Cephalotes grandinosus

Specimen label information shows that C. grandinosus have been collected in forest and at the edge of a river. Koch et al. (2018) sampled this species in Caryocar barsiliense trees, in southeastern Brazil cerrado, as part of a study examining species interactions in ant-plants. Little else is known about the biology of .

Identification
A member of the grandinosus clade characterised in the worker, soldier and gyne by the large and irregular foveae on the head; in the worker only by the flat gastral lamellae and by the mesonotum with two pairs of teeth. The worker, soldier and gyne of C. grandinosus are separate from the similar Cephalotes persimilis and Cephalotes persimplex by the broader and irregular foveae on the head dorsum. (de Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999)

Distribution
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Brazil and Bolivia.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago.

Nomenclature

 * . Cryptocerus grandinosus Smith, F. 1860c: 76, pl. 4, fig. 5 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Ega (= Tefé) (H.W. Bates?).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Emery, 1894c: 219 (s.q.).
 * Combination in Cryptocerus (Cyathocephalus): Santschi, 1919f: 47;
 * combination in Paracryptocerus (Harnedia): Kempf, 1952: 11;
 * combination in Zacryptocerus: Brandão, 1991: 386;
 * combination in Cephalotes: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 433.
 * Junior synonym of pinelii: Emery, 1890a: 68; Emery, 1890b: 75; Dalla Torre, 1893: 144; Emery, 1894g: 385; Emery, 1894k: 61; Forel, 1895b: 134.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1862d: 411; Mayr, 1863: 406; Roger, 1863b: 38; Mayr, 1884: 37; Emery, 1888c: 362; Emery, 1894c: 209; Forel, 1895b: 141; Emery, 1896h: 636; Forel, 1899c: 50; Forel, 1907a: 12; Forel, 1907e: 3; Forel, 1908c: 354; Forel, 1909a: 257; Luederwaldt, 1918: 41; Santschi, 1919f: 47; Emery, 1924d: 310; Borgmeier, 1927c: 118; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 207; Kempf, 1952: 11 (redescription); Kempf, 1958a: 18; Kempf, 1972a: 177; Kempf, 1974a: 73 (in key); Brandão, 1991: 386; Bolton, 1995b: 425; De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 433 (redescription); Sandoval-Gómez & Sánchez-Restrepo, 2019: 911.
 * Senior synonym of nevadensis: Kempf, 1952: 11; Kempf, 1972a: 177; Brandão, 1991: 386; Bolton, 1995b: 425; De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 435.
 * Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela.
 * nevadensis. Cryptocerus grandinosus var. nevadensis Forel, 1912e: 202 (w.) COLOMBIA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Colombia: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, “Burithaka” (A. Forel) (by restriction of De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 435).
 * [Note: other original syntypes of this taxon from Brazil: Pará (Göldi) were excluded as not conspecific with the Colombia syntypes, by De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 435.]
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of grandinosus: Emery, 1924d: 310.
 * Junior synonym of grandinosus: Kempf, 1952: 11; Kempf, 1972a: 177; Brandão, 1991: 386; Bolton, 1995b: 426; De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 435.

Worker
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head subquadrate; frons convex in the middle. Frontal carinae crenulate, covering large part of the mandibles and upturned above the eyes. Vertexal angles membranaceous, with a developed, round margin converging and narrowing before the middle of the vertexal border. Mandibles with a lateral carina visible in side view.

Mesosoma gently convex. Scapular angles absent or not visible in dorsal view. Anterior pronotal border straight; pronotal sides with a broad membranaceous expansion, anteriorly obtuse and narrowing posteriorly. Promesonotal suture superficially impressed in some specimens only. Mesonotum with two pairs of triangular, membranaceous teeth, the anterior pair longer, thicker and broader than the posterior one. Propodeal suture impressed. Declivous face of the propodeum gently sloping backwards. Basal and declivous propodeal faces with a broad membranaceous expansion starting from the anterior part of the basal face and strongly projected anteriorly, almost reaching the mesonotal spines forwards and broadening backwards; margin of the membranaceous expansion of the propodeum minutely crenulate and beset with minute hairs.

Petiole with a concave anterior face bearing laterally a pair of obtuse denticles; postpetiolar dorsum sloping anteriorly. Sides of the petiole with a broad, wing-shaped, membranaceous expansion with obtuse tip. Postpetiole slightly convex dorsally; postpetiolar sides with another broad, wing-shaped, membranaceous expansion with obtuse tip.

Gaster oval. First gastral tergite anterolaterally with a broad, flat, membranaceous expansion surpassing the stigma.

Mid and hind femora angulate; hind femora with two membranaceous crests on the two distal thirds, one on the dorsal face and another on the ventral face; mid femora with a narrow membranaceous crest dorsally and with a crest as high as the one on the hind femora ventrally. Mid and hind basitarsi flat and with slightly broad base.

Sculpture. Head dorsum punctate, with dense, large, irregular foveae diminishing in size and less impressed anteriorly. Frontal carinae punctate, with faint, sparse, superficial foveae. Ventral face of the head reticulate and with thin, superficial, longitudinal rugosities. Mesosoma punctate, with irregular foveae superimposed by longitudinal, slightly irregular rugosities. Pedicel with the same type of sculpture as the mesonotum but the foveae smaller and the rugosities thinner. Gaster strongly reticulate and with thin, longitudinal rugosities. Legs reticulate. Membranaceous expansions of mesosoma, pedicel and gaster punctate.

Pilosity. Each fovea with a decumbent hair; similar hairs but not originating from the foveae on the membranaceous expansions of the body. Legs and gaster with appressed hairs slightly thinner than the hairs originating from the foveae, sparser on the sternites. Membranaceous expansions of the propodeum with minute hairs originating from the crenulation. Frontal carinae with sparse, clubbed hairs. Gastral tergites and sternites with slightly clubbed, suberect hairs, denser on the sternites. The gastral sternites bear, in addition, a few long, thin, slightly pointed hairs.

Colour. Body light brown. Frontal carinae opaque, yellow. Membranaceous expansions whitish and semi-transparent. Tarsi brown.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 2.52-4.12 HL 0.66-0.96; HW 0.70-1.10; EL 0.22-0.29; PW 0.60-1.00; PeW 0.37-0.60; PpW 0.37-0.64; HBaL 0.19-0.33; HBaW 0.05-0.11; CI 106.1-116.5; PI 110.0-119.3; PPeI 148.2-166.7; PPpI 148.2-162.2; HBaI 26.3-33.3.

Soldier
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head disc subquadrate, with differentiate, strongly crenulate and raised border; sides of the disc gently broadening anteriorly and partially covering the eyes. Posterior border of the disc with a pair of small denticles in some specimens only. Floor of the disc flat to gently convex in the middle. Vertexal angles subround, completely separate from the disc and with marked, crenulate border. Mandibles laterally carinate and partially hidden by the frontal carinae.

Mesosoma. Anterior pronotal border convex. Humeral angles with an obtuse, membranaceous expansion with the sides gently converging posteriorly up to the middle of the pronotum where it continues into the pronotal carina. Posterior half of the pronotal sides strongly converging. Pronotal carina high, divided in two halves by an incision, each half posteriorly convex and diminishing in height towards the middle of the pronotum. Pronotal suture variably impressed. Promesonotal suture deeply impressed. Mesonotal sides with a pair of broad, triangular, obtuse or pointed teeth followed by a pair of short, thin, pointed, membranaceous denticles. Propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces; sides of the basal face with a narrow, crenulate, membranaceous expansion forming cranially a pair of obtuse teeth directed anterolaterally and followed by a convexity converging posteriorly into a pair of small denticles. Declivous face of the propodeum narrowing posteriorly and with membranaceous expansion.

Petiole with concave anterior face; wing-shaped membranaceous expansions with obtuse or pointed tips arise laterally on the two anterior thirds of the petiole. Postpetiole gently convex dorsally, with similar wing-like lateral expansions as the petiole but directed anteriorly and with round tip.

Gaster oval. First gastral tergite anterolaterally with a pair of broad membranaceous expansions not reaching the stigma posteriorly.

Legs as in the worker but with the crest on the dorsal face of the mid and hind femora narrower.

Sculpture. Head dorsum punctate and covered by large, deep, irregular foveae diminishing in size anteriorly. Ventral face of the head reticulate and with superficial foveae denser on the sides. Mesosoma with the same type of sculpture as on the head dorsum, but less deep. Propleurae reticulate and with sparse, broad, superficial foveae. Pedicel and mesopleurae reticulate and with foveae smaller than those on the mesosoma. Declivous face of the propodeum, metapleurae, gaster and legs reticulate. Declivous face of the propodeum, lower metapleurae and anterior third of the first gastral segmental with longitudinal, thin rugae. Center of the first gastral sternite moderately shining.

Pilosity. Each fovea with a suberect clubbed hair. Legs and gaster with appressed, clubbed hairs thinner and shorter than the hairs originating from the foveae, sparser on the sternites. Gaster with erect, short, clubbed hairs, denser on the sternites. Frontal carinae, vertexal angles, mesosoma, pedicel and the border of the tergites and sternites with long, sparse, clubbed hairs. The sternites bear, in addition, a few long, thin, slightly pointed hairs.

Colour. As in the worker.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 5.04-5.44; HL 1.20; HW 1.32-1.36; EL 0.28; PW 1.36; PeW 0.60-0.66; PpW 0.65-0.69; HBaL 0.28-0.30; HBaW 0.11-0.12; CI 110.0-113.3; PI 97.0-100.0; PPeI 206.1-226.7; PPpl 197.1-209.2; HBaI 39.3-40.0.

Queen
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head disc present. Head dorsum gently convex with concave anterolateral sides. Frontal carinae strongly crenulate, expanded anteriorly, converging posteriorly and connected by a slightly convex, crenulate ridge on the vertex. Vertex with a depression reaching the posterior border of the disc. Vertexal angles obtuse and with crenulate margin. Eyes visible in full dorsal view. Ocelli remote from the posterior border of the disc. Anterior clypeal border concave. Mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal carinae.

Mesosoma. Anterior pronotal border gently convex. Humeral angles with a pair of small, obtuse, membranaceous teeth converging posteriorly and connected to a narrow pronotal crest. Pronotal sides straight caudally to the angles. Promesonotal suture impressed. Lower mesopleurae with a denticle. Mesonotum and scutellum flat. Propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces; sides of the basal face gently convex and ending in a obtuse or pointed tooth posteriorly; declivous face converging posteriorly and with a narrow membranaceous border on the posterior half.

Petiole with gently concave anterior face; sides of the petiole with a small membranaceous expansion with obtuse or pointed tip. Postpetiole convex dorsally; postpetiolar sides with a broad, round, lateral expansion directed anteriorly.

Gaster. First gastral tergite anterolaterally with a pair of broad lobes with a thin membranaceous expansion not reaching the stigma posteriorly.

Legs as in the soldier but with the dorsal face of the mid femora superficially carinate.

Sculpture and pilosity as in the soldier.

Colour. Light brown. Frontal carinae yellowish-opaque and semitransparent. Tarsi brown. First gastral tergite with a pair of dark brown maculae on the middle of the dorsum, superficially connected medially in some specimens.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 6.96-7.08; HL 1.28-1.32; HW 1.28-1.30; EL 0.32; PW 1.24-1.32; PeW 0.61; PpW 0.68-0.76; HBaL 0.41-0.44; HBaW 0.14; CI 98.5-100.0; PI 98.5-103 .2; PPeI 203.3-216.4; PPpI 163.1-194.1; HBaI 31.8-34.1.

Type Material


de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) :

Worker. Type locality: Ega (= Tefe) (Amazonas, Brazil). Type material: holotype worker labelled “59 10” in, examined.

Cryptocerus grandinosus var. nevadensis. Worker. Original description. Type locality (restricted in the present study): Burithaca (written "Burithaka" by hand of Forel on the label, not located) (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), listed first, not Belem (Para, Brazil), listed second, misidentification. Type material: one syntype worker from Burithaca in (examined). The Brazilian syntype from Belem belongs to another species to be described for Cephalotes persimilis.

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