Crematogaster levior

Crematogaster levior occurs in lowland wet forest habitats, where it cohabits large ant gardens with Camponotus femoratus. Dejean et al. (2018) found this territorially-dominant arboreal-ant species association inhabited 1/5 of the tree canopies they sampled in an Amazonian forest.

Identification
See Crematogaster carinata for identification remarks.

Distribution
Amazonian portions of Brazil, Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.

Biology
Leal et al. (2017) - Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus are common in Amazonian ant gardens and often occur nesting together. It is known that the latter aggressively defends its nesting location, i.e., the ant garden, while the former does not. Crematogaster levior are able to forage both on the forest understory and on the forest ground, over larger distances from the nest and under more extreme weather conditions (such as at forest edges) in comparison with C. femoratus (Vantaux et al., 2007). Camponotus femoratus forages exclusively in the forest understory for brief periods during the day.

In this study twenty six rainforest ant gardens in forest edge habitat and forest interior locations were examined. Fifteen epiphyte species were found to be incorporated in the ant gardens overall, with from one to five species per nest. The major ant garden difference was a higher incidence of epiphytes with glands, i.e., oil producing or nectar bearing species, in the forest interior. Camponotus femoratus was found to react to chemical compounds indicative of herbivore damage while Crematogaster levior did not. This is consistent with the former providing herbivore protection to the epiphytes it lives with while the latter does not. Along with the differences in foraging potentially limiting the extent of interspecific competition between the two ant species for resources provided by their shared ant garden, Camponotus individuals can get food from Crematogaster workers through trophallaxis (Menzel et al., 2014). Therefore, C. femoratus may co-occur with C. levior due to the additional resource input provided by the latter.

Vicente and Izzo (2017) - Ant gardens occupied by this species were more common and larger in larger forest gaps. Gaps with more open canopies and with greater vegetative connectiveness were correlated with a decrease in ground foraging by C. levior.

Also see the biology section of Crematogaster carinata for further natural history details of C. levior. (Longino 2003)

Nomenclature

 *  levior. Crematogaster levior Longino, 2003a: 132 (w.) BRAZIL.

Worker
Holotype: HL 0.587, [HW, HC not visible], SL 0.586, EL 0.142, WL 0.672, SPL 0.130, PTH 0.141, PTL 0.201, PTW 0.152, PPL 0.145, PPW 0.147, OI 24, SI 100, PTHI 70, PTWI 76, PPI 101, SPI 19.

Pronotal dorsum almost entirely smooth and shiny, with no trace of carinulae, or with faint traces along anterolateral margins; other characters as in Crematogaster carinata.

Type Material
Holotype worker. Brazil, Amazonas (H. W. Bates). There are two workers on one card. The holotype has been indicated with a black arrow drawn on the card.