Wasmann, Eric (1859-1931)

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
February 27th 1931 - Erich Wasman died in Valkenburg.

His father Rudolf Friedrich was a painter who came from Hamburg. At an age of 24 he moved to Munich. He lived some years in Rome where he joined the Nazarene. Since 1840 Meran became his new home town. There he died in the year 1886 at an age of 81. Wasmann painted portraits and landscapes. There is a painting from him in the Hamburg Arts Centre: 'Early Snow in Meran'. A photo of that picture is found in the 'Large Brockhaus'.

In Meran was on May 29th 1858 also born his son Eric who entered on August 29th 1875 in Holland the Society of Jesus and died on February 27th 1931 in Valkenburg (Holland).

Because of tuberculosis of the lung he had to be much in the open air. That led him to observe and study the life of the ants. Later he expanded his studies also to the termites.

In the year 1888 he was ordained priest and studied afterwards in Prague zoology (1890/92). Afterwards in Exaten, Luxembourg and Valkenburg he lived completely for his research. It made him an important entomologist and animal psychologist.

Wasmann became the mental leader of the Catholics in biological questions. He was co-initiator of the scientific section of the Görres-Gesellschaft. As first Catholic clergyman he publicly stood up - long before Teilhard de Chardin - for Darwin's descendence and selection theories. He was critically observed by Catholic Church leaders who were moulded by the Kulturkampf. Wasmann brought the proof that the newest knowledge of the natural sciences was compatible with the Christian world view.

Wasmann left more than seven hundred scientific writings. The Museum of Sciences in Maastricht with Wasmann's myrmecophile collection is world-famous. He is considered as expert for questions of biology, instinct research, descent and evolution etc. That can be seen also by the many honours given to him. He was a member of the Institute Grand Ducal in Luxembourg, of the Societé Scientologique de Bruxelles, of the Societé Entomologique de Belgique and of the same society in London, likewise of the Spanish, Brazilian and German Entomological Societies. He was an honorary doctor of the University of Freiburg and of other universities. To his seventieth birthday a Wasmann-Anniversary-Volume was published in his honours.

Already in 1897 his book about Instinct And Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom was published; in 1909 his book 'The Psychological Abilities of the Ants' and in 1919 'Haeckel's Monism - a Culture Danger'.

Eric Wasmann died at an age of 72 without the prospect of a successor.

ANT TAXONOMY
Erich Wasmann was born in Tyrol, in the year Charles Darwin published 'The origin of species': 1859. In 1872 he joined the German Jesuits. Although he was referred to as the 'beetle father' following his first publication, the 289 publications which were to follow changed this to 'the ant father'. [father Erich Wasmann 1872-1931]

The collecting of ants was not his prime objective. In particular, Wasmann was interested in those other inhabitants of ant nests referred to as myrmecophiles. Wasmann was a pioneer in this field, and managed to build up a unique collection of beetles, butterflies, mites, bugs and aphids which lived in ant nests. The collection comprises, in addition to more than 1,000 ant species and in excess of 200 termite species, more than 2,000 species of myrmecophiles. On the basis of these, Wasmann described 933 new species. Most specimens are dried but some of them are preserved in alcohol. In his studies Wasmann of course confronted the question about the origin of the mostly highly specialised myrmecophiles. It is Wasmann's merit that, although the Church had not generally accepted Darwin's theory of evolution, he did accept it. In this he was far ahead of his (religious) contemporaries !

PUBLICATIONS

 * [[Media:Wasmann 1891.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1891a [1890]. Einige neue Hermaphroditen von Myrmica scabrinodis und laevinodis. Stett. Entomol. Ztg. 51: 298-299 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1891b ("1890"). Ueber die verschiedenen Zwischenformen von Weibchen und Arbeiterinnen bei Ameisen. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 51:300-309. [1891-01]
 * Wasmann, E. 1891c. Verzeichnis der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Holländisch Limburg. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 34:39-64. [1891]
 * Wasmann, E. 1891d. Die zusammengesetzten Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie, Psychologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ameisengesellschaften. Münster in Westfalen: Aschendorffschen Buchdruckerei, vii + 262 pp. [1891]
 * Wasmann, E. 1892. Einiges über springende Ameisen. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 11:316-317. [1892-12-25]
 * [[Media:Wasmann, E. 1894. Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1894. Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden. Berlin: F. L. Dames, xv + 231 pp. [1894]]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1895.PDF|Wasmann, E. 1895. Die Ameisen- und Termitengäste von Brasilien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 45:137-179. PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1895b. Die ergatogynen Formen bei den Ameisen und ihre Erklärung. Biologisches Centralblatt 15:606-622. [1895-08-15]
 * Wasmann, E. 1895c. Die ergatogynen Formen bei den Ameisen und ihre Erklärung. (Schluss.). Biologisches Centralblatt 15:625-646. [1895-09-01]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1897a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1897a. Bemerkungen über einige Ameisen von Madagascar. Zool. Anz. 20: 249-250 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1901.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1901. Neues über die zusammengesetzten Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen. [part]. Allg. Z. Entomol. 6: 369-371 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann E 1902a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1902a. Neues über die zusammengesetzten Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen. [part]. Allg. Z. Entomol. 7: 1-5 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1904a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1904a. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Paussiden, mit biologischen und phylogenetischen Bemerkungen. Notes Leyden Mus. 25: 1-82 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1904b.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1904b. Zur Kenntniss der Gäste der Treiberameisen und ihrer Wirthe am obern Congo, nach den Sammlungen und Beobachtungen von P. Herm. Kohl, C.S.S.C. bearbeitet. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 7: 611-682 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1905f.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1905f. Berichtigungen zu Note I dieses Bandes. Notes Leyden Mus. 25: 110 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1906.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1906. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Luxemburg. Arch. Inst. Grand-Ducal Luxemb. (n.s.)1(1/2 2: 104-124 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann E 1909a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1909a. Über den Ursprung des sozialen Parasitismus, der Sklaverei und der Myrmekophilie bei den Ameisen. Biol. Centralbl. 29: 587-604 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1909b. Über den Ursprung des sozialen Parasitismus, der Sklaverei und der Myrmekophilie bei den Ameisen. (Fortsetzung.). Biologisches Centralblatt 29:619-637.
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1909d.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1909d. Über den Ursprung des sozialen Parasitismus, der Sklaverei und der Myrmekophilie bei den Ameisen. (Schluss.). Biol. Centralbl. 29: 683-703 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1909e. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Luxemburg. III. Verzeichniss der Ameisen von Luxemburg, mit biologischen Notizen. Archives. Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg (n.s.)4(3/4):1-114
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1910.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1910. Nachträge zum sozialen Parasitismus und der Sklaverei bei den Ameisen. [part]. Biol. Centralbl. 30: 515-524 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1911a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1911a. Zur Kenntnis der Termiten und Termitengäste vom belgischen Congo. [part]. Rev. Zool. Afr. (Bruss.) 1: 91-117 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1911b. Ein neuer Paussus aus Ceylon, mit einer Uebersicht über die Paussidenwirte. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 54:195-207.
 * Wasmann, E. 1913 ("1912"). The ants and their guests. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1912:455-474.
 * Wasmann, E. 1915a. Revision der Gattung Aenictonia Wasm. Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin-Dahlem 4:26-35. [1915-03-08]
 * Wasmann, E. 1915b. Zwei für Holland neue Ameisen, mit anderen Bemerkungen über Ameisen und deren Gäste aus Süd-Limburg. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 58:150-162.
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1915c.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1915c. Eine neue Pseudomyrma aus der Ochsenhorndornakazie in Mexiko, mit Bemerkungen über Ameisen in Akaziendornen und ihre Gäste. Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Pflanzen-Myrmekophilie. Tijdschr. Entomol. 58: 296-325 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1915d.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1915d. Anergatides Kohli, eine neue arbeiterlose Schmarotzerameise vom oberen Kongo (Hym., Form.). Entomol. Mitt. 4: 279-288 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1916a. Nachtrag zu "Eine neue Pseudomyrma aus der Ochsenhorndornakazie in Mexiko.". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 58(suppl.):125-131.
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1916b.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1916b. Neue dorylophile Staphyliniden Afrikas. Entomol. Mitt. 5: 134-147 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1917.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1917. Neue Anpassungstypen bei Dorylinengästen Afrikas (Col. Staphylinidae). Z. Wiss. Zool. 117: 257-360 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1918a.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1918a. Ueber Solenopsis geminata saevissima Sm. und ihre Gäste. Entomol. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 14: 69-76 PDF]]
 * [[Media:Wasmann 1918b.pdf|Wasmann, E. 1918b. Ueber die von v. Rothkirch, 1912, in Kamerun gesammelten Myrmekophilen. Entomol. Mitt. 7: 135-149 PDF]]
 * Wasmann, E. 1931. Acromyrmex Bucki, n. sp. (Hym., Formicidae). Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 1: 106
 * Wasmann, E. 1934. Die Ameisen, die Termiten und ihre Gäste. Regensburg: G. J. Manz, xviii + 148 pp.

REFERENCE

 * Schmitz, H. 1932. In memoriam. P. Erich Wassmann S. J. Tijdschr. Entomol. 75: 1-5