Monomorium minimum

The most common, abundant and wide ranging Monomorium species in North America.

Identification
DuBois (1986) - A member of the Monomorium minimum species group. Queen Winged; scutum and scutellum not depressed; metanotum (in side view) projecting to level of propodeum and scutellum; propodeum angular. Worker Propodeum angular; mesopleuron not punctate; PI 33-40 (37).

Since Monomorium minimum queens are winged, they can easily be separated from other species occurring in the same area, most of which have Wingless queens. Only Monomorium viridum queens are winged. Nests of M. viridum appear to be restricted to pure sand while nests of M. minimum only occur in soils containing some clay (W. L. Brown pets. observ.) Workers of this Species can usually be separated by the combination of characters listed in the diagnosis, particularly the smooth and shining mesopleuron.

Distribution
DuBois (1986) - This species ranges from Pennsylvania and District of Columbia, south to Georgia, west to Texas and New Mexico, and north to Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Although this species has been collected in northern Wisconsin and North Dakota, no collections have been made in southern Canada; this species undoubtedly occurs there. In the eastern United States, this species occurs sporadically and is apparently replaced by Monomorium emarginatum in the northeastern states and by Monomorium viridum along the Atlantic coast in New Jersey, Georgia, and Florida. In the southern United States, M. minimum is known from collections in northern Georgia (Athens), Alabama (northern Alabama south to Mobile), Mississippi (only two collections, Amory and State College), and numerous collections in Louisiana and Texas. This species overlaps the range of Monomorium cyaneum in Texas and New Mexico. Monomorium cyaneum apparently prefers drier habitats and usually nests under rocks while M. minimum prefers moisture habitats usually near the edges of woods. Most of my records of M. minimum from Colorado are from the eastern plains. I have only examined one worker which was collected from western Colorado (Mesa Verde National Park). However, Gregg (1963) includes many localities from the mountainous regions of the state (his M. viridum peninsulatum records should be included with his records for M. minimum). The furthest western records for M. minimum are three collections from southern Idaho (Rupert, 6.4 km W of St. Anthony, and Holbrook). These three collections consist of workers only. It is possible these are Monomorium wheelerorum although they appear to be M. minimum workers.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: Canada, United States. Neotropical Region: Guadeloupe, Mexico, Saint Lucia.

Habitat
Essentially all habitats, ranging from arid grasslands and shrubs to pinyon-juniper forests to ponderosa pine-riparian sites. It is found most often in open areas. (Mackay and Mackay 2002)

Biology
DuBois (1986) - Recorded as nesting in soil, under rocks, in logs, man-made structures, and living trees (mesquite, Prosopir glandulosu) (Dennis, 1938; Buren, 1944; Kannowski, 1956; Hess, 1958; Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963). Talbot (1934) and Gregg (1944) found M. minimum most frequently in sandy soil, and Gregg (1963) discovered it in a number of microhabitats representing both Upper Sonoran and Transition life zones: foothills meadow, deciduous canyon forest, oak woodland, ponderosa pine-oak woodland, pinyon-cedar woodland, pinyon-cedar-oak woodland, mixed grass prairie, short grass prairie, sagebrush desert, sagebrush-greasewood desert, sandhills grassland, roadside, and exposed bedrock.

Nests in soil appear to have a characteristic structure; most are shallow (less than 10 cm deep, Kannowski, 1956) with most brood chambers located from just under the soil surface to depths of 5 cm (Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963). Although this description referred to nests in North Dakota, nests in Kansas and Illinois are of a similar internal construction. However, tumuli vary considerably depending upon environmental conditions. In Kansas, most nests are located near edges of woodlands and have tumuli with a typical crater structure. Nests in areas of scant vegetation usually lack conspicuous tumuli, since soil particles are presumably blown away as soon as they are deposited on the surface. Nests in sheltered areas, such as at the base of grass clumps, possess mounds with many crenulations causing the structure to resemble a lump of brain coral.

In addition to the wide environmental tolerance of this species, there is a wide altitudinal tolerance. In Kansas, collection elevations range from 244 m to over 1220 m (pers. observ.) In Colorado, Gregg (1963) found collection elevations to range from 1067 m through 2591 In. Similar elevational extremes were found in Tennessee by Dennis (1938). This species also occurs down to sea level.

Monomorium minimum queens live approximately 1 year in laboratory colonies while workers live approximately 4 months. There appear to be three larval instars (pers. observ.).

Most nests contain multiple queens. For example, Gregg (1944) found that nests near Chicago, Illinois usually contained 12-14 queens and Dennis (1938) found a similar number of queens per nest in Tennessee. Presumably these are functioning queens since most are associated with small, separate piles of eggs and first instar larvae (pers. observ.). Recent preliminary allozyme Studies have demonstrated that several queens produce eggs at the same time in nests near Lawrence, Kansas (pers. observ.). Although it is not known how many queens establish a nest, most nests are probably established by one or two queens since a number of small nests with a small number of offspring and one or two queens are found each autumn in the Lawrence, Kansas, vicinity. Since nuptial flights occur in July in this vicinity, most newly mated queens should have new nests established by autumn.

Production of sexuals occurs in late spring and summer; most nests in Kansas contain larvae which will develop into sexuals by late May. Most sexual adults eclose by mid-July. Nuptual flights have not been observed, although they probably occur, since both males and gynes are winged.

Monomorium minimum is one of two species reported to have inquilines (Monomorium ergatogyna is the other species). Van Pelt and Van Pelt (1972) reported larvae of Microdon baliopterus Loew (Diptera: Syrphidae) from nests of M. minimum in Big Bend National Park, Texas.

Monomorium minimum nests have been discovered in close association with nests of other ant species. Wheeler and Wheeler (1963) found M. minimum associated with nests of the following species: Lasius claviger, Camponotus vicinus, Formica fusca, and Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. I have found nests of M. minimum associated with nests of an additional species, Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) molesta (Say), in Kansas.

Roeder et al. (2018) in an Oklahoma study found the CTmax (critical thermal maximum) for this species was 55.1 ± 0.2 and the average worker mass was 0.047 ± 0.002 mg.

Association with Other Organisms

 * This species is a host for the workerless social parasites and.


 * This species is associated with the aphids, , , and  (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references)

Castes

 * Worker

Images from AntWeb

 * Queen

Nomenclature

 * . Myrmica (Monomorium) minima Buckley, 1867: 338 (w.q.) U.S.A. (Texas).
 * Type-material: neotype queen (by designation of DuBois, 1986: 80).
 * [Note: no original Buckley material is known to exist (Creighton, 1950a: 219, DuBois, 1986: 79).]
 * Type-locality: U.S.A.: Texas, Bastrop County, Bastrop State Park, 9.vi.1954, T-119 (W. Clayd).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * [Misspelled as minutum by Cresson, 1887: 262.]
 * Emery, 1895c: 274 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1955c: 122 (l.); Crozier, 1970: 116 (k.).
 * Combination in Monomorium: Cresson, 1887: 262; Emery, 1895c: 274.
 * Subspecies of minutum: Emery, 1895c: 274; Wheeler, W.M. 1901b: 520; Wheeler, 1902f: 27; Wheeler, W.M. 1904e: 301; Wheeler, W.M. 1905f: 377; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1906d: 336; Forel, 1907a: 18; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 423; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, E.W. 1944: 245.
 * Status as species: Cresson, 1887: 262; Dalla Torre, 1893: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1909g: 185 (in text); Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 562; Wheeler, W.M. 1913c: 115; Wheeler, W.M. 1914b: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 584; Wheeler, W.M. 1917a: 501; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 460; Essig, 1926: 857; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 3; Cole, 1936a: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 9; Santschi, 1936a: 43; Cole, 1936a: 35; Cole, 1937a: 99; Dennis, 1938: 279; Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G. 1940: 92; Cole, 1942: 361; Buren, 1944a: 289; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 810; Cole, 1953g: 299; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 128; Carter, 1962a: 6 (in list); Cole, 1966: 16; Beck, et al. 1967: 71; Smith, M.R. 1967: 356; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1973a: 30; Hunt & Snelling, 1975: 21; Francoeur, 1977b: 207; Yensen, et al. 1977: 183; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979:128; Allred, 1982: 487; DuBois, 1986: 76 (redescription); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 50; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 139; Mackay, Lowrie, et al. 1988: 91; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 96; Wheeler, G.C., et al. 1994: 303; Bolton, 1995b: 264; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 147; Coovert, 2005: 64; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 69; Fernández, 2007b: 137.
 * Senior synonym of atra: Emery, 1895c: 274; Wheeler, W.M. 1902f: 28; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 423; Emery, 1922e: 172; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 810; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1995b: 264.
 * Senior synonym of metoecus: Brown, in Ettershank, 1966: 90; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; DuBois, 1986: 76; Bolton, 1995b: 264.
 * Distribution: U.S.A.
 * atra. Myrmica (Monomorium) atra Buckley, 1867: 342 (w.) U.S.A. (District of Columbia).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: U.SA.: District of Columbia, nr Georgetown, on trees, “rare” (S.B. Buckley).
 * Type-depository: no type-material is known to exist.
 * Combination in Monomorium: Cresson, 1887: 262.
 * Status as species: Cresson, 1887: 262; Dalla Torre, 1893: 109.
 * Junior synonym of minimum: Emery, 1895c: 274; Wheeler, W.M. 1902f: 28; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 423; Emery, 1922e: 172; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 810; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1995b: 259.
 * metoecus. Monomorium metoecus Brown & Wilson, 1957b: 239, fig. 1 (ergatoid q.) U.S.A. (Alabama).
 * Type-material: holotype ergatoid queen.
 * Type-locality: U.S.A.: Alabama, Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Campus, “Smith Woods”, no. M-178 (E.O. Wilson).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * [Misspelled as methoecus by Kutter, 1968b: 203.]
 * Wilson & Brown, 1958: 33 (w.).
 * Status as species: Wilson & Brown, 1958: 33; Smith, M.R. 1967: 356; Kutter, 1968b: 203 (error).
 * Junior synonym of minimum: Brown, in Ettershank, 1966: 90; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; DuBois, 1986: 76; Bolton, 1995b: 264.

Type Material
DuBois (1986) - None known to exist (Creighton, 1950). Wheeler (1902) stated the probable type locality as Austin, Texas (or vicinity) since Buckley (1867) failed to mention a specific locality. Although a few of Buckley’s specimens remain (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia and collection of Gustav Mayr, Vienna Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria), none could be located that were collected in the provided the basis for his description.

Since two species of Monomorium, Monomorium cyaneum and M. minimum, could occur in the Austin, Texas, vicinity, I designate the following queen as neotype of Monomorium minimum to reduce confusion: Texas. Bastrop Co., Bastrop State Park, June 9, 1954, W. Clayd T-119. Since Buckley failed to mention a specific locality in his original description, I followed Wheeler’s suggestion in designating a neotype from the Austin, Texas, vicinity. This specimen bears a red, handwritten label: Monomorium minimum (Buckley) Neotype M. DuBois 1983.

Worker
DuBois (1986) - Head: (representing different localities; N: 10) HL 0.46-0.56 (0.52), HW 0.38-0.48 (0.42), SL 0.28-0.40 (0.33), EL 0.06-0.10 (0.09), MOD 0.05-0.08 (0.06). Structure - Head a little longer than broad, CI 76-86 (81), distinctly longer than scape SIL 56-71 (64); SIW 71-90 (79). In full frontal view, head broadest at or slightly above eyes; side convex; occiput rounded laterally, summit flat. Eye small in size. Scape never reaching occiput. Mandible with 4 teeth; maxillary palp 2-segmented; labial palp 2-segmented. Clypeal teeth sharp, of moderate length. Frontal carinae diverging slightly posteriorly rarely, parallel. Pilosity—Setae suberect to subdecumbent on clypeus, frons, gular region, mandible, and occiput, decumbent to appressed elsewhere. Setae of scape subdecumbent to decumbent, of pedicel and flagellum decumbent to appressed. Sculpture—All surfaces smooth and shining with small to moderate piliferous punctures. Alitrunk. Measurements PW 0.22-0.32 (0.28), PL 0.18-0.25 (0.21), WL 0.50-0.65 (0.57). Structure - Mesonotum lacking notal furrow. Anterior propodeal suture of moderate depth. Propodeum angular, basal face 1.5-2X as long as declivitous face. PI 33-40 (37). Pilosity—Dorsal outline of alitrunk with more than 10 erect to suberect setae. Leg pilosity as in queen. Sculpture—Entire surface smooth and shining except as follows: small to moderate piliferous punctures on dorsum; lower 1/2 of side of propodeum (below spiracle) with 1-3 small, parallel, longitudinal rugae. Petiole. Dorsum of node convex. Subpetiolar process of moderate to reduced size, anterior to node. Setae erect to suberect on dorsum, absent elsewhere. All surfaces smooth and shining with small piliferous punctures on dorsum. Postpetiole. Dorsum of node convex. Anterior subpostpetiolar process reduced, located medially on venter. Setae suberect to erect on dorsum, absent elsewhere. All surfaces smooth and shining with small piliferous punctures on dorsum. Gaster. Setae erect to suberect with percentage of erect setae increasing towards posterior end of gaster. Setae of first gastral tergite not exceeding level of dorsum of postpetiolar node. All surfaces smooth and shining with small to moderate piliferous punctures evenly distributed. Color: Head brown to dark brown with trace of bluish reflection, mandible yellow brown to yellow. Alitrunk brown to dark brown with trace of bluish reflection, legs yellow brown with tibiae and tarsi yellow. Petiole, postpetiole, and gaster brown. All setae white.

Queen
DuBois (1986) - Head: (representing different localities; N= 10) {Neotype measurements in brackets} HL 0.69-0.86 (0.77) {0.79}, HW 0.65-0.81 (0.74) {0.66}, SL 0.40-0.60 (0.50) {0.58}, IOD 0.12-0.20 (0.17) {0.17}, OD 0.04-0.06 (0.05) {0.06}, EL 0.15-0.20 (0.17) {0.20}, MOD 0.11-0.18 (0.13) {0.15}. Structure—Head slightly longer than broad or slightly broader than long, CI 84-106 (95) {84}, distinctly longer than scape, SIL 56-79 (65) {73}; SIW 53-88 (68) {88}. In full frontal view, head broadest slightly above eyes; side convex; occiput rounded laterally, summit flat. Eye moderate in size. Scape reaching but never surpassing occiput. Mandible with 4 teeth; maxillary palp 2-segmented; labial palp 2-segmented. Clypeal teeth sharp, moderate in length. Frontal carinae diverging slightly posteriorly. Pilosity—Setae erect to suberect on clypeus, frons, gular region, mandible, and occiput, decumbent to appressed elsewhere. Setae of scape suberect to decumbent, of pedicel and flagellum decumbent to appressed with percentage of latter increasing distally. Sculpture—Head smooth and shining with small to moderate piliferous punctures evenly distributed except as follows: small, parallel, longitudinal rugosities beginning all along lateral margin of clypeus, extending past antennal insertion, converging with rugosities from frontal carinae and extending to level of anterior ocellus. Other small, parallel, longitudinal rugosities beginning between frontal carinae, sometimes extending to level of anterior ocellus. Alitrunk: PW 0.50-0.72 (0.61) {0.62}, PL 0.31—0.42 (0.38) {0.40}, WL 1.34-1.81 (1.61) {1,37}. Structure—Mesonotum usually lacks notal furrow rarely, with small emargination. Pronotal-scutal suture on dorsal 1/3 of alitrunk. Scutum and scutellum not depressed. Mesopleural suture straight or deflected ventrally on posterior end and deflected dorsally on anterior end (resulting in S-shaped suture). Small pit usually present on posterior end of suture. Metanotum (in lateral view) reaching or exceeding level of propodeum and scutellum. Propodeum angular, basal face approximately 2/3 length of declivitous face. PI 21-29 (24) {29}. Wings present; venation typical; 6-8 hamuli on hindwing; stigma located directly above vannal emargination {neotype lacks wings but condition of basal sclerites indicate queen once possessed wings}. Pilosity—Dorsal outline of alitrunk with more than 30 erect to suberect setae. Setae erect to suberect on coxae and trochanters, erect to suberect on flexor surfaces of femora (decumbent to appressed elsewhere), decumbent to appressed on tibiae and tarsi. Sculpture—Smooth and shining except as follows: moderate to large piliferous punctures on dorsum of alitrunk; lower 1/2 of side of propodeum (below spiracle) with several moderate, parallel, longitudinal rugae rarely, some rugae occur above spirac1e. Petiole: Dorsum of node convex to flat. Subpetiolar process moderate in size, anterior to node. Setae decumbent to appressed on anterior surface, erect to suberect on dorsum, posterior surface, and side, absent from venter. Dorsum of node smooth and shining with moderate piliferous punctures; side with moderate, parallel, longitudinal rugae becoming transverse near posterior surface of node; posterior surface of node with moderate, semicircular, concentric rugae. Postpetiole: Dorsum of node flat to slightly emarginate. Anterior subpostpetiolar process reduced, located medially on venter. Setae appressed to decumbent on anterior surface of node, suberect to erect on remaining surfaces. Dorsum of node smooth and shining with moderate to small piliferous punctures; remainder of node covered with dense, moderate to small, non-piliferous punctures. Gaster: Setae erect to decumbent on all surfaces with percentage of erect to suberect setae increasing towards posterior end of gaster. Setae of first gastral tergite exceeding level of dorsum of postpetiolar node. All surfaces smooth and shining with small to moderate piliferous punctures. Color: Head brown to dark brown with mandible and lateral margin of clypeus yellow brown to brown; scape brown, pedicel and flagellum yellow brown to yellow. Alitrunk brown to dark brown with legs brown; tibiae and tarsi yellow brown to yellow. Petiole, postpetiole, and gaster brown to dark brown. All setae white.

Male
DuBois (1986) - Head: (representing different localities; N= 10) HL 0.65-0.74 (0.71), HW 0.69-0.78 (0.75), SL 0.22-0.30 (0.26), IOD 0.22-0.26 (0.24), OD 005-0. 12 (0.09), EL 0.28-0.34 (0.32), MOD 0.15-0.24- (0.19). Structure—Head slightly broader than long, CI 105-109 (107), distinctly longer than scape, SIL 31-42 (36); SIW 29-38 (34-). In full frontal view, head broadest at or slightly above eyes; side straight to slightly convex (usually obscured by compound eye); occiput rounded laterally, summit flat (usually obscured by posterior ocelli). Eye large. Scape not reaching occiput. Mandible with 3 teeth; maxillary palp 2-segmented; labial palp 2—segmented. Clypeal teeth reduced or absent (blunt if present). Frontal carinae diverging slightly posteriorly. Pilosity—Setae erect to decumbent over entire surface of head with erect to suberect setae predominating near clypeus, gular region, mandible, and occiput. Antennal pilosity as in queen. Sculpture—Entire head covered with dense, moderate to large, non-piliferous punctures. Small to moderate, parallel, longitudinal rugae beginning all along lateral margin of clypeus, continuing to level of antennal insertion and fusing with large, concentric, semicircular rugae surrounding antennal insertion. Alitrunk. PW 0.70-0.81 (0.76), PL 0.44-0.62 (0.52), WL 1.66-1.90 (1.75). Structure—Mesonotum lacking notal furrow. Pronotal-scutal suture on dorsal 1/3 of alitrunk. Scutum and scutellum not depressed. Mesopleural suture deflected ventrally at posterior end and deflected dorsally at anterior end (resulting in an S-shaped suture) with small pit on posterior end. Metanotum (in lateral view) reaching or exceeding level of propodeum and scutellum. Propodeum angular, basal face 2X as long as declivitous face. Wings present; venation typical; 5-7 hamuli on hindwing; stigma located directly above vannal emargination. Priority—Dorsal outline of alitrunk with more than 30 erect to suberect setae; setae absent from side (except near sutures). Leg pilosity as in queen. Sculpture—Entire surface smooth and shining except as follows: small to moderate piliferous punctures on dorsum of alitrunk; small to moderate non-piliferous punctures loosely distributed on side; lower 1/2 of side of propodeum (below spiracle) with small, parallel, longitudinal rugae; entire surface of propodeum often covered with small, non-piliferous punctures. Petiole: Dorsum of node flat to emarginate. Subpetiolar process reduced, anterior to node. Setae erect to decumbent on anterior surface of node, erect to suberect on side and posterior surface of node, absent elsewhere (including dorsum of node). All surfaces smooth and shining except as follows: small to moderate piliferous punctures on anterior and posterior surfaces of node; side with small to moderate non-piliferous punctures. Postpetiole. Dorsum of node flat to slightly emarginate. Anterior subpostpetiolar process absent. Setae erect to decumbent on anterior surface, side, and posterior surface, absent elsewhere. Dorsum of node smooth and shining; remainder of node covered with moderately dense, non-piliferous punctures. Gaster. Pilosity as in queen. All surfaces smooth and shining with small to moderate piliferous punctures. Genitalia: Eighth sternite with emergination lacking setae, approximately as deep as wide. Ninth sternite with 6-8 erect setae. Aedeagus with 12-15 teeth; toothed margin rounded. Volsella with curved digitus and reduced cuspis; cuspis with 3 setae. Color: Head brown to dark brown, mandible and lateral margin of clypeus yellow brown to yellow. Alitrunk brown to yellow brown; leg coloration as in queen, Petiole, postpetiole, and gaster brown to dark brown. Genitalia brown to yellow brown. All setae white.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Allred D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. The Great Basin Naturalist 42: 415-511.
 * Allred D. M., and A. C. Cole, Jr. 1971. Ants of the National Reactor Testing Station. Great Basin Naturalist 31: 237-242.
 * Allred, D.M. 1982. The ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511.
 * Armbrecht M., and N. J. Gotelli. 2001. Spatial and temporal niche partitioning in grassland ants. Oecologia 126: 134-141.
 * Aslam M., F. Asif Shaheen, and A. Ayyaz. 2006. Management of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus in stored chickpea through interspecific and intraspecific predation by ants. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2(1): 85-89.
 * Beck D. E., D. M. Allred, W. J. Despain. 1967. Predaceous-scavenger ants in Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 27: 67-78
 * Beckmann R. L., and J. M. Stucky. 1981. Extrafloral Nectaries and Plant Guarding in Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany 68(1): 72-79.
 * Belcher A. K., M. R. Berenbaum, and A. V. Suarez. 2016. Urbana House Ants 2.0.: revisiting M. R. Smith's 1926 survey of house-infesting ants in central Illinois after 87 years. American Entomologist 62(3): 182-193.
 * Bestelmeyer B. T., and J. A. Wiens. 2001. Local and regional-scale responses of ant diversity to a semiarid biome transition. Ecography 24: 381-392.
 * Braman C. A., and B. T. Forschler. 2018. Survey of Formicidae attracted to protein baits on Georgia’s Barrier Island dunes. Southeastern Naturalist 17(4): 645-653.
 * Buren W. F. 1944. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312
 * Callcott A. M. A., D. H. oi, H. L. Collins, D. F. Williams, and T. C. Lockley. 2000. Seasonal Studies of an Isolated Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Population in Eastern Tennessee. Environmental Entomology, 29(4): 788-794.
 * Campbell J. W., S. M. Grodsky, D. A. Halbritter, P. A. Vigueira, C. C. Vigueira, O. Keller, and C. H. Greenberg. 2019. Asian needle ant (Brachyponera chinensis) and woodland ant responses to repeated applications of fuel reduction methods. Ecosphere 10(1): e02547.
 * Campbell K. U., and T. O. Crist. 2017. Ant species assembly in constructed grasslands isstructured at patch and landscape levels. Insect Conservation and Diversity doi: 10.1111/icad.12215
 * Canadensys Database. Dowloaded on 5th February 2014 at http://www.canadensys.net/
 * Carroll T. M. 2011. The ants of Indiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Master's Thesis Purdue university, 385 pages.
 * Castano-Meneses, G., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha, and I. Alcala-Martinez. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
 * Castillo-Guevara C., M. Cuautle, C. Lara, and B. Juarez-Juarez. 2019. Effect of agricultural land-use change on ant dominance hierarchy and food preferences in a temperate oak forest. PeerJ 7:e6255 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6255
 * Cokendolpher J.C., Reddell J.R., Taylor S.J, Krejca J.K., Suarez A.V. and Pekins C.E. 2009. Further ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from caves of Texas [Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicdae) adicionales de cuevas de Texas]. Texas Memorial Museum Speleological Monographs, 7. Studies on the cave and endogean fauna of North America, V. Pp. 151-168
 * Colby, D. and D. Prowell. 2006. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Wet Longleaf Pine Savannas in Louisiana. Florida Entomologist 89(2):266-269
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1936. An annotated list of the ants of Idaho (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Canadian Entomologist 68: 34-39.
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1938. Suggestions concerning taxonomic nomenclature of the hymenopterous family Formicidae, and descriptions of three new ants. American Midland Naturalist 19: 236-241.
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1942. The ants of Utah. American Midland Naturalist 28: 358-388.
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1949. The ants of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 24: 155-156.
 * Cole A. C., Jr. 1953. Studies of New Mexico ants. VI. The genera Monomorium, Solenopsis, Myrmecina, and Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [part]. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 28: 299-300.
 * Cole, A.C. 1936. An annotated list of the ants of Idaho (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Canadian Entomologist 68(2):34-39
 * Cook J. L. 2003. Conservation of biodiversity in an area impacted by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 187195.
 * Coovert G. A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ohio Biological Survey, Inc. 15(2): 1-207.
 * Coovert, G.A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin New Series Volume 15(2):1-196
 * Crozier R. H. 1970. Karyotypes of twenty-one ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with reviews of the known ant karyotypes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 12: 109-128.
 * Dash S. T. and L. M. Hooper-Bui. 2008. Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity. 101: 1056-1066
 * Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
 * Davis W. T., and J. Bequaert. 1922. An annoted list of the ants of Staten Island and Long Island, N. Y. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 17(1): 1-25.
 * Dean D. A., and S. R. Dean. 2018. A survey of the ant fauna and seasonal alate nuptial flights at two locations in South-Central Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 43(3): 639-647.
 * Del Toro, I. 2010. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. MUSEUM RECORDS COLLATED BY ISRAEL DEL TORO
 * Deyrup M. 1998. Smithistruma memorialis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a new species of ant from the Kentucky Cumberland Plateau. Entomological News 109: 81-87.
 * Downing H., and J. Clark. 2018. Ant biodiversity in the Northern Black Hills, South Dakota (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 91(2): 119-132.
 * DuBois M. B. 1981. New records of ants in Kansas, III. State Biological Survey of Kansas. Technical Publications 10: 32-44
 * DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-831
 * DuBois M. B. 1986. A revision of the native New World species of the ant genus Monomorium (minimum group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 53: 65-119
 * DuBois, M.B. 1986, A revision of the native New World species of the ant genus Monomorium (minimum group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 53(2):65-119
 * Dubois, M.B. and W.E. Laberge. 1988. An Annotated list of the ants of Illionois. pages 133-156 in Advances in Myrmecology, J. Trager
 * Eastlake Chew A. and Chew R. M. 1980. Body size as a determinant of small-scale distributions of ants in evergreen woodland southeastern Arizona. Insectes Sociaux 27: 189-202
 * Emery C. 1895. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. (Schluss). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8: 257-360.
 * Fernandes, P.R. XXXX. Los hormigas del suelo en Mexico: Diversidad, distribucion e importancia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
 * Ferster B., Z. Prusak, 1994. A preliminary checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Everglades National Park. Florida Entomologist 77: 508-512
 * Forster J.A. 2005. The Ants (hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Alabama. Master of Science, Auburn University. 242 pages.
 * Frye J. A., T. Frye, and T. W. Suman. 2014. The ant fauna of inland sand dune communities in Worcester County, Maryland. Northeastern Naturalist, 21(3): 446-471.
 * Galkowski C. 2016. New data on the ants from the Guadeloupe (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 151, 44(1): 25-36.
 * Gans M. J., J. R. Arnold, A. Cohuo, L. Castro, D. Lam, and C. Wiley. 2016. Survey of ant species in Rockwall County, Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 41(2): 373-378.
 * General D. M., and L. C. Thompson. 2011. New Distributional Records of Ants in Arkansas for 2009 and 2010 with Comments on Previous Records. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 65: 166-168.
 * General D., and L. Thompson. 2008. Ants of Arkansas Post National Memorial: How and Where Collected. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 62: 52-60.
 * General D., and L. Thompson. 2008. New distributional records of ants in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 62: 148-150.
 * General D.M. & Thompson L.C. 2008. New Distributional Records of Ants in Arkansas for 2008. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science. 63: 182-184
 * Glancey B. M., Wojcik D. P., Craig C. H. and Mitchell J. A. 1976. Ants of Mobile County, AL, as monitored by bait transects. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 11: 191-197
 * Glancey, B.M., Wojcik, D.P., Craig, C.H. and Mitchell, J.A. 1976. Ants of Mobile County, AL, as monitored by bait transects. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 11(3):191-197
 * Gregg, R.T. 1963. The Ants of Colorado.
 * Guénard B., K. A. Mccaffrey, A. Lucky, and R. R. Dunn. 2012. Ants of North Carolina: an updated list (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3552: 1-36.
 * Hernandez, F. Varela and G. Castano-Meneses. 2010. Checklist, Biological Notes and Distribution of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve, Hidalgo, Mexico. Sociobiology 56(2):397-434
 * Hess C. G. 1958. The ants of Dallas County, Texas, and their nesting sites; with particular reference to soil texture as an ecological factor. Field and Laboratory 26: 3-72.
 * Hill J.G. & Brown R. L. 2010. The Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fauna of Black Belt Prairie Remnants in Alabama and Mississippi. Southeastern Naturalist. 9: 73-84
 * Hill, J.G. 2006. Ants collected at Okatibbee Lake, Lauderdale County, Mississippi
 * Ipser R. M. 2004. Native and exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Georgia: Ecological Relationships with implications for development of biologically-based management strategies. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Georgia. 165 pages.
 * Ipser, R.M., M.A. Brinkman, W.A. Gardner and H.B. Peeler. 2004. A Survey of Ground-Dwelling Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Georgia. The Florida Entomologist 87(3) 253-260.
 * Ivanov, K. 2019. The ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): an updated checklist. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 70: 65–87.
 * Ivanov K., L. Hightower, S. T. Dash, and J. B. Keiper. 2019. 150 years in the making: first comprehensive list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Virginia, USA. Zootaxa 4554 (2): 532–560.
 * Jaffe, Klaus and Lattke, John. 1994. Ant Fauna of the French and Venezuelan Islands in the Caribbean in Exotic Ants, editor D.F. Williams. 182-190.
 * Jeanne R. J. 1979. A latitudinal gradient in rates of ant predation. Ecology 60(6): 1211-1224.
 * Jusino-Atresino R., and S. A. Phillips, Jr. 1992. New ant records for Taylor Co., Texas. The Southern Naturalist 34(4): 430-433.
 * Kannowski P. B. 1956. The ants of Ramsey County, North Dakota. American Midland Naturalist 56(1): 168-185.
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Kittelson P. M., M. P. Priebe, and P. J. Graeve. 2008. Ant Diversity in Two Southern Minnesota Tallgrass Prairie Restoration Sites. Jour. Iowa Acad. Sci. 115(14): 2832.
 * La Rivers I. 1968. A first listing of the ants of Nevada. Biological Society of Nevada, Occasional Papers 17: 1-12.
 * Lavigne R., and T. J. Tepedino. 1976. Checklist of the insects in Wyoming. I. Hymenoptera. Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. Wyoming Res. J. 106: 24-26.
 * LeBrun E. G., R. M. Plowes, and L. E. Gilbert. 2015. Imported fire ants near the edge of their range: disturbance and moisture determine prevalence and impact of an invasive social insect. Journal of Animal Ecology,81: 884–895.
 * Lessard J. P., R. R. Dunn, C. R. Parker, and N. J. Sanders. 2007. Rarity and Diversity in Forest Ant Assemblages of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Southeastern Naturalist 1: 215-228.
 * Lopez R., and D. A. Potter. 2003. Biodiversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in golf course and lawn turf habitats in Kentucky. Sociobiology 42(3): 701-713.
 * Lopez, A. S., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, and G. A. Q. Rocha. 2015. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Cerro de la Culebra, Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico. Dugesiana 19: 151-155.
 * Lynch J. F. 1981. Seasonal, successional, and vertical segregation in a Maryland ant community. Oikos 37: 183-198.
 * Lynch J. F. 1988. An annotated checklist and key to the species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Chesapeake Bay region. The Maryland Naturalist 31: 61-106
 * MacGown J. A., J. G. Hill, R. L. Brown, T. L. Schiefer, J. G. Lewis. 2012. Ant diversity at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Oktibbeha, Noxubee, and Winston Counties, Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1197: 1-30
 * MacGown J. A., J. G. Hill, and R. L. Brown. 2010.  Native and exotic ant in Mississippi state parks.  Proceedings:  Imported Fire Ant Conference, Charleston, South Carolina, March 24-26, 2008: 74-80.
 * MacGown J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79(4):325-340.
 * MacGown, J. 2011. Ants of South Carolina (species list).
 * MacGown, J.A and J.A. Forster. 2005. A preliminary list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Alabama, U.S.A. Entomological News 116(2):61-74
 * MacGown, J.A. and JV.G. Hill. Ants of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Tennessee and North Carolina).
 * MacGown, J.A. and R.L. Brown. 2006. Observations on the High Diversity of Native Ant Species Coexisting with Imported Fire Ants at a Microspatial Scale in Mississippi. Southeastern Naturalist 5(4):573-586
 * MacGown, J.A. and R.L. Brown. 2006. Survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79(4):325-340.
 * MacGown, J.A., J.G. Hill, R.L. Brown and T.L. 2009. Ant Diversity at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Oktibbeha, Noxubee, and Winston Counties, Mississippi Report #2009-01. Schiefer. 2009.
 * MacGown. J. 2011. Ants collected during the 25th Annual Cross Expedition at Tims Ford State Park, Franklin County, Tennessee
 * Macgown J. A., S. Y. Wang, J. G. Hill, and R. J. Whitehouse. 2017. A List of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Collected During the 2017 William H. Cross Expedition to the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas with New State Records. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 143(4): 735-740.
 * Mackay W. P., and E. E. Mackay. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp.
 * Mackay, W., D. Lowrie, A. Fisher, E. Mackay, F. Barnes and D. Lowrie. 1988. The ants of Los Alamos County, New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). pages 79-131 in J.C. Trager, editor, Advances in Myrmecololgy.
 * Mallis A. 1941. A list of the ants of California with notes on their habits and distribution. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 40: 61-100.
 * McDonald D. L., D. R. Hoffpauir, and J. L. Cook. 2016. Survey yields seven new Texas county records and documents further spread of Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Southwestern Entomologist, 41(4): 913-920.
 * Menke S. B., E. Gaulke, A. Hamel, and N. Vachter. 2015. The effects of restoration age and prescribed burns on grassland ant community structure. Environmental Entomology http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv110
 * Menzel T. O., and T. E. Nebeker. 2008. Distribution of Hybrid Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Some Native Ant Species in Relation to Local Environmental Conditions and Interspecific Competition in Mississippi Forests. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101(1): 119-127.
 * Miguelena J. G., and P. B. Baker. 2019. Effects of urbanization on the diversity, abundance, and composition of ant assemblages in an arid city. Environmental Entomology doi: 10.1093/ee/nvz069.
 * Mirmecofauna de la reserva ecologica de San Felipe Bacalar
 * Moody J. V., and O. F. Francke. 1982. The Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Western Texas Part 1: Subfamily Myrmicinae. Graduate Studies Texas Tech University 27: 80 pp.
 * Morrison, L.W. 2002. Long-Term Impacts of an Arthropod-Community Invasion by the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ecology 83(8):2337-2345
 * Nash M. S., W. G. Whitford, J. Van Zee, and K. M. Havstad. 2000. Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) responses to environmental stressors in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert. Environ. Entomol, 29(2): 200-206.
 * Nuhn, T.P. and C.G. Wright. 1979. An Ecological Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Landscaped Suburban Habitat. American Midland Naturalist 102(2):353-362
 * O'Keefe S. T., J. L. Cook, T. Dudek, D. F. Wunneburger, M. D. Guzman, R. N. Coulson, and S. B. Vinson. 2000. The Distribution of Texas Ants. The Southwestern Entomologist 22: 1-92.
 * Reddell J. R., and J. C. Cokendolpher. 2001. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from caves of Belize, Mexico, and California and Texas (U.S.A.) Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Speleological Monographs 5: 129-154.
 * Rees D. M., and A. W. Grundmann. 1940. A preliminary list of the ants of Utah. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 31(5): 1-12.
 * Roeder K. A., and D. V. Roeder. 2016. A checklist and assemblage comparison of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma. Check List 12(4): 1935.
 * Rowles, A.D. and J. Silverman. 2009. Carbohydrate supply limits invasion of natural communities by Argentine ants. Oecologia 161(1):161-171
 * Ruhren, S. 2003. Seed Predators Are Undeterred by Nectar-Feeding Ants on Chamaecrista nictitans (Caesalpineaceae). Plant Ecology 166(2):189-198
 * Sanders N. J., J. Moss, and D. Wagner. 2003. Patterns of ant species richness along elevational gradients in an arid ecosystem. Global Ecology & Biogeography 12: 93102.
 * Smith M. R. 1924. An annotated list of the ants of Mississippi (Hym.). Entomological News 35: 47-54.
 * Smith M. R. 1930. A list of Florida ants. Florida Entomologist 14: 1-6.
 * Smith M. R. 1934. A list of the ants of South Carolina. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 42: 353-361.
 * Smith M. R. 1935. A list of the ants of Oklahoma (Hymen.: Formicidae). Entomological News 46: 235-241.
 * Smith M. R. 1936. A list of the ants of Texas. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 44: 155-170.
 * Sturtevant A. H. 1931. Ants collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Psyche (Cambridge) 38: 73-79
 * Talbot M. 1976. A list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Edwin S. George Reserve, Livingston County, Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist 8: 245-246.
 * Toennisson T. A., N. J. Sanders, W. E. Klingeman, and K. M. Vail. 2011. Influences on the Structure of Suburban Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Communities and the Abundance of Tapinoma sessile. Environ. Entomol. 40(6): 1397-1404.
 * Van Pelt A. F. 1956. The ecology of the ants of the Welaka Reserve, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Midland Naturalist 56: 358-387
 * Van Pelt A. F. 1958. The ecology of the ants of the Welaka Reserve, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part II. Annotated list. American Midland Naturalist 59: 1-57
 * Van Pelt A., and J. B. Gentry. 1985. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina. Dept. Energy, Savannah River Ecology Lab., Aiken, SC., Report SRO-NERP-14, 56 p.
 * Van Pelt, A. 1983. Ants of the Chisos Mountains, Texas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) . Southwestern Naturalist 28:137-142.
 * Vasquez Bolanos M., and J. Escoto Rocha. 2018. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Aguascalientes. Investigacion y Ciencia 24(68): 36-40.
 * Verble R. M., and S. P. Yanoviak. 2013. Short-Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Ozark Forests. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 106(2): 198-203.
 * Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133
 * Wang C., J. Strazanac and L. Butler. 2000. Abundance, diversity and activity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in oak-dominated mixed Appalachian forests treated with microbial pesticides. Environmental Entomology. 29: 579-586
 * Warren, L.O. and E.P. Rouse. 1969. The Ants of Arkansas. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station 742:1-67
 * Wheeler G. C., J. N. Wheeler, and P. B. Kannowski. 1994. Checklist of the ants of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 26(4): 297-310
 * Wheeler G. C., and E. W. Wheeler. 1944. Ants of North Dakota. North Dakota Historical Quarterly 11:231-271.
 * Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler J. 1989. A checklist of the ants of Oklahoma. Prairie Naturalist 21: 203-210.
 * Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler. 1986. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp.
 * Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler. 1987. A Checklist of the Ants of South Dakota. Prairie Nat. 19(3): 199-208.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1901. The compound and mixed nests of American ants. Part II. The known cases of social symbiosis among American ants. American Naturalist. 35: 513-539.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1904. The ants of North Carolina. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 20: 299-306.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1906. Fauna of New England. 7. List of the Formicidae. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 7: 1-24
 * Wheeler W. M. 1906. Fauna of New England. 7. List of the Formicidae. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 7: 1-24.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1908. The ants of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. (Part I.). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 399-485.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1913. Ants collected in Georgia by Dr. J. C. Bradley and Mr. W. T. Davis. Psyche (Cambridge) 20: 112-117.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1917. The mountain ants of western North America. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 52: 457-569.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1928. Ants of Nantucket Island, Mass. Psyche (Cambridge) 35: 10-11.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1932. A list of the ants of Florida with descriptions of new forms. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 40: 1-17.
 * Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1985. A checklist of Texas ants. Prairie Naturalist 17:49-64.
 * Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1988. A checklist of the ants of Montana. Psyche 95:101-114
 * Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1988. A checklist of the ants of Wyoming. Insecta Mundi 2(3&4):230-239
 * Wheeler, G.C., J. Wheeler and P.B. Kannowski. 1994. CHECKLIST OF THE ANTS OF MICHIGAN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). Great Lakes Entomologist 26:1:297-310
 * Whitford W.G., Zee J.V., Nash M.S., Smith W.E. and Herrick J.E. 1999. Ants as Indicators of Exposure to Environmental Stressors in North American Desert Grasslands. Environmental Monitoring and Assesment. 54:
 * Wilson E. O., and W. L. Brown, Jr. 1958. The worker caste of the parasitic ant Monomorium metoecus Brown and Wilson, with notes on behavior. Entomological News 69: 33-38.
 * Young J., and D. E. Howell. 1964. Ants of Oklahoma. Miscellaneous Publication. Oklahoma Agricultural Experimental Station 71: 1-42.
 * Young, J. and D.E. Howell. 1964. Ants of Oklahoma. Miscellaneous Publications of Oklahoma State University MP-71
 * Zettler J. A., M. D. Taylor, C. R. Allen, and T. P. Spira. 2004. Consequences of Forest Clear-Cuts for Native and Nonindigenous Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97(3): 513-518.