Formica rufa

A common forest ant that makes large mound nests. Their conspicuous nests make this a well known and recognizable ant for anyone that has spent time in European lowland forests. Queens start new colonies by parasitizing nests of other ants.

Identification
Bicoloured red and brownish black with variable degree of depth and size of dorsal dark patch on head and promesonotum. Eyes usually with a few microscopic hairs. Long erect hairs more or less abundant on gula, clypeus, dorsum of head, alitrunk, scale and gaster but never on scape nor on posterior border of occiput. Occasional to few suberect hairs on extensor surfaces of hind tibiae and femora. Frontal triangle reflecting light but often in part with micropunctures. Frons somewhat shining with widely spaced indistinct fine punctures and scattered coarse punctures: coarse and fine punctures widely spaced on disc of first gaster tergite. Funiculus segments two and three always less than twice as long as wide. Length: 4.5-9.0 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uzbekistan.

Biology
Collingwood (1979) - This is the common wood ant of most of lowland Europe building large hill nests of leaves and twigs. Nests may be isolated or in small groups, normally with many queens, up to 100 or more. Various estimates of numbers of workers in a populous nest range from 100,000 to 400,000. This is an aggressive acid squirting but somewhat clumsy species. Foraging trails radiating from a large nest may be up to 100 m or more usually orientated toward suitable aphid bearing trees. Prey is taken somewhat unselectively from both trees and forest floor with any insect, arthropod or earthworm taken back as food to the nest although the main diet as with all species of this group is aphid honey dew. These ants mass in tight clusters on the top of the mound in the early spring sunshine. The first queen laid eggs develop into alate sexuals which fly off the nest early in the summer from May until early July. New nests arise from colony splitting in the spring but occasionally single queens may secure adoption in nests of.

A monogynous form of F. rufa occurs in continental Europe and probably locally in Sweden but has never been found in England. This is the Formica rufa rufa of Gösswald (1941). Average worker size of this form is generally large and samples are usually conspicuously hairy. Many males from such isolated colonies in the Netherlands may have one or more coarse hairs protruding from the genae below the eyes and very occasionally queens may have very short sparse hairs on the basal face of the gaster but all such individuals have the widely spaced puncturation of true F. rufa and although workers may have a few hairs on the upper surface of the hind femora they never form a close fringe as in other species. This form has also sometimes been referred to as F. piniphila Schenck, 1852. Although generally monogynous, similar hairy specimens occur on the coastal dunes of the Netherlands in polygynous colonies.

Stukalyuk (2017) - Among temperate ants, the genus Formica is especially dependent on temperature during brood rearing because of a short period of development (Kipyatkov 2001). This variant is referred to as the strategy of spring rearing of reproductive individuals with resource accumulation in autumn (Kipyatkov and Lopatina 2007).

Serial brood rearing is characteristic of F. rufa. Active egg laying occurs in spring at a temperature of 20–30°С in the nest; thereafter, the queens move to chambers where temperature is 18°С (Horstmann 1975). The queens return to the warm chambers in June and resume egg laying, which continues until early August. Preparations of the colony for wintering are usually completed by mid-September (Kipyatkov and Shenderova 1986). The nests of F. rufa are warmed up by body heat produced by ants (Dlussky 1975), with reserve sugars being a likely energy resource for this activity. The temperature in the nest may rise from 7–10°С to 20–25°С within 12 h, which is favorable for egg laying and brood rearing. However, according to Zakharov (1978), F. rufa with a diameter of up to 0.6 m and a population of no more than 100 thousand ants are incapable of self thermoregulation. The regime of warming in such nests depends on solar radiation, and this puts them at risk. Larger nests can maintain their thermal regime autonomously. Self-thermoregulation in F. rufa nests is a prerequisite for successful growth of the colony and brood development.

Stukalyuk (2017) - Formica rufa was found to practice an unusual form of seasonal polydomy for a temperate species: nesting in trees. A population was studied in Kiev, Ukraine in a forest/forest steppe ecotone from 2013-2015. During the spring colonies show a typical wood ant pattern of using a main mound as their primary nest with various satellite mounds forming a complex of nest locations. Workers will adjust and shift brood between nest locations, and even form new nests, in response to temperature and food availability. Changes in insolation will prompt moves to more optimal mounds with higher temperatures that facilitate brood development times, and areas that are particularly rich with food resources are often exploited by moving portions of the colony to mounds closer to richer food sources. In the summer, a few colonies in the study area were found to have formed nests in hollow portions of oak tres (Quercus robur) and, in one case, in a similar situation with a pear tree (Pyrus communis). The arboreal nest was utilized from April to August/September. Workers moved brood, nest materials and workers into the trees early in the season and they eventually were found to contain queens and eggs as well, hence the nest was not simply a satellite foraging nest. During the fall, while migrating out of the nest, pupae were also observed being moved. Temperatures were found to average 0.5 - 1.0 C higher in the tree nest with tree crown temperatures as high as 2 - 4 C warmer in comparison to shaded ground temperatures. One tree contained two hollows: one 75 L in volume and 15 m above ground and the other 1 m below with a volume of 20 m.

Rybnikova and Kuznetsov (2015) studied nest complexes of wood ants in the Darwin Nature Reserve (Rybinsk Reservoir basin, Vologda and Yaroslavl Provinces, Russia). Their work assessed, in part, how wild boars and seasonal flooding may influence the survival and viability of wood ant colonies.

A complex of raised and transitional sphagnum bogs is developed in the central part of the peninsula. The better drained areas near the shores are occupied by a strip of upland forests from 1 to 5 km wide, mostly represented by green moss, tall moss, and complex pine forests blending into sphagnum pine forests closer to the bogs. Small patches of lichen pine forests are present in the raised areas. The biotic complex of the reserve is affected by the water level fluctuations in the reservoir, due to which its vast shallow peripheral areas are annually flooded and exposed. However, the water level not only changes seasonally within one year but also varies from year to year, so that high-water and low-water years occur. The destruction of mature ant nests by boars leads to complete elimination of many colonies and stimulates fragmentation of the surviving colonies in spring. The results of exogenous fragmentation of the damaged nests include a decrease in the number of large nests, loss of their growth potentials, depopulation, and degradation. Regular and largescale destruction of ant nests by boars leads to rapid degradation and dying off of whole nest complexes (Dyachenko, 1999; Efremov, 2013).

Observations of the ants have been carried out since 1997. The parameters recorded were the number of inhabited nests in the complexes (n), the basal diameter of the nest dome (d), and the diameter of the nest mound (D).

The Northern complex (Formica rufa) has been observed since 1997, when it consisted of 15 nests. The greatest number of nests (19) was recorded in 2004. The complex is positioned to the north of the central base of the reserve, along the edge of a middle-aged herb birch forest. Since the beginning of the prolonged high-water period (2004), the nests of this complex were repeatedly destroyed by boars. The surviving ants often built two or three small domes in the place of a large destroyed nest. Only 12 nests remained in 2010, three of which were fragmented into small domes built on the common mound. Before 2004 the mean diameter of the dome base (d) in this complex was 146 ± 54 cm (2001; n = 14), whereas in 2010 it was only 96 ± 26 cm (n =16). The mean dome height (h) also decreased twofold, from 60 ± 15 cm in 2001 (n = 14) to 30 ± 13 cm in 2010 (n = 16). The weakened nests were overgrown with grass, which further decreased their viability. Presently, the complex does not include any strong, viable nests with distinctly conical domes. The nests are hemispherical or flat and overgrown, or fragmented into several small domes. The principal nest, which is more than 60 years old according to the long-term residents, is now strongly flattened and overgrown with grass.

Symbionts
Parmentier et al. (2018) - Red wood ants (Formica rufa group) form host–symbiont networks. These widespread ants are keystone arthropods in European forest ecosystems (Gösswald 1989; Stockan and Robinson 2016). They exert wide-range effects on the forest fauna and flora and drive biogeochemical processes (Wardle et al. 2011). The above ground part of a red wood ant nest is a conspicuous mound of organic thatch (Rosengren et al. 1987), which is tightly regulated and provides an ideal habitat for a diverse community of associated symbionts, known as myrmecophiles (Parmentier et al. 2014). The majority of these red wood ant myrmecophiles directly interact with their host by feeding on their eggs and larvae and stealing prey carried into the nest (Parmentier et al. 2016a). In addition, many red wood ant myrmecophiles hunt on smaller myrmecophiles in the red wood ant nest microcommunity (Parmentier et al. 2016a). Ants also directly interact with their myrmecophile guests. If detected, ants try to deter or hurt them by showing aggression. Red wood ants show a highly variable degree of aggression towards myrmecophiles ranging from almost complete ignorance to heavy persecution, depending on the identity of the myrmecophile species (Parmentier et al. 2016b). In addition, the aggression response will be more prominent in densely crowded chambers in the nest, such as the chambers with brood, compared to the nest periphery, because of an increase in aggressive events and fewer opportunities to hide. Interestingly, myrmecophiles show preferences for particular nest locations and corresponding worker densities (Parmentier et al. 2016b), likely reflecting their tolerance to different degrees of ant aggression.

Parmentier has been studying details of species interactions within wood ant nests. The white springtail Cyphoderus albinus Nicolet, 1842 is an obligate ant symbiont that may reach high densities in ant nests (Parmentier et al. 2015). Ant workers pay little or no attention to its presence (Parmentier et al. 2016b). This springtail is likely to be the principal prey for many myrmecophilous predators (Parmentier et al. 2016a). Stenus aterrimus is a rove beetle specialized to capture springtails (Koerner et al. 2012). Ants show weak rates of aggression (aggression in 13% of encounters; see Parmentier et al. 2016a) towards this species and are distributed throughout the nest (Parmentier et al. 2016b). Thyreosthenius biovatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) and Mastigusa arietina (Thorell, 1871) also prey on other organisms in the colony. The former can be found throughout the nest and is occasionally attacked (aggression in 24% of encounters), whereas the latter is strongly persecuted (aggression in 73% of encounters) and is restricted to the sparsely occupied periphery of the nest (Parmentier et al. 2016b). The three myrmecophilous predators predate on the springtail and interact with their host by kleptoparasitism and brood predation (so far only recorded for T. biovatus and M. arietina, Parmentier et al. 2016a). The ants do not predate on the myrmecophilous predators and prey, but only negatively interact with them by an aggression response.

Fungi

 * This taxon is a host for the fungi (photo by Michal Kukla),  (Shrestha et al., 2017),  and  (Pascovici, 1983; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012), and  (Turian & Wuest, 1977; Bałazy, 1993; Sosnowska et al., 2004; Boer, 2008; Csata et al., 2013).

Male
Diploid males are known to occur in this species (Pamilo et al., 1994; Cournault & Aron, 2009).

Nomenclature

 *  rufa. Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1761: 426 (q.m.) EUROPE. [Not Linnaeus, 1758: 580 (w.); see Yarrow, 1954b: 313; Yarrow, 1955a: 5.] Latreille, 1802c: 143 (w.q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 166 (l.). Senior synonym of apicalis: Roger, 1862c: 287; of dorsata: Stephens, 1829: 357; Nylander, 1846a: 902; of ferruginea: Emery, 1892b: 161; of gaullei: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Bernard, 1967: 308; of major: Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Yarrow, 1955a: 3; Dlussky, 1967a: 93; of meridionalis: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 184; of piniphila: Mayr, 1855: 328; Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Betrem, 1960b: 76; of rufopratensis: Karavaiev, 1936: 240; Dlussky, 1967a: 93. Material of the unavailable names bondroiti, emeryi referred here by Yarrow, 1955a: 4; of major Gösswald by Dlussky, 1967a: 93. Current subspecies: nominal plus angusticeps, brevisetosa, constricta, obscurata, rufopratensoides, rufobrevisetosa, tshugunovi. See also: Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 425; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 245; Yarrow, 1955a: 3; Dlussky, 1967a: 93; Kutter, 1977c: 273; Collingwood, 1979: 141; Douwes, 1979: 187; Douwes, 1981: 213; Pavan, 1981: 1; Gösswald, 1989: 16; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 277; Czechowski & Douwes, 1996: 125.
 * ferruginea. Formica ferruginea Christ, 1791: 512, pl. 60, fig. 10 (w.) no locality. Junior synonym of rufa: Emery, 1892b: 161.
 * dorsata. Formica dorsata Panzer, 1798: no. 1651 (q.) AUSTRIA. Junior synonym of rufa: Stephens, 1829: 357; Nylander, 1846a: 902.
 * piniphila. Formica piniphila Schenck, 1852: 28 (w.q.m.) GERMANY. Junior synonym of rufa: Mayr, 1855: 328; Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Dalla Torre, 1893: 208. Revived from synonymy as subspecies of rufa: Forel, 1915d: 57. Revived status as species: Bondroit, 1918: 57. Subspecies of rufa: Emery, 1925b: 253; Stitz, 1939: 338. Junior synonym of major: Betrem, 1953: 325; of rufa: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Betrem, 1960b: 76; Dlussky, 1967a: 93; Bernard, 1967: 308; Kutter, 1977c: 273.
 * apicalis. Formica apicalis Smith, F. 1858b: 49 (q.) "South America"; locality in error. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of apicalis Latreille, 1802c: 204, above.] Junior synonym of rufa: Roger, 1862c: 287.
 * rufopratensis. Formica rufa var. rufopratensis Forel, 1874: 53 (w.q.) SWITZERLAND. Stitz, 1939: 338 (m.). Subspecies of pratensis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 205; of rufa: Emery, 1925b: 253; Karavaiev, 1927c: 282. Junior synonym of rufa: Karavaiev, 1936: 240; Dlussky, 1967a: 93.
 * meridionalis. Formica rufa var. meridionalis Nasonov, 1889: 17 (w.) RUSSIA. Subspecies of rufa: Ruzsky, 1905b: 330; Emery, 1909b: 186; Karavaiev, 1936: 244. Junior synonym of rufa: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 184.
 * gaullei. Formica gaullei Bondroit, 1917a: 176, fig. 1 (w.) FRANCE. Subspecies of rufa: Emery, 1925b: 253; Stitz, 1939: 339; Röszler, 1950: 213. Junior synonym of rufa: Yarrow, 1955a: 4.

Taxonomic Notes
The name Formica rufa was first proposed by Linnaeus in 1758 based on a worker from Europe. A few years later, in 1761, Linnaeus described what he thought were the queen and male of this same species. In fact, these specimens belong to separate species, the worker being conspecific with Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) while the queen and male are true Formica.

Over the years, myrmecologists developed a concept for Formica rufa based on the queen and male without realising, understanding or appreciating (depending on the author) that the true type, the worker, was actually a Camponotus. This descrepancy could potentially cause significant nomenclatural problems as Formica rufa is the type species of the genus Formica, and if Formica rufa were to be transferred to Camponotus, as would be required based on the type material, then Formica and Camponotus would become synonyms and (as Formica is the older name) all Camponotus species would become Formica species. This situation was so unacceptable that most authors chose to ignore the problem.

Yarrow ([[Media:Yarrow 1954b.pdf|1954]], [[Media:Yarrow 1955a.pdf|1955]]) was one of the first to seriously consider this situation and propose a solution. He suggested that the Formica rufa of Linnaeus, 1758 be suppressed and replaced by the Formica rufa of Linnaeus, 1761. This followed the concept widely in use for Formica rufa, maintaining the status quo and causing essentially no disruption to ant nomenclature.

To formalise this suggestion, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature published [[Media:ICZN Opinion 424, Formica rufa.pdf|Opinion 424]]. Technically, this Opinion validated under the Plenary Powers the specific name rufa Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Formica rufa and designated under the same Powers the species so named to be the type species of the genus Formica Linnaeus, 1758 (class Insecta, order Hymenoptera). In other words, Formica rufa would now be based on Linnaeus (1761) rather than Linnaeus (1758). In addition, this Opinion suppressed the name Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1758, meaning that it could no longer be used for nomenclatural purposes. Essentially it sets aside the Linnaeus (1758) description and replaces it with that of Linnaeus (1761). This is an elegant solution to a potentially disruptive situation and has been widely accepted and followed since its publication.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
 * Alvarado M., and L. Galle. 2000. Ant assemblages associated with lowland forests in the southern part of the great Hungarian plain. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae 46(2): 79-102.
 * AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
 * Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
 * Antarea (at www.antarea.fr on June 11th 2017)
 * Antonov I. A. 2013. Ant Assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Cities of the Temperate Zone of Eurasia. Russian Journal of Ecology 44(6): 523526.
 * Antonova V., and L. Penev. 2008. Classification of assemblages of ants in the green areas in Sofia City. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 60(2): 103-110.
 * ArtDatabanken Bugs (via GBIG)
 * Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2011. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2011. Iberomyrmex 3: 30-31.
 * Assing V. 1989. Die Ameisenfauna (Hym.: Formicidae) nordwestdeutscher Calluna-Heiden. Drosera 89: 49-62.
 * Asso, I.. "Introductio in Oryctographiam et Zoologian Aragonae." (1784).
 * Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1976. A Numerical Analysis of the Distribution of British Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 85: 51-91.
 * Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1977. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Northern Europe. Acta Zoologica Fennica 152: 1-34.
 * Barrett K. E. 1967. Ants in South Brittany. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 79:112-116.
 * Barrett K. E. J. 1968. Ants in western France. Entomologist 101: 153-155.
 * Barrett K. E. J. 1968b. The distribution of ants in central southern England. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 17: 235-250.
 * Barrett K. E. J. 1970. Ants in France, 1968-69. Entomologist 103: 270-274.
 * Behr D., and K. Colln. 1993. Zur ameisenfauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) von Gonnersdorf (Kr. Daun). Dendrocopos 20: 148-160.
 * Bernadou A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. 2006. Etude des communautés de fourmis d'une vallée andorrane. Union International pour l'Etude des Insectes Sociaux, Colloque annuel de la section francaise, 4pp.
 * Bernadou A., V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. 2013. A preliminary checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Andorra. Zookeys 277: 13-23.
 * Bernadou A., X. Espadaler, A. Le Goff, and V. Fourcassie. 2015. Ant community organization along elevational gradients in a temperate ecosystem. Insect. Soc. 62:5971
 * Bernard F. 1976. Écologie des fourmis des grès d'Annot, comparées à celles de la Provence calcaire. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nice 3: 33-54.
 * Bernard, F.. "Notes sur les fourmis de France. II. Peuplement des montagnes méridionales." Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 115 (1950): 1-36.
 * Bezdecka P. 1996. The ants of Slovakia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomofauna carpathica 8: 108-114.
 * Bezdeckova K., and P. Bezdecka. 2009. Nejvetsi polykalicka kolonie Formica foreli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) y Ceské republice. Acta rerum naturalium 7: 121126.
 * Blacker N. C. and C. A. Collingwood. 2002. Some significant new records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Salisbury area, south Wiltshire, England, with a key to the British species of Lasius. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 15: 25-46
 * Blacker N.C. 2007. Ants (Hym., Formicidae) in East Anglia-Additional Records from . Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 143: 69-90
 * Blatrix R., C. Lebas, C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, P. Pimenta, and D. Morichon. 2016. Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. – Myrmecological News 22: 119-127.
 * Boer P. 2019. Species list of the Netherlands. Accessed on January 22 2019 at http://www.nlmieren.nl/websitepages/specieslist.html
 * Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. Van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. Lijst van mieren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) van Belgie en Nederland, hun Nederlandse namen en hun voorkomen. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 63: 54-58.
 * Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. Lijst van mieren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) van Belgie en Nederland, hun Nederlandse namen en hun voorkomen. Entomologische Berichten 63(3): 54-57.
 * Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. List of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Belgium and The Netherlands, their status and Dutch vernacular names. Entomologische Berichten 63 (3): 54-58.
 * Boer P., and J. Noordijk. 2005. Myrmica schenckioides nov. sp., a new socially parasitic ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 65(4): 120-123.
 * Bonaric J. C. 1971. Contribution a l'etude systematique et ecologique des formicides du Bas-Languedoc. PhD thesis Universite des sciences et techniques du Languedoc, 175 pages.
 * Bonaric J. C. 1971. Étude systématique et ecologique des fourmis de lHérault (suite). Ann. Soc. Hortic. Hist. Nat. Hérault 111: 119-126.
 * Bondroit J. 1917. Notes sur quelques Formicidae de France (Hym.). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917: 174-177.
 * Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
 * Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
 * Bracko G., H. C. Wagner, A. Schulz, E. Gioahim, J. Maticic, and A. Tratnik. 2014. New investigation and a revised checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Republic of Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology 10(1): 10-24.
 * Bracko G., K. Kiran, C. Karaman, S. Salata, and L. Borowiec. 2016. Survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Greek Thrace. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7945. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e7945
 * Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
 * Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
 * Braschler, B. and B. Baur. 2005. Experimental Small-Scale Grassland Fragmentation Alters Competitive Interactions among Ant Species. Oecologia 143(2):291-300
 * Carniel A. 1998. Ricerche sulla mirmecofauna delle Prealpi Orobiche (Lombardia) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Atti. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Morbegno 9: 29-39.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and C. Galkowski. 2009. Liste actualisee des Fourmis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 114: 475-510.
 * Casevitz-Weulersse J., and M. Prost. 1991. Fourmis de la Côte-d'Or présentes dans les collections du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Dijon. Bulletin Scientifique de Bourgogne 44: 53-72.
 * Cherix D., and S. Higashi. 1979. Distribution verticale des fourmis dans le Jura vaudois et recensement prelimaire des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Formicidae et Apidae). Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 356(74): 315-324.
 * Colindre L. 2015. Les fourmis en Picardie: bilan 2014 (Hymenoptera/ Formicidae). Entomologiste Picard 26, 15 pages.
 * Colindre L. 2017. Richess et utilite du cortege de fourmis en foret d'Ermenonville, Oise, Region Hauts-de-France. Association des Entomologistes de Picardie. 19 pages.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1951. The distribution of ants in north-west Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 63: 45-49
 * Collingwood C. A. 1951. The distribution of ants in north-west Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 63: 45-49.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1955. Ants in S.W. Scotland. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 67: 11-12.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1956. Ant hunting in France. Entomologist 89: 106-108.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1961. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. Scotish Naturalist 70: 12-21.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1963. Three ant species new to Norway. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 75: 225-228.
 * Collingwood C. A. 1971. A synopsis of the Formicidae of north Europe. Entomologist 104: 150-176
 * Collingwood C. A., and J. E. Satchell. 1956. The ants of the South Lake District. Journal of the Society for British Entomology 5: 159-164.
 * Collingwood C. A., and J. Hughes. 1987. Ant species in Yorkshire, England. Naturalist (Leeds) 112: 95-101.
 * Collingwood C.A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants. Entomol. Rec. 71: 78-83
 * Collingwood C.A. 1961. Ants in Finland. Entomol. Rec. 73: 190-195
 * Collingwood C.A. 1961. New Vice-County Records for British Ants. Entomologist. 73: 90-93
 * Collingwood C.A. and Satchell J.E. 1956. The Ants of the South Lake District. Journal of the Society for British Entomology. 5: 159-164
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1958b. A key to the species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found in Britain. Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol. 13: 69-96
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1964. The Identification of British Ants (Hym. Formicidae). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology. 16:93-121.
 * Collingwood, C. A. 1974. A revised list of Norwegian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 21: 31-35.
 * Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
 * Collingwood, C. A.. "A provisional list of Iberian Formicidae with a key to the worker caste." EOS (Revista española de entomología) Nº LVII (1978): 65-95.
 * Collingwood, C. A.. "The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark." Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8 (1979): 1-174.
 * Consani M., and P. Zangheri. 1952. Fauna di Romagna. Imenotteri - Formicidi. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 31: 38-48.
 * Csosz S., B. Marko, K. Kiss, A. Tartally, and L. Galle. 2002. The ant fauna of the Ferto-Hansag National Park (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Mahunka, S. (Ed.): The fauna of the Fert?-Hanság National Park. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 617-629.
 * Csősz S. and Markó, B. 2005. European ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the ant collection of the Natural History Museum of Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben), Romania II. Subfamily Formicinae. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 97: 225-240.
 * Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2001. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Stana Valley (Romania): Evaluation of the effectiveness of a myrmecological survey.  Entomologica Romanica 6 : 121-126.
 * Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7: 55-62.
 * Cuní, M.. "Excursión entomológica y botánica a la Cerdaña española (Cataluña)." Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia Natural (1881): 377.
 * Cuní, M.. "Insectos observados en los alrededores de Barcelona." Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia Natural XVII (1888): 133.
 * Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
 * Della Santa E. 1994. Guide pour l'identification des principales espèces de fourmis de Suisse. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 3: 1-124.
 * Della Santa E. 1995. Fourmis de Provence. Faune Provence 16: 5-37.
 * Dewes E. 2005. Ameisenerfassung im Waldschutzgebiet Steinbachtal/Netzbachtal. Abh. Delattinia 31: 89-118.
 * Donisthorpe H. 1914. Myrmecophilous notes for 1913. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 26: 37-45.
 * Donisthorpe, H.. "A first instalment of the ants of Turkey." Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12)3 (1950): 1057-1067.
 * Du Merle P. 1978. Les peuplements de fourmis et les peuplements d'acridiens du Mont Ventoux II. - Les peuplements de fourmis. Terre Vie 32(1): 161-218.
 * Dubovikoff D. A., and Z. M. Yusupov. 2018. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
 * Dusmet, J. M.. "Linneo y los himenópteros de España." Linneo en España. Homenaje a su segundo centenario Zaragoza (1907): 475.
 * Dvorak, L., P. BOGUSCH, I. MALENOVSKÝ, P. BEZDÌÈKA, K. BEZDÌÈKOVÁ, K. HOLÝ, P. LIKA, J. MACEK, L. ROLLER, M. RÍHA et al. "Hymenoptera of Hády Hill, near the city of Brno (Czech Republic), collected during the Third Czech-Slovak Hymenoptera meeting." Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 93 (2008): 53-92.
 * Else G., B. Bolton, and G. Broad. 2016. Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - aculeates (Apoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8050. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e8050
 * Emery C. 1916. Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47: 79-275.
 * Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte seconda. Formiche dell'Europa e delle regioni limitrofe in Africa e in Asia." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 12 (1878): 43-59.
 * Entomological Society of Latvia. 2003. http://leb.daba.lv/Formicidae.htm (Accessed on December 1st 2013).
 * Espadaler, X., and S. Monteserín Real. "Aegeritella (Deuteromycetes) on Formica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Spain." Orsis 18 (2003): 13-17.
 * Espadaler, X.. "Contribución al conocimiento de los formícidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Pirineo catalán." Tesis Universida (1979): 285 pp.
 * Fabrisheva O. A., and Y. N. Belova. 2009. Material on the ant fauna of the Vologda region. Materials of the 13th All-Russian Myrmecological Symposium, N. Novgorod: 121-123.
 * Fiedler, K., F. Kuhlmann, B. C. Schlick-Steiner, F. M. Steiner and G. Gebauer. 2007. Stable N-isotope signatures of central European ants  assessing positions in a trophic gradient. Insectes Sociaux 54(4):393-402.
 * Finzi, B.. "Secondo contributo alla conoscenza della fauna mirmecologica della Venezia Giulia." Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 56 (1924): 120-123.
 * Forel A. 1892. Die Ameisenfauna Bulgariens. (Nebst biologischen Beobachtungen.). 305-318.
 * Formidabel Database
 * Fowles, A.P. 1996. A provisional checklist of the invertebrates recorded from Wales. 2. Aculeate wasps, bees and ants (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Countryside Council for Wales
 * Francois J. 1958. Contribution a l'etude ecologique des Formicides (Insectes, Hymenopteres) de la region Dijonnaise. Travaux du laboratoire de Zoologie et de la Station Aquicole Grimaldi de la Faculte des Sciences de Dijon 25, 39 pages.
 * GRETIA. 2017. Bilan annuel de l'enquete sur la repartition des fourmis armoricaines. 23 pages.
 * Gadeau de Kerville H. 1922. Materiaux pour la Faune des Hymenopteres de la Normandie. Bull. Soc. Amis Sc. Nat. Rouen 1916-1921, 1922: 217-225.
 * Galle L. 1972. Study of ant-populations in various grassland ecosystems. Acta Biologica Szeged 18(1-4): 159-164.
 * Galle L. 1993. Data to the ant fauna of the Bukk (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natural history of the national parks of Hungary 7: 445-448.
 * Gallé L., B. Markó, K. Kiss, E. Kovács, H. Dürgő, K. Kőváry, and S. Csősz. 2005. Ant fauna of Tisza river basin (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).  In: Gallé, L. (szerk.): Vegetation and Fauna of Tisza River Basin I. Tiscia Monograph Series 7; Szeged, pp. 149-197.
 * Garcia Garcia F., and A. D. Cuesta-Esgura. 2017. First catalogue of the ants of Burgos province, Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 60: 245–258.
 * Gaspar C. 1968. Les fourmis de la Drome et des Basses-Alpes, en France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturaliste can. 95: 747-766.
 * Gaspare Charles. 1965. Étude myrmécologique d'une région naturelle de Belgique: la Famenne Survey des Fourmis de la Région (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Institut agronomique de l'Etat a' Gembloux. 32(4): 427-434.
 * Gilev A. V., I. V. Kuzmin, V. A. Stolbov, and S. D. Sheikin. 2012. Materials on the fauna and ecology of ants (formicidae) Southern part of the Tyumen region. Tyumen State University Herald 6: 86-91.
 * Glaser F. 2009. Die Ameisen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Amtlicher Lehrmittelverlag, Vaduz, 2009 (Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein; Bd. 26).
 * Glaser F., A. Freitag, and H. Martz. 2012. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Münstertal (Val Müstair)  a hot spot of regional species richness between Italy and Switzerland. Gredleriana 12: 273 - 284.
 * Grandi G. 1935. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XV. Boll. R. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Studi Bologna 8: 27-121.
 * Gratiashvili N., Barjadze S. 2008. Checklist of the ants (Formicidae Latreille, 1809) of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Tbilisi) 23: 130-146.
 * Groc S., J. H. C. Delabie, R. Cereghino, J. Orivel, F. Jaladeau, J. Grangier, C. S. F. Mariano, and A. Dejean. 2007. Ant species diversity in the Grands Causses (Aveyron, France): In search of sampling methods adapted to temperate climates. C. R. Biologies 330: 913922.
 * Grzes I. M. 2009. Ant species richness and evenness increase along a metal pollution gradient in the Boles?aw zinc smelter area. Pedobiologia 53: 65-73.
 * Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
 * Gyllenstrand, N., P. Seppä and P. Pamilo. 2004. Genetic differentiation in sympatric wood ants,Formica rufaandF. polyctena . Insectes Sociaux 51(2):139-145
 * Hawes, C., A.J.A. Stewart and H.F. Evans. 2002. The Impact of Wood Ants (Formica rufa) on the Distribution and Abundance of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Scots Pine Plantation. Oecologia 131(4):612-619
 * Holecova M., M. Klesniakova, K. Holla, and A. Sestakova. 2017. Winter activity in scots pine canopies in Borska Nizina Lowland (SW Slovakia)
 * Holgersen H. 1942. Ants of northern Norway (Hym., Form.). Tromso Mus. Årsh. 63(2): 1-34.
 * Holgersen H. 1943. Ant studies in Rogaland (south-western Norway). Avhandlingar utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1943(7): 1-75.
 * Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-203.
 * Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-339.
 * Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-483.
 * Hågvar S. 2005. Altitudinal zonation of ants (Formicidae) in a steep fjord landscape in Sogndal, Western Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 52: 3-12.
 * Ihnatiuk O. A., and S. V. Stukalyuk. 2015. Degradation changes in the structure of multispecies associations of ants in urbanized areas. Russian Journal of Ecology 46(1): 109–115.
 * Jeffery H. G. 1931. The Formicidae (or ants) of the Isle of Wight. Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society 2: 125-128.
 * Karaman M. G. 2009. An introduction to the ant fauna of Macedonia (Balkan Peninsula), a check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Natura Montenegrina 8(3): 151-162.
 * Karaman M. G. 2011. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp.
 * Karavaiev V. 1912. Ameisen aus dem paläarktischen Faunengebiete. Rus. Entomol. Obozr. 12: 581-596.
 * Kim B.J. 1986. A systematic study of ants in Island Ullungdo of Korea on the basis of external fine features. The journal of Natural Science 5(2): 84-94.
 * Kim B.J. 1996. Synonymic list and distribution of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) in Korea. Entomological Research Bulletin Supplement 169-196.
 * Kim et al. 1993. Systematic study of ants from Chejudo Province. Koran Journal of Entomology 23(3): 117-141.
 * Kiran K., and C. Karaman. 2012. First annotated checklist of the ant fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3548: 1-38.
 * Kofler A. 1995. Nachtrag zur Ameisenfauna Osttirols (Tirol, Österreich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 1: 14-25.
 * Korlevic, A.. "Prilozi fauni hrvatskih opnokrilaca." Glasn. Hrv. Narav. Dr. 5 (1890): 189-250.
 * Kvamme T. 1982. Atlas of the Formicidae of Norway (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Insecta Norvegiae 2: 1-56.
 * Kvamme T., and A. Wetas. 2010. Revidert liste over norske maur  Inkludert dialektiske navn og forslag til nye norske navn og forslag til norske navn. Norsk institutt for skog og landskap, Ås. 127 pp
 * Laeger T., and R. Schultz. 2005. Ameisen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) als Beifänge in Bodenfallen  wie genau spiegeln sie reale Abundanzverhältnisse wider? Myrmecologische Nachrichten 7: 17-24.
 * Lapeva-Gjonova, L., V. Antonova, A. G. Radchenko, and M. Atanasova. "Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria." ZooKeys 62 (2010): 1-124.
 * Lebas C., C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, X. Espadaler, and R. Blatrix. 2015. The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France. R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1): 24  33
 * Lenoir A. 1971. Les fourmis de Touraine, leur intérêt biogéographique. Cahiers des Naturalistes 27: 21-30.
 * Lenoir L. 2009. Ant Species Composition and Richness in Different Types of Semi Natural Grasslands. Russian Journal of Ecology 40(7): 471-476.
 * Livory A. 2003. Les fourmis de la Manche. L'Argiope 39: 25-49.
 * Lomnicki J. 1928. Spis mrówek Lwowa i okolicy. Ksiegi Pamiatkowej (Lecia Gimn. IV Jana Dlugosza Lwowie) 50: 1-10.
 * Maavara V. 1953. Ants of Estonian SSR. ABIKS loodusevaatlejale 10: 1-44.
 * Malozemova L. A. 1972. Ants of steppe forests, their distribution by habitats, and perspectives of their utilization for protection of forests (north Kazakhstan). [In Russian.]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 51: 57-68.
 * Markó B., B. Sipos, S. Csősz, K. Kiss, I. Boros, and L. Gallé. 2006. A comprehensive list of the ants of Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 65-76.
 * Martin, S.J., E.A. Jenner and F.P. Drijfhout. 2007. Chemical Deterrent Enables a Socially Parasitic Ant to Invade Multiple Hosts. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 274(1626):2717-2721
 * Martorell, M.. "Catálogos sinonímicos de insectos encontrados en Cataluña." Barcelona (1879).
 * Monteserín Real, S.. "Invertebrados de la Reserva Natural Integral de Muniellos, Asturias: Formicidae." Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Ordenación del Territorio e Infraestructuras del Principado de Asturias KRK edicio (2003): 269.
 * Müller, G.. "Le formiche della Venezia Guilia e della Dalmazia." Bollettino della Società Adriatica di Scienze Naturali in Trieste 28 (1923): 11-180.
 * Nadig A. 1918. Alcune note sulla fauna dell'alta Valsesia. Formicidae. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 56: 331-341.
 * Neumeyer R., and B. Seifert. 2005. Commented check list of free living ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species of Switzerland. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 78: 1-17.
 * Nielsen M. G. 2011. A check list of Danish ants and proposed common names. Ent. Meddr. 79: 13-18.
 * Novgorodova T. A., A. S. Ryabinin. 2015. Trophobiotic associations between ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidomorpha) in South Zauralye. News of Saratov University. Chemistry Series, Biology, Ecology 2(15): 98-107.
 * Nylander, W.. "Synopsis des Formicides de France et d'Algérie." Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie (4)5 (1856): 51-109.
 * O'Rourke F. J. 1948. The distribution and general ecology of the Irish Formicidae. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science 52: 383-410.
 * Ovazza M. 1950. Contribution à la connaissance des fourmis des Pyrénées-Orientales. Récoltes de J. Hamon Vie et Milieu 1: 93-94.
 * Paik W.H. 1984. A checklist of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Korea. Korean J. Plant Prot. 23(3): 193-195.
 * Paraschivescu D. 1972. Fauna mirmecologica din zonele saline ale Romaniei. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. Seria Zoologie 24: 489-495.
 * Paraschivescu D. 1978. Elemente balcanice in mirmecofauna R. S. Romania. Nymphaea 6: 463- 474.
 * Park S.J., and B.J. Kim. 2002. Faunal comparison of ants among Cheongsando and other islands of South Sea in Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology 32(1): 7-12.
 * Park, Seong, Joon and Byung, and Kim, Jin. 2002. Faunal Comparison of Ants among Cheongsando and Other Islands of South Sea in Korea. Korean Jornal of Entomology. 32(1):7-12.
 * Peru L. 1999. Quelques ajouts et corrections a un catalogue des fourmis de la region Centre (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de l'Entomologie Tourangelles 20(1): 9-12.
 * Petal J. M. 1963. Faune des fourmis de la reserve de tourbiere en projet a Rakowskie Bagno pres de Frampol (voivodie de Lublin). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sk?odowska 58(7): 143-174.
 * Petal J. M. 1967. Contribution a la connaissance des fourmis (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) de la region de Lublin. VII. Associations des fourmis des milieux de tourbieres, de forets et de dunes aux environs de Libiszow (dist. De Parczew). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Lublin-Polonia 22(9): 117-130.
 * Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
 * Punttila P., Y. Haila, J. Niemela, and T. Pajunen. 1994. Ant communities in fragments of old-growth taiga and managed surroundings. Ann. Zool. Fennici 31: 131-144.
 * Punttila P., and Y. Haila. 1996. Colonisation of a burned forest by ants in the southern Finnish Boreal forest. Silva Fennica 30(4): 421-435.
 * Pusvaskyte O. 1979. Myrmecofauna of the Lituanian SSR. Acta Entomologica Lituanica 4: 99-105.
 * Ran H., and S. Y. Zhou. 2012. Checklist of chinese ants: formicomorph subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) II. Journal of Guangxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition 30(4): 81-91.
 * Reznikova Z. I. 2003. Distribution patterns of ants in different natural zones and landscapes in Kazakhstan and West Siberia along a meridian trend. Euroasian Entomological Journal 2(4): 235-342.
 * Ruzsky M. 1920. Ants of Kamchatka. Izv. Inst. Issled. Sib. 2: 76-80
 * Röszler P. 1950. Die Ameisenwelt des Nagy Pietrosz, 2305 m (Ungarn) und Umgebung. Zool. Anz. 145: 210-225.
 * Santschi F. 1925. Fourmis d'Espagne et autres espéces paléartiques EOS (Revista española de entomología) 1: 339-360.
 * Santschi, F.. "Fourmis d'Espagne et des Canaries." Boletín de la Real Sociedad española de Historia natural (Madrid) 19 (1919): 241-248.
 * Schlick-Steiner B. C., and F. M. Steiner. 1999. Faunistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen an den freilebenden Ameisen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Wiens. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 3: 9-53.
 * Seifert B. 1994. Die freilebenden Ameisenarten Deutschlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) und Angaben zu deren Taxonomie und Verbreitung. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz 67(3): 1-44.
 * Seifert B. 1998. Rote Liste der Ameisen. - in: M. Binot, R. Bless, P. Boye, H. Gruttke und P. Pretscher: Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere Deutschlands. Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1998: 130-133.
 * Siberian Zoological Museum. Website available at http://szmn.sbras.ru/old/Hymenop/Formicid.htm. Accessed on January 27th 2014.
 * Slipinski P., M. Zmihorski, and W. Czechowski. 2012. Species diversity and nestedness of ant assemblages in an urban environment. Eur. J. Entomol. 109: 197206.
 * Sonnenburg H. 2005. Die Ameisenfauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Niedersachsens und Bremens. Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 7: 377-441.
 * Soulie J. 1962. Fourmis des Hautes-Pyrenees. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 97: 35-37.
 * Steiner F. M., S. Schödl, and B. C. Schlick-Steiner. 2002. Liste der Ameisen Österreichs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Stand Oktober 2002. Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 3: 17-25.
 * Stiprais M. 1973. Materi?li par R?gas kukai?u faunu. - Latvijas Entomologs, 15: 30-32.
 * Stroo A. 2003. Het ruggengraatloze soortnbeleid. Nieuwsbrief European Invertebrate Survey  Nederland 36: 8-14.
 * Stukalyuk S. V. 2015. Structure of the ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the broad-leaved forests of Kiev. Entomological Review 95(3): 370–387.
 * Stukalyuk S. V. 2017. Stratification of the ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the urban broadleaf woodlands of the city of Kiev. Entomological Review 97(3): 320-343.
 * Stärcke A. 1942. Ants, collected by Dr. C. F. Engelhard at Stockmarknes (Island Hadsekoy, Vesterale Archipelago circa 68°50' Lat. N. Norway) and between 64° and 66° Lat. N. on the western coast of Norway, July 1932. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 11: 21-23.
 * Sushko G. G. 2013. The ants (hymenoptera, formicidae) bogs Belarusian Lakeland. Proceedings of the international. scientific-practical. conference, Vitebsk, 21-22 November 2013 - Vitebsk, 2013. - P. 215-216.
 * Tausan I., M. M. Jerpel, I. R. Puscasu, C. Sadeanu, R. E. Brutatu, L. A. Radutiu, and V. Giurescu. 2012. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei 7(3): 499-520.
 * Tolg, F., and J. Fahringer. "Beitrag zur Dipteren- und Hymenopterenfauna Bosniens der Herzegowina und Dalmatiens, II." Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien 9 (1911): 23-28.
 * Vagalinski B., and A. Lapeva-Gjonova. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Plana Mountain (Bulgaria). Historia naturalis bulgarica 20: 87-101.
 * Vesni? A. 2011: Revidirani sistematski prijegled mrava Bosne i Hercegovine. Unutar : S. Lelo (urednik),  Fauna  Bosne  i  Hercegovine    Biosistematski  pregledi.  7.  izmijenjeno  i popravljeno interno izdanje Udruenja za inventarizaciju i zatitu  ivotinja, Ilija, Kanton Sarajevo, pp: 205-207.
 * Vogrin, V.. "Prilog fauni Hymenoptera - Aculeata Jugoslavije." Zast. Bilja 31(suppl.) (1955): 1-74.
 * Wegnez P. 2018. Premières decouvertes de Myrmica bibikoffi Kutter, 1963 et de Ponera testacea Emery, 1895, au Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 154: 263–272.
 * Wegnez P., S. De Greef, C. Degache, D. Ignace, and W. Dekoninck. 2011. Observations recentes de la fourmi Formicoxenus nitidulus (NYLANDER, 1846) en Belgique et en France (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 20-26.
 * Wegnez P., and A. Ronk. 2017. Découverte de Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) et signalement de quelques autres espèces rares de fourmis au Luxembourg (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 119 : 153–159.
 * Wegnez P., and F. Mourey. 2016. Formica uralensis Ruzsky, 1895 une espèce encore présente en France mais pour combien de temps ? (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 152: 72-80.
 * Wegnez P., and M. Fichaux. 2015. Liste actualisee des especes de fourmis repertoriees au Grand-Duche de Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 151: 150-165
 * Wheeler W. M. 1913. A revision of the ants of the genus Formica (Linné) Mayr. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 53: 379-565.
 * Wiezik M. 2006. Ants (Hymenoptera:  Formiciadae)  of  the  Sitno  National  Nature  Reserve (tiavnické vrchy Protected Landscape Area). Naturae Tutela 10: 73-77.
 * Wiezik M. 2007. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of mountain and alpine ecosystems at Southern part of Krá?ovoho?ské Tatry Mts. Naturae Tutela 11: 85-90.
 * Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and J. Murin. 2008. Ant assemblages at horná orava peatbogs. Naturae Tutela 12: 55-60.
 * Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and M. Svitok. 2010. Effects of secondary succession in abandoned grassland on the activity of ground-foraging ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 74: 153-160
 * Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and M. Svitok. 2011. Vegetation structure, ecological stability, and low-disturbance regime of abandoned dry grasslands support specific ant assemblages in Central Slovakia. Tuexenia 31: 301315.
 * Wiezik M., A. Wieziková, and L. Ma?áková. 2010. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of typical habitats at Boky National Nature Reserve. Naturae Tutela 14(1): 91-98.
 * Wlodarczyk T. 2010. Ant species composition in relation to forest associations in Szczecin Landscape Park. Polish Journal of Entomology 79: 91-99.
 * Yarrow I. H. H. 1955. The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae). Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol. 12: 1-48.
 * Zryanin V. A., and T. A. Zryanina. 2007. New data on the ant fauna Hymenoptera, Formicidae in the middle Volga River Basin. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127(2): 226-240.
 * de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica en la Cordillera Ibérica." Orsis 6 (1991): 129-126.