Camponotus castaneus

Camponotus castaneus commonly nests in the soil, or under stones (Buren, 1944) or in rotten stumps or logs or fallen branches exposed to the soil. It forms moderately populous colonies but is very timid and apparently primarily nocturnal (Wheeler, 1910a, 1917a). MacGown and Brown (2006) found nests in the soil at the base of Fagus grandifolia in a seepage area. In warm sites, C. castaneus tends to occupy relatively heated chambers (Diamond et al., 2012). (Kackay, 2019)

Compare with Camponotus americanus, Camponotus semitestaceus

All castes of C. castaneus are usually easily recognized by their deep, golden honey color and that most surfaces are at least partially glossy and shining. The cheeks are often without setae, although two setae may be present on workers and females (in rare instances up to 6 setae may be present on the cheeks, especially in females and minors, but no erect and suberect setae are near the eyes), the sides of the head are nearly always without erect and suberect setae and the scapes are without erect and suberect setae (except at the apex). The base of the scape is slightly flattened. The anterior border of the clypeus of the major and female (and to a lesser extent the minor) is crenulated. The dorsum of the gaster is glossy and shining. The mid and posterior tibiae have a row of erect or suberect setae which extend at least half the length of the flexor surface. The clypeal carina is present, but poorly developed.

The male is similar in color and is relatively large (total length 11 mm).

Comparisons
Camponotus castaneus is difficult to separate from Camponotus americanus (eastern US), which was previously considered to be a subspecies (Creighton, 1950). The most obvious character to separate the two species is the lack of erect or suberect setae on the cheeks (rarely up to six are present) of C. castaneus, whereas the cheeks of majors, minors and females of C. americanus usually have more than eight suberect setae. The males of C. castaneus have no setae on the cheeks, the males of C. americanus usually have two suberect setae.

The Camponotus castaneus major worker superficially resembles that of Camponotus semitestaceus (subgenus Tanaemyrmex, western and south-central US) in color and size but can be easily distinguished as it lacks the lobe or widened area near the base of the scape, which is present in C. semitestaceus, as well as a clypeal carina which is lacking in C. castaneus.

Camponotus castaneus was collected from cleared upland deciduous forest along a power line, in oak and long-leaf pine sand barrens, at the edge of an old field, in saw palmetto, in dry oak forests, long leaf pine forests, mixed hardwood forests, mixed pine hardwoods, on a flood plain, in sand pine/rosemary scrub, sand pine/turkey oak, in a recently burned hardwood forest, in burned loblolly pine forest, second growth pines, and even desert thorn scrub. It was reported from deciduous and mixed forest and are typical residents of savannas (Colby and Prowell, 2006), from hardwood hammock and pine flatwoods (King, 2007), and from urban habitats (Guénard et al., 2015), with increased abundance in disturbed areas (Walker, 2013). It is a warm climate forest dweller (Ellison et al., 2012).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: United States.

Workers forage between 9:00 - 16:00; Ellison et al. (2012) reported they were mainly nocturnal in New England. They are predaceous (collected in live mealworm baits on the soil surface); Ellison et al. (2012) concludes they are omnivorous. They also collect dead insects and tend homopterans. They are important in seed removal, which is affected by temperature (Stuble et al., 2014).

Sexuals overwinter in the nest and fly the following year. Sexuals were collected in nests in February, March, April, June and August. Nuptial flights occur at night when sexuals can be collected at lights from April - September. Loose sexuals were collected loose on ground from April - September and November.

Camponotus castaneus is a host of the endosymbiotic proteobacteria Candidatus Blochmannia (Degnan et al., 2004), which has close relatives that occur in aphids and the tsetse fly (Sauer et al, 2000). It is also the host of Wolbachia bacteria (Wernegreen et al., 2009). They have gram-negative prokaryotic endosymbionts in the follicle cells (Peloquin et al., 2001).

It is infected by the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato (de Bakker et al., 2014) and parasitized by the nematode Rabbium paradoxus (Poinar, 2012).

Camponotus castaneus is a host of the ant cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei (Hebard, 1920).

Camponotus castaneus occasionally forages nocturnally into structures (Hansen and Klotz, 2005; Ellison et al., 2012), but is generally not a major economic pest. It is one of the four most common house infesting ants in Illinois (Walker, 2013).

Hölldobler and Engel-Siegel (1984) discussed the lack of the metapleural gland in this species. Hohl et al. (2003) characterized the trail pheromones and Dufour gland contents. Kohl et al. (2003) identified the trail pheromone of Camponotus castaneus as 6-sec-butyl-2,5-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one 124 (Morgan, 2008).

Fungi


Mangold et al. (2019) studied the mechanistic details of how the fungus infects its worker hosts and causes the ants to clamp their mandibles onto a leaf with a so called death grip. This anchoring attaches the dying worker to the vegetation, which in turn allows the fungus to develop its spores in a location where their release will occur over and thus onto the forest floor below. This study found the fungus builds and penetrates around cells and tissues of the ant's mandibular muscles to produce its death grip. Motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions did not show any evidence of being effected or attacked by the fungus.

Nomenclature

 * . Formica castanea Latreille, 1802c: 118, pl. 3, figs. 11, 12 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. (Pennsylvania, Carolina).
 * Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 321 (s.).
 * Combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 6;
 * combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Creighton, 1950a: 375;
 * combination in C. (Camponotus): Forel, 1914a: 266; Mackay, 2019: 182.
 * Junior synonym of herculeanus: Smith, F. 1858b: 53; Mayr, 1863: 399; Forel, 1874: 96 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 447.
 * Status as species: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 215; Haliday, 1836: 329; Mayr, 1886d: 420; Forel, 1886f: 141; Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 223; Emery, 1893i: 673; Emery, 1896d: 372 (in list); Wheeler, W.M. 1905f: 402; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 321 (redescription); Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 571; Wheeler, W.M. 1913c: 117; Forel, 1914a: 266; Forel, 1914d: 288; Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 600; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 465; Emery, 1925b: 74; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 6; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 13; Dennis, 1938: 300; Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G. 1940: 103; Buren, 1944a: 294; Creighton, 1950a: 375; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 143; Carter, 1962a: 7 (in list); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 147; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 100; Bolton, 1995b: 91; Deyrup, 2003: 44; Coovert, 2005: 164; Hansen & Klotz, 2005: 95; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 65; MacGown, et al. 2007: 19; Ellison, et al. 2012: 119; Deyrup, 2017: 187; Mackay, 2019: 182 (redescription).
 * Senior synonym of clarus: Mayr, 1886d: 420; Forel, 1886f: 141; Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 223; Emery, 1896d: 372; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; Bolton, 1995b: 91; Mackay, 2019: 182.
 * Senior synonym of mellea: Mayr, 1886d: 420; Forel, 1886f: 141; Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 223; Emery, 1896d: 372; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 321; Emery, 1925b: 74; Creighton, 1950a: 375; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; Bolton, 1995b: 91; Mackay, 2019: 182.
 * americana. Formica americana Buckley, 1866: 154 (w.q.) U.S.A. (Connecticut).
 * [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Camponotus americanus Mayr, 1862: 661 (Bolton, 1995b: 85).]
 * Combination in Camponotus: Emery, 1895c: 337; Wheeler, W.M. 1902f: 19.
 * Status as species: Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 192.
 * Unidentifiable taxon; incertae sedis in Camponotus: Bolton, 1995b: 85.
 * [Note: Emery, 1895c: 337, and Wheeler, W.M. 1902f: 19, suspected this name was cognate with marginatus. Emery, 1925b: 117, provisionally synonymised it with minutus. Smith, M.R. 1951a: 845, and Smith, D.R. 1979: 1432, dubiously place it near nearcticus (Bolton, 1995b: 85).]
 * clarus. Camponotus clarus Mayr, 1862: 660 (w.) U.S.A. (Pennsylvania).
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 5; Mayr, 1863: 398.
 * Junior synonym of mellea: Mayr, 1866a: 485 (in text).
 * Junior synonym of castaneus: Mayr, 1886d: 420; Forel, 1886f: 141; Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 223; Emery, 1896d: 372; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; Bolton, 1995b: 91; Mackay, 2019: 182.
 * mellea. Formica mellea Say, 1836: 286 (m.) U.S.A. (Louisiana).
 * Mayr, 1866a: 485 (w.q.).
 * Combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 5.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 54; Roger, 1863b: 5; Mayr, 1866a: 485; Forel, 1879a: 60.
 * Junior synonym of castaneus: Mayr, 1886d: 420; Forel, 1886f: 141; Cresson, 1887: 255; Dalla Torre, 1893: 223; Emery, 1896d: 372; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 321; Emery, 1925b: 74; Creighton, 1950a: 375; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1428; Bolton, 1995b: 111; Mackay, 2019: 182.
 * mendax. Camponotus foraminosus subsp. mendax Emery, 1895h: 54 (w.) SOUTH AFRICA (date of publication 16.viii.1895).
 * [Junior primary homonym of Camponotus sericeus var. mendax Forel, 1895e: 454 (Bolton, 1995b: 111).]
 * Subspecies foraminosus: Emery, 1896d: 376 (in list); Forel, 1910f: 30.
 * Subspecies of grandidieri: Santschi, 1915c: 274; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 982; Stitz, 1923: 165; Arnold, 1924: 732; Emery, 1925b: 132.
 * Replacement name: Camponotus grandidieri eumendax Özdikmen, 2010a: 526.

Type Material
Wheeler (1910) - The types of this species, which is easily recognized by the red color of all the phases, came from the Carolinas and Pennsylvania. Types were not examined by Mackay (2019).

Major worker measurements (mm): HL 2.88 - 3.38, HW 2.62 - 3.40, SL 3.10 - 3.25, EL 0.61 - 0.71, CL 0.86 - 1.09, CW 1.10 - 1.20, WL 4.20 - 4.66, FFL 2.62 - 2.86, FFW 0.68 - 0.79. Indices: CI 91 - 101, SI 96 - 108, CLI 110 - 128, FFI 26 - 28.

Mandibles with 5 teeth; anterior border of clypeus convex, crenulate, clypeus convex, but with carina poorly marked; head heart-shaped, with anterior half strongly narrowed; posterior margin concave; eyes failing to reach sides of head by nearly 1 minimum diameter; scape extending past posterior lateral corner of head by 2 funicular segments; dorsopropodeum about 1½ times length of posteropropodeum; petiole with node rounded as seen from front.

Erect and suberect setae scattered on dorsal and ventral surfaces of head, clypeus, nearly absent on cheeks and sides of head, present on mesosoma, petiole and gaster; appressed pubescence very tiny and sparse.

Sculpture coriaceous, mostly shining, especially gaster.

Color light brown, ranging to dark brown in a few specimens.

Minor worker measurements (mm): HL 1.94 - 2.58, HW 1.34 - 2.10, SL 2.56 - 2.88, EL 0.49 - 0.59, CL 0.54 - 0.74, CW 0.80 - 1.00, WL 3.08 - 3.82, FFL 2.06 - 2.44, FFW 0.48 - 0.61. Indices: CI 69 - 81, SI 112 - 132, CLI 136 - 149, FFI 23 - 25.

Mandibles with 5 teeth; anterior border of clypeus similar to that of major, except with poorly developed crenulations; posterior margin convex; eyes not reaching (larger minors) or barely surpassing (smaller minors) sides of head; scape extending 3 funicular segments (larger minor workers) to ½ length (smallest minor workers) past posterior lateral corner of head; dorsopropodeum twice length of posteropropodeum; petiole thick in profile, petiolar apex round as seen from front.

Erect and suberect setae, appressed pubescence, sculpture and color as in major.

Female measurements (mm): HL 3.26 - 3.38, HW 3.06 - 3.36, SL 2.92 - 3.02, EL 0.79 - 0.86, CL 0.96 - 1.01, CW 1.19 - 1.26, WL 5.48 - 6.00, FFL 2.88 - 3.00, FFW 0.73 - 0.74. Indices: CI 94 - 99, SI 89 - 90, CLI 123 - 125, FFI 24 - 25.

Mandible with 5 teeth, similar to major in most aspects, except head not as strongly narrowed anteriorly; clypeus with crenulations along anterior border; eyes nearly reaching sides of head.

Erect and suberect setae as in major, but more commonly found on cheeks and even sides of head; appressed pubescence, sculpture and color as in major.

Male measurements (mm): HL 1.58 - 1.74, HW 1.34 - 1.54, SL 2.14 - 2.28, EL 0.58 - 0.61, CL 0.48 - 0.51, CW 0.66 - 0.93, WL 3.92 - 4.14, FFL 2.52 - 2.68, FFW 0.43 - 0.51. Indices: CI 85 - 89, SI 131 - 136, CLI 139 - 180, FFI 17 - 19.

Mandible without teeth (other than apical angle); medial anterior border of clypeus nearly straight, without crenulations, clypeus with convex surface, nearly without evidence of carina; scape extending more than ½ length past posterior lateral corner of head; propodeum rounded; petiole thick, petiolar apex weakly convex as seen from behind (rarely concave).

Erect and suberect setae, appressed pubescence, sculpture and color as in major.

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