Dorylus orientalis

My Ceylon collection was made in disturbed rain forest in the Udawaddatekele Sanctuary (Garden of the Kandy kings), at Kandy. Workers were found dispersed in the soil to a depth of at least 12.5 cm. None were found above ground. Our limited records indicate that the species is generally subterranean and occurs in a wide range of habitats, including cultivated land. (Wilson 1964)

Identification
A member of the Dorylus orientalis-group.

Wilson (1964) - A single series from Kandy, Ceylon varied in HW 0.55-1.37mm, or as much as all the other series together. Antenna always 9-segmented. The species is only moderately polymorphic. As in other Oriental Dorylus, the mandibular dentition shows great variation which is in part allometric. Concolorous yellowish brown.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia. Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Palaearctic Region: China.

Biology
Roonwal (1976) - A pest species that damages crops and other plants. In India, Burma and Sri Lanka Dorylus orientalis is a plant-pest, sometimes a serious one, of several plants including vegetables, tubers, bulbs, shrubs, trees and also including cash crops such as sugarcane, coconut palm, citrus and groundnut. Tubers of potatoes and bulbs are eaten through hollow, while in other cases the roots and root-collars, especially of seedlings in gardens and nurseries, are eaten. The damage is entirely underground and is done by the workers. Workers are not entirely herbivorous; they also eat insects and earthworms. Other publications have variously stated (see the publication for a summary of previously published records) this species is insectivorous, carnivorous (insects and earthworms), and omnivorous (including plants). They have also been observed preying on Pheidole indica.

Dorylus orientalis is a subterranean ant. Their nests are not known but they have been found in tunnels and galleries in the soil. Males swarm at night and are attracted to light. Females are unknown. In north India swarms occur at the end of the cold weather, in late February (Lefroy 1909).

Wilson (1964) - Green (1903) claimed that orientalis is vegetarian, attacking potatoes, dahlias, and roots of the common sunflower. But Mukerji (1933) doubted this. He studied the worker mouthparts in detail and found them " better adapted for feeding on animal food than on plants. The mandible is similar to that of the species Dorylus labiatus, which is carnivorous in habit. The sharp-pointed bristles, spines, and setae on the 1st and 2nd maxillae, can well pierce the skin of the victim, and draw out the nutritive fluid from the body of their prey, which they suck by their mobile tongue." This conclusion is supported by certain limited observations. "Examples of this species were found within the college compound at Ballygunge, Calcutta, engaged in feeding on a dead earthworm, underneath an earthern seedling pot. On digging the adjoining turf a large number of these blind ants were found below the surface of the earth, a few being busy in attacking a live grub of a beetle. Evidently they reached the bottom of the seedling pot by tunneling through the ground to hunt the prey, as none of them were seen on the surface of the lawn. These specimens were then collected in live condition, and were kept in an earthern vessel half filled with moist earth. They settled down there, and made nests in the earth. I fed them with small live earthworms, but they did not partake of any vegetable food which was given to them."

Nomenclature

 * . Dorylus orientalis Westwood, 1835: 72 (m.) INDIA.
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: India: (“India Orientali”, no further data).
 * [Note: type-locality Bengal, after Shuckard, 1840c: 321, Westwood, 1842: 80.]
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Forel, 1901a: 463 (w.).
 * Combination in D. (Alaopone): Emery, 1895j: 731.
 * Status as species: Shuckard, 1840c: 320; Westwood, 1842: 80; Smith, F. 1859b: 3; Mayr, 1863: 408; Roger, 1863b: 41; Smith, F. 1871a: 335; Emery, 1889b: 487; Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1895j: 731; Emery, 1895k: 453; Forel, 1901a: 463; Emery, 1901c: 196 (in key); Emery, 1901f: 113; Rothney, 1903: 96; Bingham, 1903: 4; Forel, 1906b: 90; Forel, 1907e: 17; Emery, 1910b: 15; Forel, 1913k: 20; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 233; Santschi, 1924c: 97; Karavaiev, 1926d: 422; Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 3; Donisthorpe, 1929a: 445; Mukerjee, 1930: 149; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 57; Menozzi, 1939a: 326; Santschi, 1939a: 147; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9; Collingwood, 1962: 224; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Collingwood, 1970: 372; Wang, M. 1992: 678; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1303; Xu, 1994a: 118; Bolton, 1995b: 180; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 52; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 268; Zhou, 2001b: 56; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 21; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 35; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 26; Eguchi, Bui, et al. 2014: 33 (redescription); Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 22; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 26.
 * Senior synonym of curtisii: Forel, 1901a: 463; Bingham, 1903: 4; Emery, 1910b: 15; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 180; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16; Zhou, 2001b: 56.
 * Senior synonym of fuscus: Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 180; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Zhou, 2001b: 57.
 * Senior synonym of longicornis: Bingham, 1903: 4; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 180; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16; Zhou, 2001b: 57.
 * Senior synonym of oberthueri: Forel, 1901a: 463; Bingham, 1903: 4; Emery, 1910b: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 158; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 180; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16.
 * Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
 * Current subspecies: nominal plus obscuriceps.
 * curtisii. Labidus (Typhlopone) curtisii Shuckard, 1840b: 265 (w.) (no state data).
 * Type-material: holotype(?) worker.
 * [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
 * Type-locality: none given.
 * [Note: Smith, F. 1858b: 112, gives the locality as Ceylon (= Sri Lanka).]
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Combination in Typhlopone: Smith, F. 1858b: 112;
 * combination in Dorylus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 10;
 * combination in D. (Alaopone): Emery, 1895j: 730.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 112; Roger, 1861a: 45; Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 457; Motschoulsky, 1863: 15; Dalla Torre, 1893: 10; Emery, 1895j: 730; Mayr, 1897: 420.
 * Junior synonym of orientalis: Forel, 1901a: 463; Bingham, 1903: 4; Emery, 1910b: 15; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 178; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16; Zhou, 2001b: 55.
 * fuscus. Dorylus fuscus Emery, 1889b: 487 (m.) MYANMAR.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype males.
 * Type-locality: Myanmar (“Birmania”): Rangoon (L. Fea).
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Combination in D. (Alaopone): Emery, 1895j: 731.
 * Subspecies of orientalis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 13; Emery, 1895j: 731; Emery, 1895k: 453; Forel, 1901a: 463; Bingham, 1903: 5; Emery, 1910b: 15; Santschi, 1939a: 147; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9.
 * Junior synonym of orientalis: Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 179; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Zhou, 2001b: 57.
 * longicornis. Dorylus longicornis Shuckard, 1840c: 321 (m.) INDIA (West Bengal).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: India: Bengal.
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Combination in D. (Alaopone): Emery, 1895j: 731.
 * Status as species: Westwood, 1842: 80; Smith, F. 1859b: 3; Mayr, 1863: 408; Roger, 1863b: 41; Smith, F. 1871a: 335; Rothney, 1889: 371.
 * Subspecies of orientalis: Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 13; Emery, 1895j: 731; Emery, 1895k: 453; Forel, 1901a: 463; Forel, 1907e: 17; Emery, 1910b: 15; Santschi, 1920h: 160 (footnote); Santschi, 1924c: 97; Santschi, 1939a: 147; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9.
 * Junior synonym of orientalis: Bingham, 1903: 4; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 179; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16; Zhou, 2001b: 57.
 * oberthueri. Alaopone oberthuri Emery, 1881a: 274 (footnote), figs. (w.) INDIA (West Bengal).
 * [Note: name is spelled oberthuri in species heading, but oberthüri in figure captions; hence correct spelling taken as oberthueri.]
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: India: Calcutta (R. Oberthür).
 * Type-depository: MSNG.
 * Combination in Dorylus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 12.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1889b: 488; Dalla Torre, 1893: 12; Emery, 1895k: 453.
 * Junior synonym of curtisii: Emery, 1895j: 730.
 * Junior synonym of orientalis: Forel, 1901a: 463; Bingham, 1903: 4; Emery, 1910b: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 158; Wilson, 1964a: 442; Bolton, 1995b: 178; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 44; Tiwari, 1999: 16.

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