Guatemala



The following 196 valid species and subspecies of ants are known to occur in Guatemala. Unidentified and undescribed species will be added to this list as identifications are verified and taxonomic revisions are published. This species list is based upon the effort of many ant collectors as well as myrmecologists who have published on the taxonomy of Guatemalan ants. Those who have specimen records that expand this list are encouraged to submit this information in the discussion section of the Guatemalan Ants web page. Please advise if any corrections are warranted.

A

 * Acanthognathus ocellatus Mayr, 1887


 * Acanthognathus teledectus Brown & Kempf, 1969


 * Acanthoponera minor Forel, 1899


 * Acromyrmex coronatus (Fabricius, 1804)


 * Acromyrmex coronatus panamensis Forel, 1899


 * Acromyrmex echinatior (Forel, 1899)


 * Acropyga exsanguis 	Wheeler, W.M., 1909


 * Acropyga fuhrmanni (Forel, 1914)


 * Acropyga panamensis Weber, 1944


 * Acropyga smithii (Forel, 1886)


 * Adelomyrmex dentivagans Longino, 2012


 * Adelomyrmex longinoi Fernández, 2003


 * Adelomyrmex mackayi Fernández, 2003


 * Adelomyrmex marginodus Longino, 2012


 * Adelomyrmex metzabok Longino, 2012


 * Adelomyrmex micans Fernández, 2003


 * Adelomyrmex myops (W.M. Wheeler, 1910)


 * Adelomyrmex quetzal Longino, 2012


 * Adelomyrmex robustus Fernández, 2003


 * Adelomyrmex silvestrii (Menozzi, 1931)


 * Adelomyrmex tristani (Menozzi, 1931)


 * Anochetus mayri Emery, 1884


 * Anochetus micans Brown, 1978


 * Aphaenogaster araneoides Emery 1890


 * Apterostigma pilosum Mayr, 1865


 * Atta cephalotes 	Linnaeus, 1758


 * Atta colombica 	Guérin-Méneville, 1844


 * Atta mexicana 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Azteca alfari 	Emery, 1893


 * Azteca beltii 	Emery, 1893


 * Azteca coeruleipennis Emery, 1893


 * Azteca constructor 	Emery, 1896


 * Azteca delpini 	Emery, 1893


 * Azteca forelii 	Emery, 1893


 * Azteca gnava Forel, 1906


 * Azteca instabilis 	Smith, F., 1862


 * Azteca longiceps 	Emery, 1893


 * Azteca lucida 	Forel, 1899


 * Azteca nigricans Forel, 1899


 * Azteca pittieri Forel, 1899


 * Azteca schimperi Emery, 1839


 * Azteca sericea 	Mayr, 1866


 * Azteca sericeasur Longino, 2007


 * Azteca velox  Forel, 1899


 * Azteca xanthochroa (Roger, 1863)

B

 * Belonopelta deletrix Mann, 1922


 * Brachymyrmex cavernicola Wheeler, W.M. 1938


 * Brachymyrmex coactus Mayr, 1887


 * Brachymyrmex cordemoyi 	Forel, 1895


 * Brachymyrmex heeri Forel, 1874


 * Brachymyrmex obscurior 	Forel, 1893

C

 * Camponotus abditus 	Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus abscisus 	Roger, 1863


 * Camponotus albicoxis  Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus atriceps 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Camponotus brettesi 	Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus christopherseni Forel, 1912


 * Camponotus claviscapus 	Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus claviscapus subcarinatus Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus conspicuus 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Camponotus coruscus 	Smith, F., 1862


 * Camponotus coruscus fulgens Forel, 1885


 * Camponotus cuneidorsus Emery, 1920


 * Camponotus excisus Mayr, 1870


 * Camponotus formiciformis 	Forel, 1885


 * Camponotus integellus Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus linnaei Forel, 1886


 * Camponotus montivagus 	Forel, 1885


 * Camponotus mucronatus Emery, 1890


 * Camponotus mucronatus formaster 	Wheeler, W.M., 1934


 * Camponotus mucronatus hirsutinasus Wheeler, W.M., 1934


 * Camponotus nitidior (Santschi, 1921)


 * Camponotus novogranadensis Mayr, 1870


 * Camponotus peperi 	Forel, 1913


 * Camponotus picipes guatemalensis 	Forel, 1885


 * Camponotus planatus 	Roger, 1863


 * Camponotus raphaelis Forel, 1899


 * Camponotus rectangularis Emery, 1890


 * Camponotus rectangularis aulicus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1933


 * Camponotus rectithorax 	Forel, 1895


 * Camponotus sanctaefidei Dalla Torre, 1892


 * Camponotus sericeiventris Guerin-Meneville, 1838


 * Camponotus substitutus 	Emery, 1894


 * Camponotus zoc 	Forel, 1879


 * Cardiocondyla minutior Forel, 1899


 * Carebara intermedia Fermamdez. 2004


 * Carebara urichi (Wheeler, W.M. 1922)


 * Cephalotes basalis 	Smith, F., 1876


 * Cephalotes biguttatus 	Emery, 1890


 * Cephalotes cristatus 	Emery, 1890


 * Cephalotes maculatus 	Smith, F., 1876


 * Cephalotes minutus 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Cephalotes pallens 	Klug, 1824


 * Cephalotes porrasi (Wheeler, W.M., 1999


 * Cephalotes scutulatus 	Smith, F., 1867


 * Cephalotes sobrius 	Kempf, 1958


 * Cephalotes umbraculatus 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Cerapachys toltecus 	Forel, 1909


 * Cheliomyrmex morosus (Smith, F. 1859)


 * Crematogaster acuta 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Crematogaster atitlanica 	Wheeler, W.M., 1936


 * Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr, 1878


 * Crematogaster carinata 	Mayr, 1862


 * Crematogaster crinosa 	Mayr, 1862


 * Crematogaster curvispinosa 	Mayr, 1862


 * Crematogaster evallans Forel, 1907


 * Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870


 * Crematogaster limata 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Crematogaster montezumia Smith, F. 1858


 * Crematogaster nigropilosa Mayr, 1870


 * Crematogaster obscurata 	Emery, 1895


 * Crematogaster rochai Forel, 1903


 * Crematogaster stollii 	Forel, 1885


 * Crematogaster sumichrasti 	Mayr, 1870


 * Crematogaster torosa 	Mayr, 1870


 * Cylindromyrmex brevitarsus Santschi, 1925


 * Cylindromyrmex meinerti Forel, 1905


 * Cylindromyrmex whymperi 	Cameron, 1891


 * Cyphomyrmex andersoni Mackay & Serna, 2010


 * Cyphomyrmex costatus Mann, 1922


 * Cyphomyrmex major 	Forel, 1901


 * Cyphomyrmex rimosus 	Spinola, 1851


 * Cyphomyrmex salvini Forel, 1899

D

 * Discothyrea denticulata Weber, 1939


 * Discothyrea horni Menozzi, 1927


 * Discothyrea humilis Weber, 1939


 * Dolichoderus bispinosus 	Olivier, 1792


 * Dolichoderus debilis 	Emery, 1890


 * Dolichoderus lutosus (Smith, F. 1858)


 * Dorymyrmex insanus 	Buckley, 1866


 * Dorymyrmex pyramicus 	Roger, 1863

E

 * Eciton burchellii 	Westwood, 1842


 * Eciton burchellii parvispinum Forel, 1899


 * Eciton mexicanum 	Roger, 1863


 * Eciton vagans 	Olivier, 1792


 * Eciton vagans angustatum Roger, 1863


 * Ectatomma ruidum (Roger, 1860)


 * Ectatomma tuberculatum 	Olivier, 1792


 * Eurhopalothrix bolaui (Mayr, 1870)


 * Eurhopalothrix gravis (Mann, 1922)

F

 * Forelius damiani Guerrero & Fernandez, 2008

G

 * Gnamptogenys interrupta (Mayr, 1887)


 * Gnamptogenys mecotyle Brown, 1958


 * Gnamptogenys minuta (Emery, 1896)


 * Gnamptogenys porcata (Emery, 1896


 * Gnamptogenys simulans (Emery, 1896)


 * Gnamptogenys striatula 	Mayr, 1884


 * Gnamptogenys strigata 	Norton, 1868


 * Gnamptogenys sulcata (Smith, F. 1858)

H

 * Hylomyrma dentiloba (Santschi, 1931)


 * Hypoponera distinguenda vana 	Forel, 1909


 * Hypoponera inexorata fallax Forel, 1909


 * Hypoponera nitidula (Emery, 1890)


 * Hypoponera opaciceps 	Mayr, 1887


 * Hypoponera parva 	Forel, 1909


 * Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859)

L

 * Labidus coecus 	Latreille, 1802


 * Labidus praedator 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Lachnomyrmex grandis Fernandez & Baena, 1997


 * Lachnomyrmex scrobiculatus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1910


 * Leptanilloides gracilis Borowiec & Longino, 2011


 * Leptogenys consanguinea Wheeler, W.M., 1909


 * Leptogenys imperatrix Mann, 1922


 * Leptogenys kiche Lattke, 2011


 * Leptogenys orchidioides Lattke, 2011


 * Leptogenys quiriguana  Wheeler, W.M., 1923


 * Linepithema dispertitum 	Forel, 1885


 * Linepithema iniquum 	(Mayr, 1870)

M

 * Megalomyrmex drifti Kempf, 1961


 * Megalomyrmex incisus Smith, M.R. 1947


 * Megalomyrmex silvestrii Wheeler, W.M. 1909


 * Monomorium ebeninum 	Forel, 1891


 * Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)


 * Mycetosoritis hartmanni (Wheeler, W.M. 1907)


 * Myrmelachista skwarrae Wheeler, W.M. 1934


 * Myrmelachista plebecula Menozzi, 1927


 * Myrmelachista zeledoni Emery, 1896


 * Myrmicocrypta triangulata 	Forel, 1912

N

 * Neivamyrmex fallax 	Borgmeier, 1953


 * Neivamyrmex fumosus 	Forel, 1913


 * Neivamyrmex halidaii (Shuckard, 1840)


 * Neivamyrmex impudens (Mann, 1922)


 * Neivamyrmex longiscapus 	Borgmeier, 1953


 * Neivamyrmex macrodentatus (Menozzi, 1931)


 * Neivamyrmex melanocephalus 	Emery, 1895


 * Neivamyrmex melshaemeri 	Haldeman, 1852


 * Neivamyrmex pilosus (Smith, F. 1858)


 * Neivamyrmex punctaticeps (Emery, 1894)


 * Neivamyrmex rosenbergi 	Forel, 1911


 * Neivamyrmex spoliator (Forel, 1839)


 * Neivamyrmex sumichrasti 	Norton, 1868


 * Neivamyrmex swainsonii 	(Shuckard, 1840)


 * Nesomyrmex echinatinodis 	Forel, 1886


 * Nesomyrmex pittieri (Forel, 1899)


 * Nesomyrmex pleuriticus (Kempf, 1959)


 * Nomamyrmex esenbeckii wilsoni (Santschi, 1902)


 * Nylanderia dispar (Forel, 1909)


 * Nylanderia guatemalensis 	Forel, 1885


 * Nylanderia steinheili 	Forel, 1893

O

 * Octostruma balzani 	Emery, 1894


 * Octostruma iheringi 	Emery, 1888


 * Octostruma rugiferoides Brown & Kempf, 1960


 * Octostruma wheeleri 	Mann, 1922


 * Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)


 * Odontomachus haematodus 	Linnaeus, 1758


 * Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)


 * Odontomachus laticeps 	Roger, 1861


 * Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905


 * Odontomachus opaciventris 	Forel, 1899


 * Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, M.R. 1937


 * Odontomachus yucatecus 	Brown, 1976

P

 * Pachycondyla antecurvata Mackay & Mackay, 2010


 * Pachycondyla apicalis 	Latreille, 1802


 * Pachycondyla carinulata (Roger, 1861)


 * Pachycondyla crenata (Roger, 1861)


 * Pachycondyla curvinodis Forel, 1899


 * Pachycondyla gilloglyi Mackay & Mackay, 2010


 * Pachycondyla gilva 	(Roger, 1863)


 * Pachycondyla harpax 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861)


 * Pheidole harrisonfordi Wilson, 2003


 * Pachycondyla inversa 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Pachycondyla pergandei 	Forel, 1909


 * Pachycondyla stigma 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Pachycondyla striatinodis 	Emery, 1890


 * Pachycondyla unidentata 	Mayr, 1862


 * Pachycondyla verenae (Forel, 1922)


 * Pachycondyla villosa 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802)


 * Perissomyrmex snyderi 	Smith, M.R., 1947


 * Pheidole absurda 	Forel, 1886


 * Pheidole acamata Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole albipes Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole anastasii Emery, 1896


 * Pheidole biconstricta 	Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole bigote Longino, 2009


 * Pheidole bilimeki 	Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole branstetteri Longino, 2009


 * Pheidole browni Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole carapuna Mann, 1916


 * Pheidole celaena Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole cephalica 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Pheidole citrina Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole colobopsis Mann, 1916


 * Pheidole cramptoni Wheeler, W.M. 1916


 * Pheidole deceptrix 	Forel, 1899


 * Pheidole defecta 	Santschi, 1923


 * Pheidole dossena 	Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole fallax Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole fimbriata 	Roger, 1863


 * Pheidole flavens Roger, 1863


 * Pheidole gauthieri 	Forel, 1901


 * Pheidole glomericeps Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole gouldi 	Forel, 1886


 * Pheidole gulo Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole harrisonfordi Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole inermis Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole janzeni Longino, 2009


 * Pheidole kukrana Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole lagunculinoda Longino, 2009


 * Pheidole maja 	Forel, 1886


 * Pheidole megacephala 	Fabricius, 1793


 * Pheidole mera Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole mooreorum Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole nebulosa Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole nitella Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole nitidicollis Emery, 1896


 * Pheidole oaxacana Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole olsoni Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole perpusilla 	Emery, 1894


 * Pheidole prattorum Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole protensa Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole psilogaster Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole pubiventris Mayr, 1878


 * Pheidole punctatissima 	Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole purpurea Longino, 2009


 * Pheidole radoszkowskii 	Mayr, 1884


 * Pheidole rectisentis Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole rectispina Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole rectitrudis Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole roushae Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole rugiceps 	Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole simonsi Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole specularis Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole striaticeps Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole subarmata Mayr, 1884


 * Pheidole susannae 	Forel, 1886


 * Pheidole tisiphone 	Wheeler, W.M., 1911


 * Pheidole tristicula Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole tschinkeli 	Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole tuxtlasana Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole ursus Mayr, 1870


 * Pheidole vorax Llama Project


 * Pheidole walkeri Mann, 1922


 * Pheidole wardi Wilson, 2003


 * Pheidole xyston Wilson, 2003


 * Platythyrea punctata 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Platythyrea prizo Kugler, 1977


 * Pogonomyrmex guatemaltecus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1914


 * Prionopelta amabilis Borgmeier, 1949


 * Prionopelta antillana 	Forel, 1909


 * Prionopelta modesta 	Forel, 1909


 * Probolomyrmex petiolatus Weber, 1940


 * Proceratium convexiceps Borgmeier, 1957


 * Proceratium mancum 	Mann, 1922


 * Proceratium mexicanum De Andrade, 2003


 * Proceratium micrommatum (Roger, 1863)


 * Proceratium tio Snelling & Cover, 1992


 * Procryptocerus belti 	Forel, 1899


 * Procryptocerus mayri Forel, 1899


 * Procryptocerus scabriusculus 	Forel, 1899


 * Pseudomyrmex antiguanus 	Enzmann, E.V., 1944


 * Pseudomyrmex antiguanus brunnipes Enzmann, E.V. 1944


 * Pseudomyrmex boopis 	Roger, 1863


 * Pseudomyrmex caeciliae 	Forel, 1913


 * Pseudomyrmex championi 	Forel, 1899


 * Pseudomyrmex cretus 	Ward, 1989


 * Pseudomyrmex cubaensis 	Forel, 1901


 * Pseudomyrmex duckei Forel, 1906


 * Pseudomyrmex ejectus Smith, F. 1858


 * Pseudomyrmex elongatulus 	Dalla Torre, 1892


 * Pseudomyrmex elongatus 	Mayr, 1870


 * Pseudomyrmex euryblemma Forel, 1899


 * Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus (Smith, F., 1877)


 * Pseudomyrmex filiformis 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Pseudomyrmex flavicornis (Smith, F., 1877)


 * Pseudomyrmex flavidulus 	Smith, F., 1858


 * Pseudomyrmex fortis (Forel, 1899)


 * Pseudomyrmex gracilis 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Pseudomyrmex ita (Forel, 1906)


 * Pseudomyrmex nigrocinctus (Emery, 1890)


 * Pseudomyrmex oculatus 	Smith, F., 1855


 * Pseudomyrmex opaciceps 	Ward, 1993


 * Pseudomyrmex pallidus 	Smith, F., 1855


 * Pseudomyrmex peperi (Forel, 1913)


 * Pseudomyrmex rufomedius 	Smith, F., 1877


 * Pseudomyrmex salvini 	Forel, 1899


 * Pseudomyrmex sericeus 	Mayr, 1870


 * Pseudomyrmex simplex 	Smith, F., 1877


 * Pseudomyrmex subater Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914


 * Pseudomyrmex tenuissimus Emery, 1906


 * Pseudomyrmex triplaridis 	Forel, 1904


 * Pseudomyrmex weberi 	Enzmann, E.V., 1944

R

 * Rhopalothrix atitlanica Longino & Boudinot, 2013


 * Rhopalothrix isthmica (Weber, 1941)


 * Rhopalothrix megisthmica Longino & Boudinot, 2013


 * Rhopalothrix stannardi Brown & Kempf, 1960


 * Rhopalothrix weberi Brown & Kempf, 1960


 * Rogeria belti Mann, 1922


 * Rogeria cornuta Kugler, C. 1994


 * Rogeria creightoni Snelling, R.R. 1973


 * Rogeria cuneola Kugler, C. 1994


 * Rogeria foreli Emery, 1894


 * Rogeria inermis Mann, 1922


 * Rogeria innotabilis Kugler, C. 1994


 * Rogeria leptonana Kugler, C. 1994


 * Rogeria tonduzi Forel, 1899

S

 * Sericomyrmex aztecus Forel, 1885


 * Sericomyrmex zacapanus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1925


 * Simopelta pergandei 	Forel, 1909


 * Solenopsis corticalis margotae 	Forel, 1908


 * Solenopsis geminata 	Fabricius, 1804


 * Solenopsis globularia (Smith, F. 1858)


 * Solenopsis picea 	Emery, 1896


 * Solenopsis succinea Emery, 1890


 * Solenopsis subterranea Mackay & Vinson, 1989


 * Solenopsis tenuis 	Mayr, 1878


 * Solenopsis terricola Menozzi, 1931


 * Stenamma brujita Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma callipygium Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma catracho Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma crypticum Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma diversum Mann, 1922


 * Stenamma felixi Mann, 1922


 * Stenamma hojarasca Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma ignotum Branstetter, 2013


 * [[Stenamma llama] Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma manni Wheeler, W.M., 1914


 * Stenamma maximon Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma megamanni Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma ochrocnemis Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma pelophilum Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma saenzae Branstetter, 2013


 * Stenamma stictosomum Branstetter, 2013


 * Stigmatomma degeneratum Borgmeier, 1957


 * Stigmatomma mystriops 	Brown, 1960


 * Stigmatomma orizabanum Brown, 1960


 * Strumigenys alberti (Forel, 1893)


 * Strumigenys azteca (Kempf, 1960)


 * Strumigenys biolleyi 	Forel, 1908


 * Strumigenys boneti Brown, 1959


 * Strumigenys brevicornis (Mann, 1922)


 * Strumigenys cassicuspis Bolton, 2000


 * Strumigenys cosmostela Kempf, 1975


 * Strumigenys eggersi 	Emery, 1890


 * Strumigenys elongata 	Roger, 1863


 * Strumigenys emeryi Mann, 1922


 * Strumigenys excisa (Weber, 1934)


 * Strumigenys fridericimuelleri (Forel, 1886)


 * Strumigenys gundlachi Roger, 1862


 * Strumigenys lanuginosa Wheeler, W.M. 1905


 * Strumigenys louisianae


 * Strumigenys ludia 	Mann, 1922


 * Strumigenys margaritae (Forel, 1893)


 * Strumigenys mixta 	Brown, 1953


 * Strumigenys nigrescens (Wheeler, W.M. 1911)


 * Strumigenys prex Bolton, 2003


 * Strumigenys rogata Bolton, 2000


 * Strumigenys  probatrix Brown, 1964


 * Strumigenys smithii Forel, 1886


 * Strumigenys spathula Lattke & Goita, 1997)


 * Strumigenys subedentata 	Mayr, 1887


 * Strumigenys timicala Bolton, 2000


 * Strumigenys turpis Bolton, 2000

T

 * Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793)


 * Tapinoma ramulorum inrectum 	Forel, 1908


 * Tatuidris tatusia Brown & Kempf, 1968


 * Temnothorax aztecus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1931


 * Temnothorax fuscatus 	Mann, 1920


 * Temnothorax huehuetenangoi 	Baroni Urbani, 1978


 * Temnothorax ixili 	Baroni Urbani, 1978


 * Temnothorax salvini (Forel, 1899)


 * Temnothorax stollii 	Forel, 1885


 * Temnothorax striatulus (Stitz, 1937)


 * Temnothorax subditivus 	Wheeler, W.M., 1903


 * Temnothorax totonicapani 	Baroni Urbani, 1978


 * Thaumatomyrmex ferox Mann, 1922


 * Trachymyrmex bugnioni (Forel, 1912)


 * Trachymyrmex cornetzi (Forel, 1912)


 * Trachymyrmex intermedius 	Forel, 1909


 * Tranopelta gilva Mayr, 1866


 * Typhlomyrmex pusillus Emery, 1894


 * Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi 	Mayr, 1862

W

 * Wasmannia auropunctata 	(Roger, 1863)


 * Wasmannia rochai Forel, 1912


 * Wasmannia scrobifera Kempf, 1961

X

 * Xenomyrmex floridanus Emery, 1895


 * Xenomyrmex stollii 	Forel, 1885