Alfaria simulans

Identification
Brandao and Lattke (1990) - The body surfaces of Gnamptogenys simulans, Gnamptogenys falcifera and Gnamptogenys vriesi share a characteristic sculpturing; except for the legs, mandibles, anterolateral portions of frontal lobes and anterior portion of clypeus; very finely striolate and mostly covered by piligerous foveolae. In G. vriesi the fovolae are nearly contiguous and the stiolation can be seen only at high magnifications at the confluence of the depressions. From each foveola departs an eccentric hair, which is turned in different directions, depending on the area of the body. G. simulans and G. facifera may have extensive areas smooth and shining, but it G. vriesi the foveolae cover all body surfaces, except the cited ones. The holotype worker of the latter had these foveolae filled with earth, in a manner similar to that found by Holldobler and Wilson (1986) in Basiceros and Stegomyrmex (Myrmicinae).

The propodeal declivity in the three species bears a crested depression, completely sculptured with radiate punctations, clearly centered at the foramen in the new Ecuadorean species, but faintly visible in the previously described ones. These combined features distinguish these species from other taxa described as Gnamptogenys and also from other species of the Alfaria group. They may be considered thus as forming a distinct subgroup of the Alfaria group.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico , Panama.

Nomenclature

 * . Alfaria simulans Emery, 1896e: 177 (footnote) (w.) COSTA RICA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Costa Rica: Suerre, nr Jiménez, vi.1895 (A. Alfaro).
 * [Note: locality data from Emery, 1896g: 42.]
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * [Also described as new by Emery, 1896g: 42, fig. 5 (w.q.m.).]
 * Combination in Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 229.
 * Status as species: Forel, 1899c: 3; Emery, 1911d: 46; Borgmeier, 1949: 205 (in key); Brown, 1958g: 229, 316; Kempf, 1972a: 114; Lattke, 1992a: 128; Bolton, 1995b: 210; Lattke, et al. 2007: 260 (in key); Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 255; Lattke & Delsinne, 2016: 142; Camacho, et al. 2020: 462 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of bufonis: Lattke & Delsinne, 2016: 142.
 * Distribution: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
 * bufonis. Alfaria bufonis Mann, 1926: 101 (w.) MEXICO (Oaxaca).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Mexico: Oaxaca, Choapam, 28.vii.1894, in stomach of toad Bufo valliceps (Nelson & Goldman).
 * Type-depository: USNM.
 * Combination in Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 227.
 * Status as species: Borgmeier, 1949: 205 (in key); Brown, 1958g: 227, 317; Kempf, 1972a: 112; Bolton, 1995b: 208; Lattke, 1992a: 126; Lattke, et al. 2007: 264 (in key).
 * Junior synonym of simulans: Lattke & Delsinne, 2016: 142.

Type Material
Alfaria bufonis: Choapam, Oaxaca, Mexico. Cat. No. 29047 U. S. N. M. Described from a single worker taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo valliceps Weig., U. S. N. M. 46967) collected by Nelson and Goldman, July 28, 1894. The type lacks the antennal funiculi and portions of the legs, but is otherwise in good condition, with the pilosity well preserved.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Borgmeier T. 1949. Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas de Costa Rica e da Argentina (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 9: 201-210.
 * Borgmeier T. 1957. Myrmecologische Studien, I. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 29: 103-128.
 * Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
 * Emery C. 1896. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XVII-XXV. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 28: 33-107.
 * Fernandes, P.R. XXXX. Los hormigas del suelo en Mexico: Diversidad, distribucion e importancia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
 * Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
 * INBio Collection (via Gbif)
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Lattke J. E., and T. Delsinne. 2016. Revisionary and natural history notes on some species of the genus Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 22: 141-147.
 * Lattke, J.E. 1992. Revision of the minuta-group of the genys Gnamptogenys. Dtsch. ent. Z., N.F. 39:123-129
 * Longino J. T. 2013. Ants of Nicargua. Consulted on 18 Jan 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/longinollama/reports/ants-of-nicaragua
 * Longino J. T. L., and M. G. Branstetter. 2018. The truncated bell: an enigmatic but pervasive elevational diversity pattern in Middle American ants. Ecography 41: 1-12.
 * Longino J. T., J. Coddington, and R. K. Colwell. 2002. The ant fauna of a tropical rain forest: estimating species richness three different ways. Ecology 83: 689-702.
 * Longino J. T., and R. K. Colwell. 2011. Density compensation, species composition, and richness of ants on a neotropical elevational gradient. Ecosphere 2(3): 16pp.
 * Longino J. et al. ADMAC project. Accessed on March 24th 2017 at https://sites.google.com/site/admacsite/
 * Longino, J.T. 2010. Personal Communication. Longino Collection Database
 * Philpott, S.M., P. Bichier, R. Rice, and R. Greenberg. 2007. Field testing ecological and economic benefits of coffee certification programs. Conservation Biology 21: 975-985.
 * Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133