Brachymyrmex depilis

Colonies or nest chambers that form part of a nest of Brachymyrmex depilis can be found in the soil under stones or in rotting wood in a wide variety of habitats: open forest, dense moist forest, grasslands, and fields. The workers lead almost wholly subterranean lives. In addition to being general scavengers workers also tend root aphids and coccids in underground galleries. The gastral tergites of Brachymyrmex depilis workers have flexible connections that permit their gaster to easily expand and contract. Their crops can be filled with a large amount of liquid, at least relative to the overall size of a worker.

Identification
Very small yellow ants. Their color distinguishes this species from other named North American Brachymyrmex, which vary from grey to dark brown.

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al. (2019) - Brachymyrmex depilis resembles Brachymyrmex heeri and Brachymyrmex giardi as all three taxa have the mesonotum bulging dorsally above the pronotum in lateral view, and a gaster with dense pubescence. However, B. depilis differs from B. heeri by its shorter scapes and the lack of erect hairs on the mesosoma, and from B. giardi by its smaller eyes, its appressed hairs on the dorsum of the mesosoma, its yellowish color, and its Nearctic distribution, i.e. from the South of Canada to the North of Mexico.

Distribution
Range United States, S Canada, Mexico. Most U.S. states and south into Mexico. This species is putatively wide ranging. A badly needed taxonomic revision of the North America forms will likely reveal Brachymyrmex depilis is a number of distinctive species.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: Canada, United States. Neotropical Region: Mexico.

Biology
Brachymyrmex depilis are opportunistic nesters, making galleries in downed wood, at the base of living vegetation, under bark, under stones, in litter, along roots and in the soil. Their small size and thin integument means individuals desiccate quickly, leading colonies to settle in places where they can have humid nest chambers.

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al. (2019) - Grundmann (1952) collected a nest of B. depilis subsp. flavescens from among the roots of the scrub oak Quercus gambelii and suggested that this species is subterraneous and tends aphids and coccids on the roots of plants. This association was also highlighted by Yensen et al. (1980) and Wheeler and Wheeler (1986). Small colonies of B. depilis were found in the soil under stones or in rotting wood in a wide variety of habitats: open forest, dense moist forest, grass lands, and dry fields (Wheeler and Wheeler 1986). Surprisingly, Yensen et al. (1980) reported B. depilis from an intertidal halophyte-covered mud flat in the Gulf of California in Mexico, where colonies are regularly inundated by sea water. The authors suggest that the mechanisms that allow the species to survive heavy rains elsewhere may have preadapted their survival in this unusual habitat. Page (1982) reported on copulatory behavior and observed a queen of B. depilis with attached to her abdomen three motionless males, that she dragged around. As such he suggested that B. depilis seems to have multiple copulations but whether insemination occurs by several partners is unknown.

Headley (1943) reported finding nests of Brachymyrmex depilis in Oak acorns.

Nomenclature

 * . Brachymyrmex heeri subsp. depilis Emery, 1893i: 635 (w.q.) U.S.A. (District of Columbia, Dakota, New Jersey, Virginia).
 * Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 139 (l.).
 * Subspecies of heeri: Wheeler, W.M. 1900c: 47; Wheeler, W.M. 1904e: 304; Wheeler, W.M. 1905f: 389; Wheeler, W.M. 1908f: 622; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 569; Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 591; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 462; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 13; Dennis, 1938: 294; Wing, 1939: 163; Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G. 1940: 100.
 * Status as species: Santschi, 1923b: 663; Emery, 1925b: 42; Buren, 1944a: 292; Creighton, 1950a: 359; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839; Cole, 1953h: 266; Cole, 1954f: 271; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 141; Carter, 1962a: 7 (in list); Smith, M.R. 1967: 366; Hunt & Snelling, 1975: 22; Francoeur, 1977b: 207; Yensen, et al. 1977: 183; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 177; Allred, 1982: 454; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 59; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 145; Mackay, Lowrie, et al. 1988: 104; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 99; Blacker, 1992: 9; Wheeler, G.C., et al. 1994: 305; Bolton, 1995b: 82; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 278; Deyrup, 2003: 44; Coovert, 2005: 113; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 64; Ward, 2005: 28; Ellison, et al. 2012: 110; Deyrup, 2017: 180; Ortiz-Sepúlveda, et al. 2019: 491.
 * Senior synonym of flavescens: Cole, 1953h: 266; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 177; Bolton, 1995b: 82; Ortiz-Sepúlveda, et al. 2019: 492.
 * Senior synonym of nanellus: Creighton, 1950a: 359; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 177; Bolton, 1995b: 82; Ortiz-Sepúlveda, et al. 2019: 492.
 * flavescens. Brachymyrmex depilis subsp. flavescens Grundmann, 1952: 117 (w.) U.S.A. (Utah).
 * Junior synonym of depilis: Cole, 1953h: 266; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 177; Bolton, 1995b: 82; Ortiz-Sepúlveda, et al. 2019: 492.
 * nanellus. Brachymyrmex nanellus Wheeler, W.M. 1903b: 102, fig. 7b (w.m.) U.S.A. (Texas).
 * Status as species: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 569; Santschi, 1923b: 664; Emery, 1925b: 43; Smith, M.R. 1927: 313; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 839.
 * Junior synonym of depilis: Creighton, 1950a: 359; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1424; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 177; Bolton, 1995b: 82; Ortiz-Sepúlveda, et al. 2019: 492.

Taxonomic Notes
Ortiz-Sepulveda et al. (2019) - Fisher and Cover (2007) suggested that B. depilis may constitute a complex of several species. The material studied here is perhaps to limited to accurately comment on this issue; however, we did not find consistent morphological differences between samples, except perhaps in body size.

Worker
Ortiz-Sepulveda et al. (2019) - Lectotype and paralectotypes (n = 10). HL1 0.47–0.49; HL2 0.33–0.37; HL3 0.10–0.18; HW 0.39–0.45; SL 0.35–0.41; EL 0.08–0.12; WL 0.39–0.51; PnL 0.12–0.20; PnW 0.27–0.33; ML 0.10–0.14; MW 0.20– 0.21; Indices CI 80.00–92.00; SI1 85.71–100.00; SI2 100.00– 117.65; OI1 18.18–30.00; OI1 20.00–36.00. Additional material (n = 10). HL1 0.31–0.50; HL2 0.19–0.35; HL3 0.05–0.14; HW 0.29–0.46; SL 0.27–0.42; EL 0.08–0.10; WL 0.31–0.46; PnL 0.08–0.18; PnW 0.22–0.31; ML 0.07–0.13; MW 0.17– 0.22; Indices CI 88.89–94.74; SI1 85.71–95.74; SI2 110.71– 142.86; OI1 19.57–30.30; OI2 17.14–30.00.

Head. Slightly longer than wide in full face view; posterior cephalic margin slightly concave. Clypeus with a rounded anterior margin and five long, erect hairs of which a single, usually conspicuous hair is near the anterior margin, two hairs are in mediolateral position and two more near the toruli; other hairs on the clypeus are markedly shorter and appressed or decumbent. Toruli surpassing the posterior clypeal margin in oblique anterodorsal view. The scapes are short, usually barely reaching the posterior margin of the head, and never surpassing it by a length that equals the maximal diameter of the eye. Ocelli are absent. Eyes are small and positioned on the cephalic midline; they have 6–8 ommatidia along their maximal diameter.

Mesosoma. Not bearing any erect hairs. The mesonotum is inflated and bulges dorsally above the pronotum in lateral view. Metanotal groove absent or narrower than the diameter of the metathoracic spiracles. Metathoracic spiracles are small, in dorsolateral position, not protruding, but touching the propodeal suture. Dorsum of the propodeum is weakly convex and much shorter than the propodeal slope. Propodeal spiracles are circular, positioned on the posterior propodeal margin at the middle of the propodeal slope. Legs with appressed hairs. Petiole short and inclined forward.

Gaster. With dense pubescence and scattered long erect hairs at the edges of the segments.

Color and sculpture. Body opaque with inconspicuous sculpture. Body yellowish, sometimes with the gaster a bit darker than the mesosoma.

Type Material
Ortiz-Sepulveda et al. (2019) - Lectotype worker (: USNMENT00757228) and paralectotype workers, queen, male (MCSN: USNMENT00757225–00757232; here designated): 37 workers, one queen, ten males [examined]. USA: District of Columbia: Georgetown College, 10 Aug. 1885, leg. Pergrande.

The lectotype is designated here as the worker on pin USNMENT00757229 and the other specimens are paralectotypes.

Etymology
Descriptive. depilis = "without hair"

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