Cephalotes minutus

A commonly encountered Cephalotes species that is widely distributed and occurs in many habitat types.

Identification
A member of the laminatus clade characterised in the worker by the eyes having a maximum diameter greater than 1/3 of the head length, and, in the worker and in the soldier, by the propodeal spines not expanded ventrally into a lamella. minutus is the sister species of Cephalotes simillimus with which it is very similar and partially sympatric. It is also one of the commonest species of the genus and the one with the broadest geographical distribution in absolute. The heads of soldiers and gynes from the northern range of the species are more flat than those from other areas. An important location of variation which appears to be not geographically correlated is the declivous face of the propodeum: it can be either longitudinally or transversely striate according to the specimens. (de Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999)

Distribution
Mexico, St. Thomas Island, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyanas, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Biology
Schmid et al. (2014) found this ant nesting in infructescences (the stem and remains of buds and fruits above the level of the water reservoir in the rosette) of the bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis on Santa Catarina Island, Brazil.

Gillette et al. (2015) in a Chaipas, Mexico field study of twig-nesting ants in coffee plants found C. minutus nesting on plants between 450-950 m in elevation.

Koch et al. (2018) sampled this species in Caryocar barsiliense trees, in southeastern Brazil cerrado, as part of a study examining species interactions in ant-plants.

Nomenclature

 *  minutus. Cryptocerus minutus Fabricius, 1804: 420 (w.) CENTRAL AMERICA. Smith, F. 1862d: 409 (s.); Emery, 1890b: 74 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954b: 155 (l.). Combination in Cryptocerus (Paracryptocerus): Emery, 1915i: 192; in Paracryptocerus: Kempf, 1951: 169; in Zacryptocerus: Kugler, C. 1978a: 474; in Cephalotes: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 194. Senior synonym of quadrimaculatus, volxemi: Emery, 1890a: 68; Emery, 1890b: 74; of exiguus: Kempf, 1958a: 110; of cognatus: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 195.
 * quadrimaculatus. Cryptocerus quadrimaculatus Klug, 1824: 215 (q.) BRAZIL. Smith, F. 1853: 219 (q.); Smith, F. 1860c: 74 (w.). Junior synonym of minutus: Emery, 1890a: 68; Emery, 1890b: 74.
 * cognatus. Cryptocerus cognatus Smith, F. 1862d: 411, pl. 13, fig. 4 (q.) BRAZIL. Combination in Cryptocerus (Paracryptocerus): Emery, 1924d: 307; in Paracryptocerus (Harnedia): Kempf, 1958a: 137; in Zacryptocerus: Brandão, 1991: 385. Subspecies of minutus: Emery, 1924d: 307. Revived status as species: Kempf, 1958a: 136. Junior synonym of minutus: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 195.
 * exiguus. Cryptocerus exiguus Smith, F. 1867: 524, pl. 26, fig. 4 (w.) MEXICO. Combination in Cryptocerus (Paracryptocerus): Emery, 1924d: 307; in Paracryptocerus: Kempf, 1951: 232. Junior synonym of minutus: Kempf, 1958a: 110.
 * volxemi. Cryptocerus volxemi Emery, 1878a: ix (w.) BRAZIL. Junior synonym of minutus: Emery, 1890a: 68; Emery, 1890b: 74.

Worker
Kempf (1951) - Length 3.4 mm. Median head length 0.88 mm; Weber's length of thorax 0.95 mm. Black; the following light reddish-brown: antennae, tips of mandibles, tips of femora, tibiae, tarsi, apical half of basitarsus, apices of first prothoracic tooth, epinotal and peduncular spines, anterolateral border of gaster, distal border of gastral tergites and sternites. Frontal carinae and upper face of tibiae pale yellowish.

Head opaque; slightly longer than broad, broadest behind the eyes; interocular distance somewhat shorter than the maximum length of the head (43:40). Lateral margins of head scarcely sinuate above the eyes. Posterior margin straight mesially, the occipital angles with slightly projecting, subtransversely truncate, partly infuscated, lamellae, the apical border of which is more or less straight. Cheeks strongly marginate beneath, densely covered with flat, appressed silvery hairs. Eyes large, their longest diameter more than 1/3 of median head length. Upper and lower surface of head finely reticulate-punctate, sparsely covered with silvery, slender, simple, flat, scale-like, appressed hairs; slightly larger, denser, and somewhat canaliculate, lying in grooves, in front of the occipital border.

Thorax opaque. Anterior border moderately arcuate; shoulders sharply angulate. Pronotum somewhat expanded laterally behind the shoulders, with two short teeth on each side, the posterior tooth slightly shorter than the anterior. Posterior corners of pronotum projecting, forming a rectangular tooth. Promesonotal suture vestigial laterad, obsolete mesad. Mesonotum on each side with a small, acute, projecting tooth. Mesoepinotal suture not deeply impressed, more or less vestigial. Basal face of epinotum with an anterolateral, smaller recurved spine and a posterior long, slender spine, twice as long as the first, greatly divergent, more than 45° from the longitudinal axis. Declivity not excavated, its sides not conspicuously crested, but finely longitudinally striated, without scales. The entire thorax finely reticulate-punctate, the upper face very little convex longitudinally and transversely, with rather dense, more or less longitudinal, elongate grooves, each containing a flat, canaliculate, appressed silvery scale. Laterotergite of pronotum and mesopleura longitudinally striated, sparsely scaled.

Petiole opaque, transverse, with a long, subacute spine on each side. Postpetiole slightly longer than petiole, transverse, with a somewhat shorter, broader, spine, on each side, more or less rounded apically curving obliquely forward. Sculpture as on thorax, the sparse scales not lying in foveolae.

Gaster subopaque, somewhat elongate, depressed. First gastral tergite with rather narrow, not distinctly set off anterolateral lamellate border, emarginate mesad. Tergites and sternites finely reticulate-punctate. Scale-like silvery hair appressed, sparse and simple, not lying in deep foveolae. erect pile confined to apical half of first sternite and the exposed portion of the tergites 2-4 and the sternites.

de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 3.12-3.82; HL 0.78-0.98; HW 0.94-1.16; EL 0.31-0.36; PW 0.75-0.96; PeW 0.47-0.58; PpW 0.42-0.48; HBaL 0.28-0.47; HBaW 0.06-0.07; CI 118.4-121.7; PI 120.8-124.4; PPeI 156.2-183.0; PPpI 178.6-195.6; HBaI 21.1-21.4.

Soldier
Kempf (1951) - Length 7 mm. Median head length 1.90 mm; Weber's length of thorax 2.02 mm. Black; the following ferruginous: antennae, tip of femora, tibiae, tarsi. First gastral tergite with a large yellowish-brown spot on each corner.

Head subfulgid; slightly longer than wide (83:82). Frontal carinae arcuate, diverging caudad to above the posterior end of the antennal scrobe, where they form a distinct, very obtuse angle, and are prolonged in the form of a conspicuous, not raised margination above the eyes, fading out before reaching the posterior border of the eyes. Upper surface of head scarcely convex. Occiput sharply truncate, distinctly marginate on vertex. Occipital corners indicated by faint tubercular swellings on each side. Occipital border slightly convex. Cheeks immarginate below. Eyes flat. A distinct emargination extends from beneath the eyes back to the occipital corner. Upper surface of head finely punctate, with sparse, small foveolae, in which no distinct hair is visible. Foveolae slightly larger and more crowded on occiput, still larger, containing a distinctly visible, decumbent seta, on the lower surface of the head.

Thorax subfulgid above. Anterior border arcuate, shoulders subangulate. Sides of pronotum, with a strong lateral tooth, pointing obliquely forward. Transverse pronotal keel distinct, not sharply crested. Posterior corner of pronotum projecting in the form of a small rectangular tooth. In profile, the promesonotum is strongly convex. Promesonotal suture vestigial. Mesonotum with a stout, bluntly rounded, slightly upturned, marginate, lateral lobe. Thorax greatly constricted laterad between mesonotum and epinotum. Mesoepinotal suture impressed. Epinotum opaque. Basal face transverse with an anterolateral, broad, obtuse tooth, and a much stronger, greatly diverging posterior spine, with blunt apex, and a postero-ventral lamella, which does not border the declivity laterad. Declivous face longitudinally striatorugose. Microsculpture of promesonotum as on head, epinotum and sides subopaque, reticulate-puncate. Upper surface of thorax foveolate, sparsely on the anterior portion of the pronotum, densely and deeply behind, the foveolae being much larger than those of the upper surface of head. Laterotergite of pronotum with sparse and more shallow foveolae.

Petiole opaque; transverse with a stout, short, subacute, somewhat recurved lateral tooth. Posterior half shallowly transversely concave. Postpetiole slightly longer than petiole, as wide as petiole, with a p late-like, apically subtruncate apical tooth on each side. Both segments finely reticulate-punctate.

Gaster subopaque; elongate, the anterior border emarginate mesad, anterolaterally strongly marginate, without a distinct lamellate border. Sides subparallel, scarcely convex. Tergites and sternites finely reticulate-punctate, without foveolae.

All foveolae, except the ones on the upper surface of head and promesonotum, bear a decumbent, flattened seta. Setae rather shiny on epinotum. Gaster with minute, shiny, scalelike scattered hairs. Erect pile confined to the terminal tergites and sternites of gaster and the posterior half of the first sternite.

de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 5.30-6.92; HL 1.48-1.84; HW 1.60-1.80; EL 0.42-0.44; PW 1.30-1.64; PeW 0.66-0.78; PpW 0.60-0.74; HBaL 0.40-0.46; HBaW 0.10-0.12; CI 97.6-108.1; PI 109.7-123.1; PPeI 185.7-212.1; PPpI 216.7-233.1; HBaI 25.0-27.6.

Queen
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head convex and without disc. Frontal carinae curved, reaching the anterior border of the eyes and converging posteriorly. Vertexal angles subround. Ocelli broad and deeply impressed. Eyes large and little convex, their anterior border making an anterior ridge delimiting the frontal carinae posteriorly. Clypeus ventrally prominent with the head in full dorsal view, emarginate in the middle of the anterior border, without lateral teeth. Mandibles broad, without lateral carina. Cheeks not carinate.

Mesosoma flat in side view. Humeral angles with.a short, pointed anterior tooth. Pronotal carina narrow; in some specimens interrupted on the sides. Mesonotum and scutellum flat. Lower mesopleura with a pointed denticle. Basal face of propodeum with two pairs of teeth; those of the anterior pair angulate or round, smaller and broader than those of the posterior one; the second pair between the basal and declivous faces and with pointed tips.

Petiole differentiated in anterior and posterior faces; anterior face almost vertical; posterior face gently sloping backwards. Petiolar sides with a minute. Postpetiole broadly convex on the middle; postpetiolar spines placed anteriorly, broad, with truncate tip directed laterally.

Gaster anteriorly protruding and with a simple margin not reaching the first stigma.

Legs. Fore coxae with a broad lobe anteriorly. Mid and hind femora not angulate. Hind basitarsi slightly flat and without broad base.

Wings. Fore wings with R +Sc superficially connected to a marked pterostigma; 2r marked, Rsf5 connected with Rl; distal parts of A, Cu-Al and Mf4 vestigial. Hind wings with R, M+CuA, M and 1A marked; CuA, M and distal part of lA vestigial.

Sculpture. Head, mesosoma and pedicel superficially reticulate-punctate and covered by foveae. Head dorsum with small, well impressed foveae with their interspaces broader than their maximum diameter, shallower and sparser on the frontal carinae. Ventral part of the head, anterior half of the pronotum, mesonotum and propleurae with foveae larger than those on the head dorsum. Posterior half of the pronotum and scutellum with foveae denser than those on the mesonotum. Propodeum, except the two posterior thirds, upper mesopleurae and pedicel with deep, contiguous foveae, more superficial on the pedicel. Lower mesopleurae and metapleurae with sparse, superficial foveae. Lower metapleurae punctate and with few longitudinal rugosities. Two posterior thirds of the declivous face of the propodeum punctate and with superficial transversal rugosities. Gaster and legs reticulate-punctate, with minute, superficial foveae on the gaster only.

Pilosity. Each fovea bears an appressed, canaliculate hair. Mesosoma, pedicel, gaster and legs with erect, slightly clavate hairs, rarer on the mesosoma and pedicel, sparse on the gaster.

Colour. Black with lighter gaster and proximal part of the femora. Distal part of the femora and remaining parts of the legs light brown. Gaster with two broad pairs of yellow spots, one on the gastral lobes, and the other on the posterior sides of the first tergite.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 8.16-9.44; HL 1.52-1.68; HW 1.52-1.74; EL 0.42-0.47; PW 1.36-1.56; PeW 0.64-0.75; PpW 0.84-0.97; HBaL 0.51-0.55; HBaW 0.14-0.15; CI 100.0-106.1; PI 107.9-113.5; PPeI 187.6-233.8; PPpI 156.7-175.8; HBaI 25.4-27.4.

Male
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head (eyes included) more than 1 /3 broader than long. Vertexal angles with an irregular margin with or without an obtuse medial tooth. Vertex dorsally protruding, bearing salient ocelli. Compound eyes broadly convex, at mid head length. Frontal carinae very short and diverging backwards. Frons flat. Clypeus convex posteriorly and with bidentate anterior border. Mandibles short, without external carina. Scapes thick, twice as long as the first funicular joint; remaining funicular joints thickening from the base to the apex.

Mesosoma. Pronotum in dorsal view with the sides diverging backwards. Humeral angles with or without a pair of denticles of variable size. Mesonotum convex in side view; median Mayrian furrow variably impressed but always present. Scutellum convex, rounded posteriorly. Basal and declivous faces of the propodeum differentiate; basal face gently convex; declivous face with converging sides.

Petiole with truncate anterior face; posterior face sloping posteriorly. Petiolar sides either unarmed or with a pair of small median denticles. Postpetiole convex and subhexagonal dorsally; its sides with a small, pointed or round median denticle.

Gaster as broad as the mesosoma.

Sculpture. Head dorsum minutely reticulate and irregularly rugose; this sculpture superimposed to superficial, variably clumped, irregular foveae on the vertexal area and frons. Ventral part of the head reticulate and with irregular foveae larger than those on the head dorsum. Pronotum, mesonotum, pro- and mesopleurae superficially reticulate-punctate and with few, very superficial and small foveae; scutellum reticulate and with foveae as on the mesonotum. Metapleurae and propodeum reticulate and with thin, longitudinal rugosities. Pedicel reticulate and with superficial, irregular foveae superimposed to weak, longitudinal rugosities on the sides only. First gastral tergite minutely reticulate; remaining tergites, sternites and legs superficially reticulate and weakly shining.

Pilosity. Body with long, thin, flexuous, pointed, golden hairs, dense on the head, on the mesosoma and on the pedicel, sparser on the gaster and on the femora. Gaster and legs with similar hairs but shorter, appressed on the tergites, decumbent on the sternites and on the femora. Tibiae and tarsi with short, pointed hairs.

Colour. Dark brown to black with lighter gaster. Coxae, proximal third to half of femora, tarsi dark ferrugineous to hrown, remaining parts of the legs yellow.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 5.64-6.00; HL 0.84; HW 1.04-1.08; EL 0.39-0.41; PW 0.88-0.92; PeW 0.52-0.54; PpW 0.60-0.68; HBaL 0.58-0.63; HBaW 0.09-0.10; CI 123.8-128.6; PI 113.0-122.7; PPeI 169.2-170.4; PPpI 139.4-146.7; HBaI 15.5-15.9.

Type Material


Cryptocerus exiguus

Presence of the holotype in has been confirmed by W.W. Kempf.

de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999):

Worker. Type locality "in America meridionali", actually Essequibo (Guyana). Type material: 2 syntype workers in (Zimsen, 1964: 427) (examined), only one of which labelled "Essequibo, Smidt, Mus. de Sehestedt, Cryptocerus minutus Fabr.".

Cryptocerus quadrimaculatus. Gyne. Type locality: Para (Brazil). Type material: not available for the present study. Synonymy by Emery, 1890: 74.

Formica caustica Kollar, 1832, in Pohl & Kollar, 1832: 17. Worker. Type locality: Brazil. Type material: not available for the present study.

Cryptocerus cognatus. Gyne. Type locality: Ega (= Tefe), Amazonas (Brazil). Type material holotype gyne (unique) labeled "Ega, Amazon." in, examined.

Cryptocerus exiguous. Worker. Type locality: Mexico. Type material: holotype worker (unique) labelled "Mex., Cryptocerus exiguus. Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc." in (Type Hymenoptera 1044) (Kempf, 1958b), examined.

Cryptocerus volxemi. Worker. Type locality: Brazil. Type material: holotype worker labelled "Coll. Camille Van Volxem, Volxemi, Emery, Brasil" in, examined.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Adams B. J., S. A. Schnitzer, and S. P. Yanoviak. 2019. Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large-scale experimental approach. Ecology 100(6): e02673.
 * Antoniazzi R., R. N. S. L. Garoo, W. Dattilo, S. P. Ribeiro, and F. S. Neves. 2019. Ant species richness and interactions in canopies of two distinct successional stages in a tropical dry forest. The Science of Nature 106: 20
 * Basset Y., L. Cizek, P. Cuenoud, R. K. Didham, F. Guilhaumon, O. Missa, V. Novotny, F. Odegaards, T. Roslin, J. Schmidl et al. 2012. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science 338(6113): 1481-1484.
 * Benitez-Malvido, J., W. Dattilo, A. P. Martinez-Falcon, C. Duran-Barron, J. Valenzuela, S. Lopez, and R. Lombera. 2016. The multiple impacts of tropical forest fragmentation on arthropod biodiversity and on their patterns of interactions with host plants. Plos One 11: e0146461.
 * Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412.
 * Bruch C. 1914. Catálogo sistemático de los formícidos argentinos. Revista del Museo de La Plata 19: 211-234.
 * Castano-Meneses, G., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha, and I. Alcala-Martinez. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
 * Chacon de Ulloa P., A. M. Osorio-Garica, R. Achury, and C. Bermudez-Rivas. 2012. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de la cuenca alta del rio Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 13(2): 165-181.
 * Crawley W. C. 1916. Ants from British Guiana. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8(17): 366-378.
 * Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
 * De la Mora, A., C. J. Murnen, and S. M. Philpott. 2013. Local and landscape drivers of biodiversity of four groups of ants in Neotropical coffee landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation 22: 871-888.
 * Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3) :325-331
 * Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3):325-331
 * Del Toro, I., M. Vázquez, W.P. Mackay, P. Rojas and R. Zapata-Mata. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Tabasco: explorando la diversidad de la mirmecofauna en las selvas tropicales de baja altitud. Dugesiana 16(1):1-14.
 * Dias N. S., R. Zanetti, M. S. Santos, J. Louzada, and J. H. C. Delabie. 2008. Interaction between forest fragments and adjacent coffee and pasture agroecosystems: responses of the ant communities (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 98(1): 136-142.
 * Emery C. 1890. Studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 22: 38-8
 * Emery C. 1890. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887 - Avril 1888). Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6)10: 55-76.
 * Emery C. 1891. Zur Biologie der Ameisen. Biologisches Centralblatt 11: 165-180.
 * Emery C. 1894. Estudios sobre las hormigas de Costa Rica. Anales del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica 1888-1889: 45-64.
 * Fernandes I., and J. de Souza. 2018. Dataset of long-term monitoring of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the influence areas of a hydroelectric power plant on the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e24375.
 * Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
 * Forel A. 1901. I. Fourmis mexicaines récoltées par M. le professeur W.-M. Wheeler. II. A propos de la classification des fourmis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 45: 123-141.
 * Forel A. 1905. Miscellanea myrmécologiques II (1905). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 49: 155-185.
 * Forel A. 1906. Fourmis néotropiques nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 50: 225-249.
 * Forel A. 1907. Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. II. Teil. Neueingänge seit 1900. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hambg. 24: 1-20.
 * Forel A. 1912. Formicides néotropiques. Part II. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (Attini, Dacetii, Cryptocerini). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 19: 179-209.
 * Franco W., N. Ladino, J. H. C. Delabie, A. Dejean, J. Orivel, M. Fichaux, S. Groc, M. Leponce, and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674(5): 509-543.
 * Goitia W., and K. Jaffe. 2009. Ant-Plant Associations in Different Forests in Venezuela. Neotropical Entomology 38(1): 007-031.
 * Gomes E. C. F., G. T. Ribeiro, T. M. S. Souza, and L. Sousa-Souto. 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61(3): 250-257.
 * Gove, A. D., J. D. Majer, and V. Rico-Gray. 2009. Ant assemblages in isolated trees are more sensitive to species loss and replacement than their woodland counterparts. Basic and Applied Ecology 10: 187-195.
 * INBio Collection (via Gbif)
 * Kempf W. W. 1951. A taxonomic study on the ant tribe Cephalotini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro) 22:1-244
 * Kempf W. W. 1961. A survey of the ants of the soil fauna in Surinam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 4: 481-524.
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Kost, C., and M. Heil. 2005. Increased availability of extrafloral nectar reduces herbivory in Lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae). Basic and Applied Ecology 6: 237-248.
 * Kusnezov N. 1953. La fauna mirmecológica de Bolivia. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6: 211-229.
 * Leponce M., J. H. C. Delabie, J. Orivel, J. Jacquemin, M. Calvo Martin, and A. Dejean. 2019. Tree-dwelling ant survey (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Mitaraka, French Guiana, in Touroult J. (ed.), “Our Planet Reviewed” 2015 large-scale biotic survey in Mitaraka, French Guiana. Zoosystema 41 (10): 163-179.
 * Leponce, M., L. Theunis, J.H.C. Delabie and Y. Roisin. 2004. Scale dependence of diversity measures in a leaf-litter ant assemblage. Ecography. 27:253-267.
 * Longino J. T., J. Coddington, and R. K. Colwell. 2002. The ant fauna of a tropical rain forest: estimating species richness three different ways. Ecology 83: 689-702.
 * Longino J. et al. ADMAC project. Accessed on March 24th 2017 at https://sites.google.com/site/admacsite/
 * Longino, J.T. 2010. Personal Communication. Longino Collection Database
 * Luederwaldt H. 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Rev. Mus. Paul. 10: 29-64.
 * Maes, J.-M. and W.P. MacKay. 1993. Catalogo de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 23.
 * Menozzi C. 1927. Formiche raccolte dal Sig. H. Schmidt nei dintorni di San José di Costa Rica. Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin-Dahlem. 16: 266-277.
 * Mertl A. L., J. F. A. Traniello, K. Ryder Wilkie, and R. Constantino. 2012. Associations of two ecologically significant social insect taxa in the litter of an amazonian rainforest: is there a relationship between ant and termite species richness? Psyche doi:10.1155/2012/312054
 * Mirmecofauna de la reserva ecologica de San Felipe Bacalar
 * Nascimento Santos M., J. H. C. Delabie, and J. M. Queiroz. 2019. Biodiversity conservation in urban parks: a study of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Rio de Janeiro City. Urban Ecosystems https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00872-8
 * Neves F. S., K. S. Queiroz-Dantas, W. D. da Rocha, and J. H. C. Delabie. 2013. Ants of Three Adjacent Habitats of a Transition Region Between the Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes: The Effects of Heterogeneity and Variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop Entomol 42: 258268.
 * Neves F. S., R. F. Braga, M. M. do Espirito-Santo, J. H. C. Delabie, G. Wilson Fernandes, and G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa. 2010. Diversity of Arboreal Ants In a Brazilian Tropical Dry Forest: Effects Of Seasonality and Successional Stage. Sociobiology 56(1): 1-18.
 * Pereira M. C., J. H. C. Delabie, Y. R. Suarez, and W. F. Antonialli Junior. 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60(1): 41-49.
 * Pires de Prado L., R. M. Feitosa, S. Pinzon Triana, J. A. Munoz Gutierrez, G. X. Rousseau, R. Alves Silva, G. M. Siqueira, C. L. Caldas dos Santos, F. Veras Silva, T. Sanches Ranzani da Silva, A. Casadei-Ferreira, R. Rosa da Silva, and J. Andrade-Silva. 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhao, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59: e20195938.
 * Radoszkowsky O. 1884. Fourmis de Cayenne Française. Trudy Russkago Entomologicheskago Obshchestva 18: 30-39.
 * Reis P. C. J., W. D. Darocha, L. Falcao, T. J. Guerra, and F. S. Neves. 2013. Ant Fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Urticaceae) Trees in an Atlantic Forest Area, Southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60(3): 222-228.
 * Reynoso-Campos J. J., J. A. Rodriguez-Garza, and M. Vasquez-Bolanos. 2015. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la Isla Cozumel, Quintana Roo, Mexico (pp. 27-39). En: Castaño Meneses G., M. Vásquez-Bolaños, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha e I. Alcalá-Martínez (Coords.). Avances de Formicidae de  México.  UNAM,  Universiad  de  Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
 * Salinas P. J. 2010. Catalogue of the ants of the Táchira State, Venezuela, with notes on their biodiversity, biogeography and ecology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyioponinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae, Myrmicinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dolichoderinae). Boletín de la SEA 47: 315-328.
 * Santos M. S., J. N. C. Louzada, N. Dias, R. Zanetti, J. H. C. Delabie, and I. C. Nascimento. 2006. Litter ants richness (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in remnants of a semi-deciduous forest in the Atlantic rain forest, Alto do Rio Grande region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 96(1): 95-101.
 * Santschi F. 1931. Fourmis de Cuba et de Panama. Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro). 1: 265-282.
 * Schmid V. S., S. Langner, J. Steiner, and A. Zillikens. 2014. Inflorescences of the Bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis as Nest Sites and Food Resources for Ants and Other Arthropods in Brazil. Psyche http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/396095
 * Silvestre R., C. R. F. Brandão, and R. R. Silva da 2003. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del cerrado. Pp. 113-148 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.
 * Soares S. A., D. Lange, and W. F. Antoniali Junior. 2006. Communities of Epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an area of reforestation and in native forest. Sociobiology 49(3): 251-263.
 * Soares S. A., W. F. Antoniali Junior, and S. E. Lima-Junior. 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 54(1): 7681.
 * Sobrinho T., J. H. Schoereder, C. F. Sperber, and M. S. Madureira. 2003. Does fragmentation alter species composition in ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)? Sociobiology 42(2): 329-342.
 * Ulyssea M. A., and C. R. F. Brandao. 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: a compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57(2): 217224.
 * Ulysséa M. A., C. R. F. Brandão. 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: a compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57(2): 217-224.
 * Vasquez-Bolanos M. 2011. Checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Mexico. Dugesiana 18(1): 95-133.
 * Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133
 * Wheeler W. M. 1905. The ants of the Bahamas, with a list of the known West Indian species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 79-135.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1908. The ants of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 117-158.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1918. Ants collected in British Guiana by Mr. C. William Beebe. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 26: 23-28.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1942. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 90: 1-262.
 * Wheeler, William Morton. 1933. Formicidae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition. California Academy of Sciences. 21(6):57-64.
 * Wild, A. L.. "A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1622 (2007): 1-55.
 * Wilson, E.O. 1987. The Arboreal Ant Fauna of Peruvian Amazon Forests: A First Assessment. Biotropica 19(3):245-251.
 * de Andrade, M.L. & C. Baroni Urbani. 1999. Diversity and Adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, past and present. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 271. 893 pages, Stuttgart