 * azerbeidzhanica. Acantholepis frauenfeldi var. azerbeidzhanica Karavaiev, 1932: 250, fig. 1 (w.) AZERBAIJAN. Combination in Lepisiota: Bolton, 1995b: 226. Junior synonym of frauenfeldi: Arakelian, 1994: 81.

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