Ectatomma tuberculatum

This ant can be a common and readily observable constituent of ant communities in favorable habitat, e.g., Brazilian cerrado.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Biology
Sanz-Veiga et al. (2017) -  was found to be the most common ant visitor to extrafloral nectaries of Tocoyena formosa plants occurring in a southeastern Brazilian cerrado study-site.

De Oliveira et al. (2015), studying ant occupancy of Cecropia trees in southwest Bahia, Brazil, found two colonies of  nesting in Cecropia pachystachya trees.

Longino (2003) - Wheeler (1986) observed a behavioral association between Crematogaster limata and the large ponerine ant Ectatomma tuberculatum on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Ectatomma tuberculatum nests in the ground at the bases of trees. The nest entrance is surmounted by a 2-3cm wide thatch tube that extends about 15cm up the side of a tree trunk or smaller plant stem. Wheeler observed that polydomous C. limata nests were often located near the mouths of E. tuberculatum nests, and that C. limata carried out periodic “raids” into the these nests. The raids were abrupt and short-lived, with workers streaming into and out of a nest entrance for about an hour. Peak flux rates were about 170 workers entering and 170 workers exiting per 15 minute observation period. Wheeler writes “Encountering an E. tuberculatum, the smaller C. limata climbed up one of the larger ant's legs and onto its thorax and head. The E. tuberculatum worker stood still as the C. limata licked the dorsal surface, especially the head. E. tuberculatum did not react aggressively to the intruders. Occasionally, an E. tuberculatum worker opened her jaws as the C. limata licked the extended mouthparts. Then the C. limata worker climbed down and quickly left the nest.” Although Wheeler failed to observe the phenomenon during a brief visit to Finca La Pacifica in the dry forest habitat of northwestern Costa Rica, where she examined five E. tuberculatum nests, I suspect that the phenomenon occurs in Costa Rica. In the Atlantic lowlands I have seen several instances of large C. limata colonies with nests clustered in and around nest entrances of E. tuberculatum.

When alarmed, workers will feign death.

Koch et al. (2018) sampled this species in Caryocar barsiliense trees, in southeastern Brazil cerrado, as part of a study examining species interactions in ant-plants.

Genetics
Meza-Lazaro et al. (2018) - We assembled mitogenomes from 21 ant workers assigned to four morphospecies (Ectatomma ruidum spp. 1-4) and putative hybrids of the Ectatomma ruidum complex (E. ruidum spp. 2x3), and to Ectatomma tuberculatum using NGS data. Mitogenomes from specimens of E. ruidum spp. 3, 4 and 2 x 3 had a high proportion of polymorphic sites. We investigated whether polymorphisms in mitogenomes are due to nuclear mt paralogues (numts) or due to the presence of more than one mitogenome within an individual (heteroplasmy). We did not find loss of function signals in polymorphic protein-coding genes, and observed strong evidence for purifying selection in two haplotype-phased genes, which indicate the presence of two functional mitochondria' genomes coexisting within individuals instead of numts. Heteroplasmy due to hybrid paternal leakage is not supported by phylogenetic analyses. Our results reveal the presence of a fast-evolving secondary mitochondrial lineage of uncertain origin in the E. ruidum complex.

Association with Other Organisms

 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.
 * Workers are known to be hosts for an.

Castes
Two size categories of queens were thought to exist in E. tuberculatum. The small queens were believed to be microgynes. Macrogynes were found to be approximately 20% larger in size and twice as heavy as microgynes (and up to three times heavier in terms of dry weight). Both types can be inseminated. They differ in the number of ovarioles per ovary (20 vs. 14)(Lachaud et al. 1999). Presently these small queens are classified as a parasitic ant species Ectatomma parasiticum.



Nomenclature

 * . Formica tuberculata Olivier, 1792: 498 (q.) TRINIDAD.
 * Type-material: holotype (?) queen.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: Trinidad (“île de la Trinité”) (no further data) (Badier).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * [Misspelled as erubculattum by Emery, 1896b: 1.]
 * Smith, F. 1858b: 102 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 129 (l.).
 * Combination in Ponera: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192;
 * combination in Ponera (Ectatomma): Roger, 1860: 306;
 * combination in Ectatomma (Ectatomma): Mayr, 1887: 539;
 * combination in Ectatomma: Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Roger, 1863b: 17.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 210; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Roger, 1860: 306; Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1878a: ix (in list); Mayr, 1884: 32; Emery, 1890b: 40; Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 26; Emery, 1894k: 47; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 5; Forel, 1899d: 273; Emery, 1911d: 43; Forel, 1912c: 30; Forel, 1914e: 9; Mann, 1916: 405; Wheeler, W.M. 1916c: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 323; Crawley, 1916b: 367; Luederwaldt, 1918: 34; Wheeler, W.M. 1918b: 24; Santschi, 1921g: 83; Wheeler, W.M. 1921f: 138; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 3; Mann, 1922: 6; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 4; Menozzi, 1935b: 190; Santschi, 1939f: 160; Weber, 1946a: 2 (redescription); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 110; Brown, 1958g: 209, 298; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Kempf, 1970b: 324; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Kugler, C. & Brown, 1982: 6 (in key); Brandão, 1991: 342; Fernández, 1991: 554 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 187; Wild, 2007b: 26; Arias-Penna, 2008b: 65; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 254; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 110; Feitosa, 2015c: 97; Feitosa & Prada-Achiardi, 2019: 666; Camacho, Franco, Branstetter, et al. 2022: 10.
 * Senior synonym of acrista: Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of ferrugineus: Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 6; Emery, 1911d: 43; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of irregularis: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of punctigerum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Senior synonym of tridentata: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1911d: 43; Weber, 1946a: 2; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela.
 * acrista. Ectatomma tuberculatum subsp. acrista Forel, 1909a: 254 (w.q.) PARAGUAY.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated), 1 syntype queen.
 * Type-locality: Paraguay: San Bernardino (Fiebrig).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of tuberculatum: Emery, 1911d: 43; Santschi, 1916e: 366; Santschi, 1921g: 83.
 * Status as species: Brown, 1958g: 208.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1962b: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 186.
 * ferruginea. Ectatomma ferruginea Norton, 1868a: 61, pl. 2, fig. 4 (w.m.) MEXICO (no state data, probably Veracruz).
 * Type-material: 4 syntype workers, 1 syntype male.
 * Type-locality: Mexico: (no further data) (Sumichrast).
 * Type-depository: unknown (perhaps USNM?)
 * [Misspelled as ferrugiens by Weber, 1946a: 2.]
 * Status as species: Norton, 1868c: 5.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Emery, 1892b: 167; Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Forel, 1895b: 112; Forel, 1899c: 6; Emery, 1911d: 43; Borgmeier, 1923: 59; Weber, 1946a: 2; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 186.
 * irregularis. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. irregularis Santschi, 1921g: 83 (w.) COLOMBIA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: Colombia: Santa Marta, 1896 (Santschi), and Colombia: Don Diego (Forel).
 * Type-depositories: MHNG, NHMB.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * punctigerum. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. punctigerum Emery, 1890a: 56 (w.) VENEZUELA.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: Venezuela: San Esteban (E. Simon).
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Lever, 1930: 214 (q.).
 * Subspecies of tuberculatum: Dalla Torre, 1893: 27; Emery, 1911d: 43.
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Weber, 1946a: 2; Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.
 * quadridens. Formica quadridens Fabricius, 1793: 362 (w.) FRENCH GUIANA.
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: French Guiana: Cayenne (no collector’s name).
 * Type-depository: ZMUK.
 * [Junior primary homonym of Formica quadridens De Geer, 1773: 609.]
 * Mann, 1916: 405 (m.); Santschi, 1921g: 83 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 131 (l.).
 * Combination in Ponera: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 193;
 * combination in Ectatomma: Mayr, 1862: 732;
 * combination in Ectatomma (Ectatomma): Mayr, 1887: 539.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 213; Fabricius, 1804: 414; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 193; Roger, 1860: 307; Mayr, 1862: 732; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Mayr, 1884: 32; Cameron, 1891: 91; Dalla Torre, 1893: 25; Forel, 1895b: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 120; Emery, 1906c: 113; Forel, 1907a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 123; Emery, 1911d: 43; Bruch, 1914: 213; Bruch, 1916: 295; Mann, 1916: 405; Santschi, 1916b: 509; Wheeler, W.M. 1916c: 2; Crawley, 1916b: 366; Gallardo, 1918b: 32 (redescription); Santschi, 1919f: 37; Santschi, 1921g: 83; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Borgmeier, 1923: 57; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 4; Menozzi, 1935b: 190; Santschi, 1939f: 160; Kusnezov, 1953b: 336; Kusnezov, 1957b: 14 (in key); Brown, 1958g: 209; Kempf, 1961b: 490; Kempf, 1972a: 105; Kugler, C. & Brown, 1982: 6 (in key); Fernández, 1991: 553 (in key).
 * Senior synonym of brunnea: Roger, 1860: 307; Roger, 1863b: 17; Mayr, 1863: 410; Dalla Torre, 1893: 25; Forel, 1895b: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 123; Emery, 1911d: 43; Bruch, 1916: 295; Gallardo, 1918a: 32; Borgmeier, 1923: 58; Kempf, 1972a: 105.
 * Replacement name: Ectatomma brunnea Smith, F. 1858b: 103.
 * [Note: brunnea junior synonym of quadridens Fabricius (synonymy by Roger, 1860: 307); hence brunnea first available replacement name (Bolton, 1995b: 187).]
 * tridentata. Formica tridentata Fabricius, 1804: 412 (w.) (no state data).
 * Type-material: 4 syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: South America, "Habitat in America meridionali".
 * Type-depository: ZMUC, ZMUK.
 * [Note: Zimsen, 1964: 426, reports 2 specimens in each depository.]
 * Junior synonym of tuberculatum: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 192; Smith, F. 1858b: 102; Mayr, 1863: 410; Roger, 1863b: 17; Emery, 1911d: 43; Weber, 1946a: 2; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1336; Bolton, 1995b: 187.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Achury R., and A.V. Suarez. 2017. Richness and composition of ground-dwelling ants in tropical rainforest and surrounding landscapes in the Colombian Inter-Andean valley. Neotropical Entomology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-017-0565-4
 * Adams B. J., S. A. Schnitzer, and S. P. Yanoviak. 2016. Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana-free trees in a Neotropical forest. Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.02608
 * Adams B. J., S. A. Schnitzer, and S. P. Yanoviak. 2019. Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large-scale experimental approach. Ecology 100(6): e02673.
 * Aguilar-Velasco, R. G., C. Poteaux, R. Meza-Lazaro, J. P. Lachaud, D. Dubovikoff, and A. Zaldivar-Riveron. 2016. Uncovering species boundaries in the Neotropical ant complex Ectatomma ruidum (Ectatomminae) under the presence of nuclear mitochondrial paralogues. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178: 226-240.
 * Alatorre-Bracamontes, C.E. and M Vasquez-Bolanos. 2010. Lista comentada de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del norte de México. Dugesiana 17(1):9-36
 * Alonso L. E., J. Persaud, and A. Williams. 2016. Biodiversity assessment survey of the south Rupununi Savannah, Guyana. BAT Survey Report No.1, 306 pages.
 * Amat-G G., M. G. Andrade-C. and F. Fernández. (eds.) 1999. Insectos de Colombia. Volumen II. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 433 pp. 131975
 * Andrade T., G. D. V. Marques, K. Del-Claro. 2007. Diversity of ground dwelling ants in Cerrado: an analysis of temporal variations and distinctive physiognomies of vegetation (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 50(1): 121-134.
 * Andrade-Silva J., E. K. C. Pereira, O. Silva, C. L. C. Santos, J. H. C. Delabie, and J. M. M. Rebelo. 2015. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with pig carcasses in an urban area. Sociobiology 62(4): 527-532.
 * Araujo Castilho G., F. Barbosa Noll, E. R. da Silva, and E. F. dos Santos. 2011. Diversidade de Formicidae (Hymenoptera) em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre 9(2): 224-230.
 * Arruda F. V., M. A. Pesquero, D. G. Marcelino, G. A. Leiter, J. H. C. Delabie, and R. Fagundes. 2015. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Sociaux DOI 10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4
 * Baccaro F. B., J. L. P. de Souza, E. Franklin. V. Lemes Landeiro, and W. E. Magnusson. 2012. Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests. Ecological Entomology 37: 1-12.
 * Borgmeier T. 1923. Catalogo systematico e synonymico das formigas do Brasil. 1 parte. Subfam. Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae. Archivos do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro) 24: 33-103.
 * Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412.
 * Branstetter M. G. and L. Sáenz. 2012. Las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Guatemala. Pp. 221-268 in: Cano E. B. and J. C. Schuster. (eds.) 2012. Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Volumen 2. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, iv + 328 pp
 * Byk J., K. Del-Claro. 2010. Nectar- and pollen-gathering Cephalotes ants provide no protection against herbivory: a new manipulative experiment to test ant protective capabilities. Acta Ethol. 13: 33-38.
 * Cancino, E.R., D.R. Kasparan, J.M.A. Coronado Blanco, S.N. Myartseva, V.A. Trjapitzin, S.G. Hernandez Aguilar and J. Garcia Jimenez. 2010. Himenópteros de la Reserva El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México. Dugesiana 17(1):53-71
 * Carvalho Pereira L. P. 2012. Estrutura da comunidade de formigas poneromorfas (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) em uma área da Floresta Amazônica. Master Thesis Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 64 pages.
 * Castano-Meneses, G., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha, and I. Alcala-Martinez. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
 * Correa M. M., W. D. Fernandes, and I. R. Leal. 2006. Ant Diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Capões in Brazilian Pantanal: Relationship between Species Richness and Structural Complexity. Neotropical Entomology 35(6): 724-730.
 * Crawley W. C. 1916. Ants from British Guiana. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8(17): 366-378.
 * Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
 * Davidson, D.W. 2005. Ecological stoichiometry of ants in a New World rain forest. Oecologia 142:221-231
 * Davidson, D.W., J.A. Arias and J. Mann. 2006. An experimental study of bamboo ants in western Amazonia. Insectes Sociaux 53:108-114
 * De la Mora, A., C. J. Murnen, and S. M. Philpott. 2013. Local and landscape drivers of ant-communities in Neotropical coffee landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation 22: 871-888.
 * Dejean A., A. Compin, J. H. C. Delabie, F. Azemar, B. Corbara, and M. Leponce. 2019. Biotic and abiotic determinants of the formation of ant mosaics in primary Neotropical rainforests. Ecological Entomology https://doi-org.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/10.1111/een.12735
 * Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3) :325-331
 * Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3):325-331
 * Del Toro, I., M. Vázquez, W.P. Mackay, P. Rojas and R. Zapata-Mata. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Tabasco: explorando la diversidad de la mirmecofauna en las selvas tropicales de baja altitud. Dugesiana 16(1):1-14.
 * Emery C. 1890. Studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 22: 38-8
 * Emery C. 1890. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887 - Avril 1888). Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6)10: 55-76.
 * Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
 * Escalante Gutiérrez J. A. 1993. Especies de hormigas conocidas del Perú (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Peruana de Entomología 34:1-13.
 * Escalante J. A. 1976. Hormigas del valle de K'Osnipata (Paucartambo, Cusco). Revista Peruana de Entomologia 107-108.
 * Feitosa, R.M., R.R. Hora, J.H.C. Delabie, J. Valenzuela and D. Fresneau. 2008. A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma F. Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ectatomminae). Zootaxa 1713:47-52.
 * Feneron, R., C. Poteaux, M. Boileve, J. Valenzuela, and F. Savarit. 2013. Discrimination of the social parasite Ectatomma parasiticum by its host sibling species (E. tuberculatum). Psyche. Article ID 573541, 11 pages
 * Feneron, R., and P. Jaisson. 1992. Nestmate-brood recognition among workers of different social status in Ectatomma tuberculatum Olivier (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Behavioural Processes 27: 45-51.
 * Fernandes W. D., D. Lange, and S. de Almeida Soares. 2010. Communities of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in fragmented environments. Sociobiology 55(1B): 255-271.
 * Fernández F., E. E. Palacio, W. P. Mackay, and E. S. MacKay. 1996. Introducción al estudio de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Pp. 349-412 in: Andrade M. G., G. Amat García, and F. Fernández. (eds.) 1996. Insectos de Colombia. Estudios escogidos. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 541 pp
 * Fernández F., and T. M. Arias-Penna. 2008. Las hormigas cazadoras en la región Neotropical. Pp. 3-39 in: Jiménez, E.; Fernández, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano, F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistemática, biogeografía y conservación de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp.
 * Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
 * Fichaux M., B. Bechade, J. Donald, A. Weyna, J. H. C. Delabie, J. Murienne, C. Baraloto, and J. Orivel. 2019. Habitats shape taxonomic and functional composition of Neotropical ant assemblages. Oecologia 189(2): 501-513.
 * Flores-Maldonado K. Y., S. A. Phillips, and G. Sanchez-Ramos. 1999. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) along an altitudinal gradient in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Northeastern Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 44(4): 457-461.
 * Flores-Maldonado, K. Y., S. A. Phillips-Jr, and G. Sanchez-Ramos. 1999. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) along an altitudinal gradient in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Northeastern Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 44: 457-461.
 * Forel A. 1909. Ameisen aus Guatemala usw., Paraguay und Argentinien (Hym.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1909: 239-269.
 * Franco W., N. Ladino, J. H. C. Delabie, A. Dejean, J. Orivel, M. Fichaux, S. Groc, M. Leponce, and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674(5): 509-543.
 * Gallego-Ropero M.C., R.M. Feitosa & J.R. Pujol-Luz, 2013. Formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Associadas a Ninhos de Cornitermes cumulans Kollar (Isoptera, Termitidae) no Cerrado do Planalto Central do Brasil. EntomoBrasilis, 6(1): 97-101.
 * Garcia-Perez, J. A., R. Pena-Sanchez, P. Camargo-Huiqui, and A. Champalbert. 1991. Rutas de forrajeo utilizadas por Ectatomma tuberculatum O. (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) en una plantacion de cacao en el Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 82: 161-171.
 * Goitia W., and K. Jaffe. 2009. Ant-Plant Associations in Different Forests in Venezuela. Neotropical Entomology 38(1): 007-031.
 * Gomes E. C. F., G. T. Ribeiro, T. M. S. Souza, and L. Sousa-Souto. 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61(3): 250-257.
 * Groc S., J. H. C. Delabie, F. Fernandez, F. Petitclerc, B. Corbara, M. Leponce, R. Cereghino, and A. Dejean. 2017. Litter-dwelling ants as bioindicators to gauge the sustainability of small arboreal monocultures embedded in the Amazonian rainforest. Ecological Indicators 82: 43-49.
 * Groc S., J. H. C. Delabie, F. Fernandez, M. Leponce, J. Orivel, R. Silvestre, Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, and A. Dejean. 2013. Leaf-litter ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a pristine Guianese rainforest: stable functional structure versus high species turnover. Myrmecological News 19: 43-51.
 * Hora, R.R., C. Doums, C. Poteaux, R. Feneron, J. Valenzuela, J. Heinze and D. Fresneau. 2005. Small Queens in the Ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: A New Case of Social Parasitism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59(2 ):285-292
 * Hora, R.R., E. Vilela, R. Feneron, A. Pezon, D. Fresneau and J. Delabie. 2005. Facultative polygyny in Ectatomma tuberculatum (Formicidae, Ectatomminae). Insectes Sociaux 52:194-200
 * INBio Collection (via Gbif)
 * Ibarra-Nunez, G., J. A. Garcia, J. A. Lopez, and J. P. Lachaud. 2001. Prey analysis in the diet of some ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and web-building spiders (Araneae) in coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico. Sociobiology 37: 723-756.
 * Jaffe, K., et al. 2007. Comparing the ant fauna in a tropical and a temperat forest canopy. Ecotropicos 20(2):74-81
 * Kempf W. W. 1962. Miscellaneous studies on neotropical ants. II. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 5: 1-38.
 * Kempf W. W. 1978. A preliminary zoogeographical analysis of a regional ant fauna in Latin America. 114. Studia Entomologica 20: 43-62.
 * Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
 * Kugler C. 1991. Stings of ants of the tribe Ectatommini (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insecta Mundi 5: 153-166.
 * Kusnezov N. 1953. La fauna mirmecológica de Bolivia. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6: 211-229.
 * Lachaud, J. P., A. Cadena, B. Schatz, G. Perez-Lachaud, and G. Ibarra-N–nez. 1999. Queen dimorphism and reproductive capacity in the ponerine ant, Ectatomma ruidum Roger. Oecologia 120: 515-523.
 * Leponce M., J. H. C. Delabie, J. Orivel, J. Jacquemin, M. Calvo Martin, and A. Dejean. 2019. Tree-dwelling ant survey (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Mitaraka, French Guiana, in Touroult J. (ed.), “Our Planet Reviewed” 2015 large-scale biotic survey in Mitaraka, French Guiana. Zoosystema 41 (10): 163-179.
 * Lever R. J. A. W. 1930. The female of Ectatomma tuberculatum (Oliv.) var. punctigerum Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag. 66: 214-215.
 * Longino J. T. 2013. Ants of Nicargua. Consulted on 18 Jan 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/longinollama/reports/ants-of-nicaragua
 * Longino J. T. L., and M. G. Branstetter. 2018. The truncated bell: an enigmatic but pervasive elevational diversity pattern in Middle American ants. Ecography 41: 1-12.
 * Longino J. et al. ADMAC project. Accessed on March 24th 2017 at https://sites.google.com/site/admacsite/
 * Longino, J.T. 2010. Personal Communication. Longino Collection Database
 * Lozano-Zambrano F. H., E. Jimenez, T. M. Arias-Penna, A. M. Arcila, J. Rodriguez, and D. P. Ramirez. 2008. Biogeografía de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Pp. 349-406. in: Jiménez, E.; Fernández, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano, F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistemática, biogeografía y conservación de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp.
 * Luederwaldt H. 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Rev. Mus. Paul. 10: 29-64.
 * Luna Bello G. O. 2005. Composicion y estructura de la comunidad de hormigas a lo largo de un gradiente de intensificacion agricola en zonas de bosque tropical humedo en la region autonoma Atlantico Sur, Nicaragua. PhD Universidad Centroamericana, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologia del Ambiente carrera de Ecologi y Desarrollo. 127 pages
 * Maes, J.-M. and W.P. MacKay. 1993. Catalogo de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 23.
 * Marinho C. G. S., R. Zanetti, J. H. C. Delabie, M. N. Schlindwein, and L. de S. Ramos. 2002. Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diversity in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) Plantations and Cerrado Litter in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 31(2): 187-195.
 * Marques G. D. V., and K. Del-Claro. 2006. The Ant Fauna in a Cerrado area: The Influence of Vegetation Structure and Seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47(1): 1-18.
 * Menozzi C. 1935. Spedizione del Prof. Nello Beccari nella Guiana Britannica. Hymenoptera-Formicidae. Redia. 21: 189-203.
 * Miranda P. N., F. B. Baccaro, E. F. Morato, M. A. Oliveira. J. H. C. Delabie. 2017. Limited effects of low-intensity forest management on ant assemblages in southwestern Amazonian forests. Biodivers. Conserv. DOI 10.1007/s10531-017-1368-y
 * Mirmecofauna de la reserva ecologica de San Felipe Bacalar
 * Morais Cruz T., and S. D. Vasconcelos. 2006. Soil entomofauna associated with pig carcass decomposition in a rainforest fragment in Pernambuco, Brazil. BIOCIÊNCIAS, Porto Alegre, 14(2): 193-201.
 * Nettel-Hernanz A., J. P. Lachaud, D. Fresneau, R. A. Lopez-Munoz, and C. Poteaux. 2015. Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genusEctatommaSmith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae). Org Divers Evol DOI 10.1007/s13127-015-0215-9
 * Neves F. S., K. S. Queiroz-Dantas, W. D. da Rocha, and J. H. C. Delabie. 2013. Ants of Three Adjacent Habitats of a Transition Region Between the Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes: The Effects of Heterogeneity and Variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop Entomol 42: 258268.
 * O'Keefe S. T., J. L. Cook, T. Dudek, D. F. Wunneburger, M. D. Guzman, R. N. Coulson, and S. B. Vinson. 2000. The Distribution of Texas Ants. The Southwestern Entomologist 22: 1-92.
 * Perez-Lachaud G., J. E. Valenzuela, and J. P. Lachaud. 2011. Is Increased Resistance to Parasitism at the Origin of Polygyny in a Mexican Population of the Ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)? Florida Entomologist 94(3): 677-684.
 * Perez-Lachaud, G., H.A. Lopez-Mendez and J.-P. Lachaud. 2006. Eucharitid Parasitism of the Neotropical Ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: Parasitoid Co-occurrence, Seasonal Variation, and Multiparasitism. Biotropica 38(4):574-576
 * Perez-Lachaud, G., J. A. Lopez-Mendez, G. Beugnon, P. Winterton, and J. P. Lachaud. 2010. High prevalence but relatively low impact of two eucharitid parasitoids attacking the Neotropical ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier). Biological Control 52: 131-139.
 * Perez-Lachaud, G., J. A. Lopez-Mendez, and J. P. Lachaud. 2006. Eucharitid parasitism of the Neotropical ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: parasitoid co-occurrence, seasonal variation, and multiparasitism. Biotropica 38: 574-576.
 * Pires de Prado L., R. M. Feitosa, S. Pinzon Triana, J. A. Munoz Gutierrez, G. X. Rousseau, R. Alves Silva, G. M. Siqueira, C. L. Caldas dos Santos, F. Veras Silva, T. Sanches Ranzani da Silva, A. Casadei-Ferreira, R. Rosa da Silva, and J. Andrade-Silva. 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhao, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59: e20195938.
 * Queiroz Haddad G., F. Jorge Cividanes,  I. C. Fernandes Martins,  L. R. Batista Correa. 2012. Population Fluctuations of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) and Araneae (Arachnida) in Two Tillage Systems in the Region of Guaíra-Sp. Florida Entomologist 95(4): 1012-1018.
 * Quiroz-Robledo, L.N. and J. Valenzuela-Gonzalez. 2007. Distribution of poneromorph ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Mexican state of Morelos. Florida Entomologist 90(4):609-615
 * Radoszkowsky O. 1884. Fourmis de Cayenne Française. Trudy Russkago Entomologicheskago Obshchestva 18: 30-39.
 * Ramos L. de S., R. Zanetti, C. G. S. Marinho, J. H. C. Delabie, M. N. Schlindwein, and R. P. Almado. 2004. Impact of mechanical and chemical weedings of Eucalyptus grandis undergrowth on an ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Árvore 28(1): 139-146.
 * Reis P. C. J., W. D. Darocha, L. Falcao, T. J. Guerra, and F. S. Neves. 2013. Ant Fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Urticaceae) Trees in an Atlantic Forest Area, Southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60(3): 222-228.
 * Resende J. J., G. M. de M. Santos, I. C. do Nascimento, J. H. C. Delabie, and E. M. da Silva. 2011. Communities of ants (Hymenoptera  Formicidae) in different Atlantic rain forest phytophysionomies. Sociobiology 58(3): 779-799.
 * Ribas C. R., J. H. Schoereder, M. Pic, and S. M. Soares. 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecology 28(3): 305-314.
 * Ribeiro L. F., R. R. C. Solar, T. G. Sobrinho, D. C. Muscardi, J. H. Schoereder, and A. N. Andersen. 2019. Different trophic groups of arboreal ants show differential responses to resource supplementation in a neotropical savanna. Oecologia 190(2): 433-443.
 * Ribeiro S. P., N. B. Espirito Santo, J. H. C. Delabie, and J. D. Majer. 2013. Competition, resources and the ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) mosaic: a comparison of upper and lower canopy. Myrmecological News 18: 113-120.
 * Rico-Gray, V., and L. B. Thien. 1989. Ant-mealybug interaction decreases reproductive fitness of Schomburgkia tibicinis (Orchidaceae) in Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5: 109-112.
 * Rico-Gray, V., and L. B. Thien. 1989. Effect of different ant species on reproductive fitness of Schomburgkia tibicinis (Orchidaceae). Oecologia 81: 487-489.
 * Rico-Gray,V., J.G. Garcia-Franco, M. Palacios-Rios, C. Diaz-Castelazo, V. Parra-Tabla and J.A. Navarro. 1998. Geographical and Seasonal Variation in the Richness of Ant-Plant Interactions in Mexico. Biotropica 30(2):190-200.
 * Riera-Valera M. A., A. J. Pérez-Sánchez, and J. Perozo. 2009. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and termites (Termitidae: Isoptera), Moron River basin, Carabobo, Venezuela: Preliminary data. Checklist, Campinas 5(4): 855-859.
 * Rivers, A., M. Barbercheck, B. Govaerts, and N. Verhulst. 2016. Conservation agriculture affects arthropod community composition in a rainfed maize-wheat system in central Mexico. Applied Soil Ecology 100: 81-90.
 * Robson Simon Ant Collection, 05-Sept-2014
 * Rodrigues de Souza D., E. Stingel, L. C. de Almeida, M. A. Lazarini, C. de Bortoli Munhae, A. J. Mayhe-Nunes, O. Correa Bueno, and M. Santina de C. Morini. 2010. Ant Diversity in a Sugarcane Culture without the Use of Straw Burning in Southeast, São Paulo, Brazil. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 5 (2): 183-188.
 * Rodrigues de Souza D., E. Stingel, L. C. de Almeida, M. A. Lazarini, C. de Bortoli Munhae, O. Correa Bueno, C. R. Archangelo, and M. Santina de C. Morini. 2010. Field methods for the study of ants in sugarcane plantations in Southeastern Brazil. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 67(6): 651-657.
 * Rodriguez E. R., and J. E. Lattke. 2012. Diversidad de hormigas en un gradiente altitudinal de la cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 50: 295?304.
 * Salinas P. J. 2010. Catalogue of the ants of the Táchira State, Venezuela, with notes on their biodiversity, biogeography and ecology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyioponinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae, Myrmicinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dolichoderinae). Boletín de la SEA 47: 315-328.
 * Santos J. C., and Del-Claro K. 2001. Interactions between ants, herbivores and extrafloral nectaries in Tocoyena formosa (Cham & Schlechtd.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) in cerrado vegetation. Rev. Bras. Zoociencias Juiz de Fora 3(1): 77-92.
 * Santos P. P., A. Vasconcelos, B. Jahyny, and J. H. C. Delabie. 2010. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) associated to arboreal nests of Nasutitermes spp. (Isoptera, Termitidae) in a cacao plantation in southeastern Bahia, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 54(3): 450-454.
 * Santos-Junior L. C., J. M. Saraiva, R. Silvestre, and W. F. Antonialli-Junior. 2014. Evaluation of Insects that Exploit Temporary Protein Resources Emphasizing the Action of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a Neotropical Semi-deciduous Forest. Sociobiology 61(1): 43-51
 * Santschi F. 1916. Formicides sudaméricains nouveaux ou peu connus. Physis (Buenos Aires). 2: 365-399.
 * Santschi F. 1921. Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides néotropiques. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 54: 81-103.
 * Santschi F. 1939. Résultats scientifiques des croisières du navire-école belge, "Mercator". XIV. Formicidae s. lt. Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. (2)15: 159-167.
 * Schoereder J. H., T. G. Sobrinho, M. S. Madureira, C. R. Ribas, and P. S. Oliveira. 2010. The arboreal ant community visiting extrafloral nectaries in the Neotropical cerrado savanna. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 3: 3-27.
 * Silva F. H. O., J. H. C. Delabie, G. B. dos Santos, E. Meurer, and M. I. Marques. 2013. Mini-Winkler Extractor and Pitfall Trap as Complementary Methods to Sample Formicidae. Neotrop Entomol 42: 351358.
 * Silva R. R., R. S. Machado Feitosa, and F. Eberhardt. 2007. Reduced ant diversity along a habitat regeneration gradient in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 240: 61-69.
 * Silva R.R., and C. R. F. Brandao. 2014. Ecosystem-Wide Morphological Structure of Leaf-Litter Ant Communities along a Tropical Latitudinal Gradient. PLoSONE 9(3): e93049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093049
 * Silvestre R., C. R. F. Brandão, and R. R. Silva da 2003. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del cerrado. Pp. 113-148 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.
 * Siqueira de Castro F., A. B. Gontijo, P. de Tarso Amorim Castro, and S. Pontes Ribeiro. 2012. Annual and Seasonal Changes in the Structure of Litter-Dwelling Ant Assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Atlantic Semideciduous Forests. Psyche doi:10.1155/2012/959715
 * Siqueira de Castro F., A. B. Gontijo, W. Duarte da Rocha, and S. Pontes Ribeiro. 2011. As comunidades de formigas de serapilheira nas florestas semidecíduas do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais. MG.BIOTA, Belo Horizonte 3(5): 5-24.
 * Smith M. R. 1936. A list of the ants of Texas. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 44: 155-170.
 * Soares S. A., D. Lange, and W. F. Antoniali Junior. 2006. Communities of Epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an area of reforestation and in native forest. Sociobiology 49(3): 251-263.
 * Soares S. A., W. F. Antoniali Junior, and S. E. Lima-Junior. 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 54(1): 7681.
 * Sosa-Calvo J. 2007. Ants of the leaf litter of two plateaus in Eastern Suriname. In Alonso, L.E. and J.H. Mol (eds.). 2007. A rapid biological assessment of the Lely and Nassau plateaus, Suriname (with additional information on the Brownsberg Plateau). RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 43. Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.
 * Suguituru S. S., M. Santina de Castro Morini, R. M. Feitosa, and R. Rosa da Silva. 2015. Formigas do Alto Tiete. Canal 6 Editora 458 pages
 * Tavares A. A., P. C. Bispo, and A. C. Zanzini. 2008. Effect of Collect Time on Communities of Epigaeic Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Areas of Eucalyptus cloeziana and Cerrado. Neotropical Entomology 37(2): 126-130.
 * Ulloa Chacon P., M. L. Baena, J. Bustos, R. C. Aldana, J. A. Aldana, and M. A. Gamboa. 1996. Fauna de hormigas del departamento del Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Pp. 413-451. In Andrade-C M. G., G. Amat Garcia, and F. Fernandez. Insectoss de Colombia, estudios escogidos.
 * Valenzuela-Gonzalez, J., A. Lopez-Mendez, and J. P. Lachaud. 1995. Activity patterns and foraging activity in nests of Ectatomma tuberculatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in cacao plantations. Southwestern Entomologist 20: 507-515.
 * Varela-Hernandez, F., M. Rocha-Ortega, R. W. Jones, and W. P. Mackay. 2016. Insectos: Hormigas (Formicidae) del estado de Queretaro, Mexico. Pages 397-404 in W. Jones., and V. Serrano-Cardenas, editors. Historia Natural de Queretaro. Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico.
 * Vasconcelos H. L., J. M. S. Vilhena, W. E. Magnusson, and A. L. K. M. Albernaz. 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. Journal of Biogeography 33: 1348-1356.
 * Vasconcelos, H.L., J.M.S. Vilhena, W.E. Magnusson and A.L.K.M. Albernaz. 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. Journal of Biogeography 33:1348-1356
 * Vasquez-Bolanos M. 2011. Checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Mexico. Dugesiana 18(1): 95-133.
 * Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133
 * Weber N. A. 1946. Two common ponerine ants of possible economic significance, Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier) and E. ruidum Roger. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 48: 1-16.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1916. Ants collected in British Guiana by the expedition of the American Museum of Natural History during 1911. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35: 1-14.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1918. Ants collected in British Guiana by Mr. C. William Beebe. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 26: 23-28.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1921. The Tachigalia ants. Zoologica (New York) 3: 137-168.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1922. The ants of Trinidad. American Museum Novitates 45: 1-16.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1925. Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Arkiv för Zoologi 17A(8): 1-55.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1930. Two mermithergates of Ectatomma. Psyche (Cambridge) 37: 48-54.
 * Wheeler W. M. 1942. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 90: 1-262.
 * Wheeler, William Morton. 1916. Ants Collected in Trinidad by Professor Roland Thaxter, Mr. F. W. Urich, and Others. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparitive Zoology at Harvard University. 40(8):322-330
 * Wilson, E.O. 1987. The Arboreal Ant Fauna of Peruvian Amazon Forests: A First Assessment. Biotropica 19(3):245-251.
 * da Silva, R.R., C.R.F. Brandao, and R. Silvestre. 2004. Similarity Between Cerrado Localities in Central and Southeastern Brazil Based on the Dry Season Bait Visitors Ant Fauna. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 39(3):191-199.
 * de Almeida Soares S., Y. R. Suarez, W. D. Fernandes, P. M. Soares Tenorio, J. H. C. Delabie, and W. F. Antonialli-Junior. 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. entomol. 57: 84-90
 * de Souza J. L. P., F. B. Baccarob, V. L. Landeirob, E. Franklinc, and W. E. Magnussonc. 2012. Trade-offs between complementarity and redundancy in the use of different sampling techniques for ground-dwelling ant assemblages. Applied Soil Ecology 56: 63 73.