Carebara diversa

Known for their impressive foraging trails and extreme size differences among workers. Despite a conspicuous presence over a large part of SE Asia, little is known about their biology. They are identified only as a species-complex in many field studies

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Guinea. Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Biology
Perhaps the best known member of what was formerly known as Pheidologeton, this species is commonly found in open and disturbed habitats, e.g. gardens, forest fringes, and are rarer in deep forests. They exhibit group-hunting behaviour, where masses of workers form long and dense trails, in an uninterrupted foraging effort (Moffett, 1988). These trails, also known as trunk trails, can last for days and are possible because of huge colonies, consisting of several hundreds of thousands of workers. This elaborate foraging behaviour has coined them the name, marauder ants.

Castes
An outstanding feature is extreme polymorphism closely coupled with polyethism (Moffett, 1987). Soldiers can be many times bigger than workers, and several small workers can ride on the back of soldiers. In C. diversa, small workers make up the bulk of foraging parties, while scattered soldiers often carry large objects, food items, or lift debris off the trunk trails.


 * Soldier

Nomenclature

 * . Oecodoma diversa Jerdon, 1851: 109 (s.w.) INDIA (Kerala).
 * [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
 * Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 135 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 7 (k.).
 * Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
 * combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
 * combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1893f: 243; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 162; Emery, 1904b: 606; Forel, 1904b: 372; Forel, 1906b: 90; Forel, 1907a: 17; Forel, 1907e: 17; Forel, 1909b: 55; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 334, 340; Forel, 1910d: 123; Forel, 1912d: 105; Forel, 1913f: 191; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 337; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 880; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 1; Santschi, 1924c: 100; Emery, 1924d: 212; Stitz, 1925: 119; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 6; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 90; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 387; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 7; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 44; Mukerjee, 1930: 154; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Kutter, 1932: 207; Santschi, 1937h: 371; Teranishi, 1940: 58; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Collingwood, 1962: 225; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Moffett, 1984: 7; Morisita, et al. 1992: 43; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 72; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90; Imai, et al. 2003: 131; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 31; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 36 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of ficta: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
 * Senior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of megacephalotes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
 * Senior synonym of militaris: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of ocellifera: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of pabulator: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Senior synonym of polita Smith, F.: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus draco, laotina, macgregori, philippina, standfussi, taprobanae, tenuirugosa, williamsi.
 * ficta. Pheidologeton diversus var. ficta Forel, 1911d: 386 (w.) VIETNAM.
 * Combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
 * Subspecies of diversa: Forel, 1912a: 59; Emery, 1924d: 212; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Teranishi, 1940: 57; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
 * megacephala. Pheidole megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1862a: 49; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1865: 74; Smith, F. 1871a: 332.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * ocellifera. Pheidole ocellifera Smith, F. 1858b: 174 (w.) MYANMAR, CHINA (Hong Kong), PHILIPPINES (no island nominated).
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1865: 103; Mayr, 1867a: 101 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1889b: 504; André, 1892b: 53; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 160 (error).
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * pabulator. Pheidole pabulator Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886b: 362.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Mayr, 1886c: 362.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * polita. Myrmica polita Smith, F. 1860b: 108 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 434; Smith, F. 1871a: 325; Dalla Torre, 1893: 113; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 128.
 * Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
 * taprobanae. Oligomyrmex taprobanae Forel, 1911i: 219 (s.w.) SRI LANKA.
 * [Junior secondary homonym of taprobanae Smith, F. 1858b: 175.]
 * Combination in O. (Oligomyrmex): Emery, 1924d: 218;
 * combination in Carebara: Fernández, 2004a: 235.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1924d: 218; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 158; Ettershank, 1966: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 300.
 * Replacement name: Carebara sinhala Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.

Myrmica polita

Two worker syntypes in. Labelled “Bac.” (= Batjan I.).

Pheidole militaris

One syntype worker major and one syntype worker minor in. Labelled “Mak.”

Pheidole pabulator

Two syntypes worker major and two syntype worker minor (on a single card) in. Labelled “Bac. 2.”

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