Strumigenys boltoni

This species, known only from Florida, is found in a range of habitats but shows a preference for drier sites, including xeric forest and mesic forest with fewer records from wet forest and only a single record from wet flatwoods. Although the known distribution of S. boltoni is restricted relative to those of most native southeastern Strumigenys species and it is not particularly common within this range, it cannot be considered a species that is rare or endangered. It is known from a series sites where its habitat might be expected to be protected including four state parks, one county park, two Nature Conservancy preserves, the Archbold Biological Station, the Ordway Preserve (managed by the University of Florida), and several sites in the Ocala National Forest.

Identification
Distinguished from all other Strumigenys by the following combination of character states: clypeus obtusely pointed, with four radiating, subapical, and two decumbent, apical hairs; two large, curved standing divergent hairs at apical third of clypeus; mandibles with toothless area (= “diastemma”) basal to apical series of teeth barely visible in dorsal view. Otherwise, it is generally similar to Strumigenys dietrichi. On each mandible there are four enlarged subapical teeth, of which the first (basal) in the series is widest at the base, the third is about half the length of the two basal teeth, and the fourth is only slightly shorter than the first two.

Members of the genus Strumigenys are usually most easily identified by characters of the head, especially the structures of the clypeus and mandibles and the modifications of the setae of the clypeus and antennal scapes. Strumigenys boltoni shares clypeal character states with S. dietrichi, including the pointed clypeal shape with the tip turned up away from the plane of the mandibles, the decumbent apical setae, the set of radiating subapical setae, and the pair of elongate, curved setae arising near the apical third of the clypeus. A third species, Strumigenys ornata, shares these clypeal features, but the subapical setae are short and strongly expanded apically. Strumigenys boltoni is distinguished from S. dietrichi by having four, rather than six, radiating subapical setae, and by having the jaws protruding a shorter distance beyond the clypeus, so that the diastemma is barely visible in frontal view. In addition, the sides of the pronotum of S. boltoni are primarily shiny, not reticulate as in S. dietrichi. The pair of enlarged, upturned discal setae at the apical third of the clypeus are conspicuously larger than those of most S. dietrichi, but the size of these setae in S. dietrichi is somewhat variable, and it is possible that there might be overlap with those of S. boltoni in some populations.

Distribution
Strumigenys boltoni is known only from Florida, ranging from Highlands and Martin Cos. in the south-central Peninsula, north into St. John’s Co. in the northeast corner of the state, and west into Jackson Co. in the central Panhandle. It might well occur in southern Georgia near the Florida border, but there are no known Georgia specimens.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: United States.



Biology
In Florida this species does not seem to be as widespread or abundant as S. dietrichi, which occurs throughout the state, including the Keys, north into Maryland and Illinois, and west into eastern Texas. I have examined 307 specimens of S. dietrichi from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Illinois. Within the area where both species are known to occur, there is some evidence that S. dietrichi may occupy a wider range of habitats, specifically habitats that are wet, such as low flatwoods and swamp forest. Habitat information is available for 28 collections of S. boltoni and 49 collections of S. dietrichi; all specimens were extracted from leaf litter. Habitats of S. boltoni include xeric forest: 16 (57.1%); mesic forest: 11 (39.2%); wet forest, wet flatwoods: 1 (3.6%). Habitats of S. dietrichi include xeric forest: 23 (46.9%); mesic forest: 15 (30.6%); wet forest, wet flatwoods: 11 (22.4%). Strumigenys dietrichi shows a significant difference in its greater preference for, or tolerance of, wet habitats (Chi square = 4.83, P value = 0.03).

Nomenclature

 *  boltoni. Pyramica boltoni Deyrup, 2006: 1, fig. 1 (w.q.) U.S.A. Combination in Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 116

Type Material
Type localities and associated information, as appear on specimen labels. All specimens, as far as I know, were extracted from leaf litter, with various types of Berlese funnels. I have not seen any living specimens.

Holotype worker: Florida: Highlands Co., Archbold Biological Station, 8-X-2004, M. Deyrup, at base of Pinus elliottii in pine and oak copse near cottage one. Paratype dealate queen used in description of queen: same site, habitat, collector as paratype, 14-X-2004.

Additional paratype material: all paratypes from Florida; collector’s initials: L. D.: Lloyd R. Davis, Jr.; M. D.: Mark Deyrup; C. J.: Clifford Johnson. Three workers: same locality as types, 6-II-1984, M. D., Quercus geminata and Q. myrtifolia litter; 1 worker: same locality as types, 26-I-1984, M. D., Quercus laevis litter; 1 worker: same locality as types, 18-I-1984, M. D., Carya floridana litter; 1 worker: same locality as types, 3-IX-1993, M. D. Indian River Co.: Vero Beach, 7-II-1993, M. D., pine and oak hammock, 20 workers, 1 queen; Martin Co.: Jonathan Dickinson State Park, 2-X-1988, M. D.,1 queen, 2 workers; Gilchrist Co.: Trenton, 1-X-1993, L. D., 1 worker; Dixie Co.: Old Town, 8 mi. north and 1.3 mi. east of Rt. 349, 11-V-1993, L. D., 2 workers; Old Town, 11-X-1993, L. D., 1 queen; St. John’s Co.: St. Augustine, 1 mi. southwest on Rt. 207, 9-IV-1993, L. D.1 worker; Favor- Dykes State Park, 3-V-1987, C.J., xeric upland with Quercus laevis and Q. myrtifolia, 1 worker; Favor-Dykes State Park, 21-III-1987, C. J., Quercus laevis leaf litter, 1 worker; Favor-Dykes State Park, II-11-1994, M. D., mesic forest near campground, 2 workers; Citrus Co.: Holden, 5 mi. west, 25-IX-1993, L. D., 1 worker; Wakulla Co.: Ochlocknee State Park, 7-III-1986, C. J., oak leaf litter sample 637, 1 worker; Polk Co.: The Nature Conservancy Tiger Creek Preserve, 5-X-1989, M. D., leaf litter from Quercus laevis habitat, 2 workers; Jackson Co.: Florida Caverns State Park, 30-5- 1988, Paul Skelley, 1 worker; Brevard Co.: Titusville, State Rd. 405, 10-IV-2003, Zachary Prusak, Enchanted Forest, leaf litter, 1 worker; Marion Co.: Ocala, 2.5 mi. north on Rt. 441, 13-VI-1993, L. D., 2 workers; Ocala, 9 mi. south southwest, 21-II- 1993, M. D., sand pine scrub habitat, Ocala Waterway Scrub, 4 workers; Ocala National Forest, 23- VII-1992, M. D., sand pine scrub, 3 mi. south Big Scrub Campground on Rd. 588,1 worker; Ocala National Forest, 2-IX-1985, C. J. 1 mi. west of Juniper Springs on Rt. 40, sand pine scrub, 2 queens, 1 worker; Ocala, 1-II-1994, Zachary Prusak, State Rd. 484, 1.3 mi. west of I-75, sand pine scrub habitat, 1 queen; Volusia Co.: Spruce Creek Nature Conservancy Preserve, 22-X-1994, M. D., 2 workers; Putnam Co.: Rodman Reservoir, 3-IV-1988, C. J., scrub just west of dam, sample 831, 4 workers; Ordway Preserve, 20-XI-1993, L. D., 0.5 mi. from main entrance, I worker; Ordway Preserve, 27-I- 1995, L. D., Berlese funnel OK-012795, 1 worker; Florahome, 20-XII-1987, C. J., Quercus laevis sandhill 5 mi. north of Florahome, Rt. 100, 1 queen; Alachua Co.: Hawthorne, 8-VI-1986, C. J., sand pine scrub 2.4 mi. east of town, 1 worker; Kanapaha Lake, 2-XI-1988, C. J., park near lake, oak litter, 1 worker; Cross Creek, 4-IV-1988, C. J., open xeric pine forest 2-3 mi. north of Cross Creek, 1 worker; Cross Creek, 2 mi. southeast, 7-IX-1986, C. J., hardwood litter sample 656B, 1 queen, 4 workers; Cross Creek, 4-VII-1985, C. J., 2 mi. southeast of Cross Creek, oak-palmetto litter, sample 370, 1 queen; Cross Creek, 4-VIII-1985, C. J., 6 mi. north of town, sample 425B, 1 queen; Gainesville, 31-XII-1988, C. J., flatwoods, county fairgrounds, sample 790, 1 queen; Gainesville, 13- VIII-1989, C. J., county fairgrounds, pine and palmetto litter, sample 1000, 1 worker.

Deposition of Type Material

Holotype, 13 workers, 2 queens: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; 8 workers, 2 queens: Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL; 12 workers, 1 queen: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA; remaining paratypes: collection of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, FL.

Taxonomic Notes
Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that S. boltoni is not a variant of S. dietrichi. The diagnostic features listed above are consistent in all the specimens examined from 38 separate collections spread over northern and central Florida. Strumigenys boltoni is sympatric with S. dietrichi; there is no intergradation, and there are five known sites where both species occur. The diagnostic character states of the clypeal setae and the length of the mandibles relative to that of the clypeus are the kinds of character states that have been used in distinguishing many species of Strumigenys, for example, in Bolton’s key (2000). Unfortunately, these characters have not been associated with any natural history traits, but it is likely that such traits exist, given the consistency of the character states within each species of Strumigenys.

Description
Description of Holotype Worker

Measurements in mm: total length 1.66 (=length of head from clypeal apex to occipital margin + length mesosoma + length petiole, postpetiole, gaster); head length from clypeal apex to occipital margin: 0.47; maximum head width: 0.33; length of mesosoma: 0.45; length of petiole: 0.17; length of postpetiole + gaster: 0.57. The features described below are illustrated in Fig. 1: Clypeus in frontal view obtusely pointed, in lateral view slightly upturned apically; surface of clypeus smooth, without small discal hairs; large clypeal hairs as follows: two decumbent apical hairs extending laterally over mandibles; four radiating subapical hairs; five pairs of sublateral recurved hairs; one pair of stout, curved hairs, originating at apical third of clypeus, directed upward and outward. Frontal and occipital areas with sparse, suberect, curved hairs: one pair at apical quarter of antennal scrobe, one pair at sides of occipital lobes, one pair lateral, about midway between the other two. Mandibles with diastemma barely visible beyond clypeus in frontal view. Antennal scapes each with five elongate, suberect hairs on leading edge: a subbasal hair directed apically, a hair at basal third directed slightly basally, three hairs on apical half directed apically; scape otherwise with shorter, subreclinate, apically directed hairs. Pronotum shining, slightly rugose dorsally along sides in front; a pair of elongate, irregularly curved, fine hairs on dorsolateral carinae, another pair on dorsal posterior angles. Mesosoma shining laterally, obscurely reticulate-rugose dorsally; propodeal teeth short, triangular, infradental laminae weakly emarginate just below teeth. Petiole and postpetiole with well developed subapical and inferior spongiform lobes. Gaster shining, dorsal surface with a few, elongate, fine, erect hairs.

Description of a Paratype Dealate Queen

Measurements in mm: total length (measured as in worker):2.05; head length: 0.55; maximum head width: 0.37; length of mesosoma: 0.55; length of petiole: 0.25; length of postpetiole + gaster: 0.70. Structural character states similar to worker, except for presence of ocelli, large compound eyes, and modifications of the mesosoma associated with flight.