India

The following species and subspecies of ants are known to occur in India. Unidentified and undescribed species will be added to this list as identifications are verified and taxonomic revisions are published. This species list is based upon the effort of many ant collectors as well as myrmecologists who have published on the taxonomy of Indian ants. Those who have specimen records that expand this list are encouraged to submit this information in the discussion section of the Indian Ants web page. Please advise if any corrections are warranted.

An index of information about the Ants of India is found at the India Regional Project page.

Acropyga

 * Acropyga acutiventris Roger, 1862
 * Acropyga rubescens Forel, 1894

Aenictus

 * Aenictus aitkenii Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus ambiguus Shuckard, 1840
 * Aenictus aratus Forel, 1900
 * Aenictus arya Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus binghami Forel, 1900
 * Aenictus brevicornis (Mayr, 1879)
 * Aenictus certus Westwood, 1842
 * Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr, 1866)
 * Aenictus clavatus Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus clavatus kanariensis Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus clavitibia Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus dentatus Forel, 1911
 * Aenictus doryloides Wilson, 1964
 * Aenictus fergusoni (Forel, 1901)
 * Aenictus gleadowii Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus gracilis Emery, 1893
 * Aenictus hodgsoni Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus indicus Bharti, Wachkoo, Kumar, 2012
 * Aenictus laeviceps (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Aenictus latiscapus Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus longi Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus pachycerus (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Aenictus peguensis Emery, 1895
 * Aenictus piercei Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, 1930
 * Aenictus porizonoides Walker, 1860
 * Aenictus pubescens Smith, F. 1859
 * Aenictus punensis Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus sagei Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus shillongensis Tiwari, 2000
 * Aenictus shuckardi Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus westwoodi Forel, 1901
 * Aenictus wilsoni Bharti, Wachkoo, Kumar, 2012
 * Aenictus wroughtonii Forel, 1890

Anillomyrma

 * Anillomyrma decamera (Emery, 1901)

Anochetus

 * Anochetus cryptus Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013
 * Anochetus graeffei Mayr, 1870
 * Anochetus kanariensis Forel, 1900
 * Anochetus madaraszi Mayr, 1870
 * Anochetus myops Emery, 1893
 * Anochetus obscurior Brown, 1978
 * Anochetus pupulatus Brown, 1978
 * Anochetus rufus (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Anochetus sedilloti Emery, 1884
 * Anochetus validus Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013
 * Anochetus yerburyi Forel, 1900

Anoplolepis

 * Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, F. 1857)

Aphaenogaster

 * Aphaenogaster annandalei Mukerjee, 1930
 * Aphaenogaster beccarii Emery, 1887
 * Aphaenogaster beesoni Donisthorpe, 1933
 * Aphaenogaster cavernicola Donisthorpe, 1938
 * Aphaenogaster cristata (Forel, 1902)
 * Aphaenogaster feae Emery, 1899
 * Aphaenogaster feae nicobarensis (Forel, 1903)
 * Aphaenogaster longiceps (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Aphaenogaster pachei (Forel, 1906)
 * Aphaenogaster prudens (Forel, 1902)
 * Aphaenogaster rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
 * Aphaenogaster sagei (Forel, 1902)
 * Aphaenogaster schurri (Forel, 1902)
 * Aphaenogaster smythiesii (Forel, 1902)

Bothroponera

 * Bothroponera henryi Donisthorpe, 1942
 * Bothroponera rubiginosa (Emery, 1889)
 * Bothroponera sulcata (Mayr, 1867)
 * Bothroponera sulcata fossulata (Forel, 1900)
 * Bothroponera sulcata sulcatotesserinoda (Forel, 1900)
 * Bothroponera tesseronoda (Emery, 1877)

Brachyponera

 * Brachyponera jerdonii (Forel, 1900)
 * Brachyponera luteipes (Mayr, 1862)
 * Brachyponera luteipes continentalis (Karavaiev, 1925)
 * Brachyponera nigrita (Emery, 1895)
 * Brachyponera obscurans (Walker, 1859)
 * Brachyponera sennaarensis (Mayr, 1862)

Buniapone

 * Buniapone amblyops (Emery, 1887)

Calyptomyrmex

 * Calyptomyrmex wittmeri Baroni Urbani, 1975

Camponotus

 * Camponotus aethiops cachmiriensis Emery, 1925
 * Camponotus albosparsus Bingham, 1903
 * Camponotus angusticollis (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Camponotus angusticollis sanguinolentus Forel, 1895
 * Camponotus arrogans (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Camponotus ashokai Karmaly & Narendran, 2006
 * Camponotus barbatus Roger, 1863
 * Camponotus barbatus taylori Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus binghamii Forel, 1894
 * Camponotus buddhae Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus camelinus (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Camponotus carin Emery, 1889
 * Camponotus cinerascens (Fabricius, 1787)
 * Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787)
 * Camponotus confucii Forel, 1894
 * Camponotus crassisquamis Forel, 1902
 * Camponotus dolendus Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus exiguoguttatus Forel, 1886
 * Camponotus festinus (Smith, 1857)
 * Camponotus fulvopilosus (De Geer, 1778)
 * Camponotus gretae Forel, 1902
 * Camponotus himalayanus Forel, 1893
 * Camponotus holosericeus Emery, 1889
 * Camponotus horseshoetus Datta & Raychaudhuri, 1985
 * Camponotus indeflexus (Walker, 1859)
 * Camponotus invidus Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus irritans (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Camponotus irritans carensis Emery, 1920
 * Camponotus irritans pallidus (Smith, 1857)
 * Camponotus kattensis Bingham, 1903
 * Camponotus keralensis Karmaly & Narendran, 2006
 * Camponotus lamarckii Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus luteus (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Camponotus megalonyx Wheeler, W. M., 1919
 * Camponotus mendax Forel, 1895
 * Camponotus misturus fornaronis Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus mitis (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Camponotus mutilarius Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus nicobarensis Mayr, 1865
 * Camponotus nirvanae Forel, 1893
 * Camponotus oblongus (Smith, 1858)
 * Camponotus oblongus binominatus Forel, 1916
 * Camponotus opaciventris Mayr, 1879
 * Camponotus parabarbatus Bharti & Wachkoo, 2014
 * Camponotus parius Emery, 1889
 * Camponotus puniceps Donisthorpe, 1942
 * Camponotus radiatus Forel, 1892
 * Camponotus reticulatus latitans Forel, 1893
 * Camponotus rufifemur Emery, 1900
 * Camponotus rufoglaucus (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Camponotus rufoglaucus tenuis Forel, 1907
 * Camponotus selene (Emery, 1899)
 * Camponotus selene obtusatus (Emery, 1895)
 * Camponotus sericeus Fabricius, 1798
 * Camponotus sericeus peguensis Emery, 1895
 * Camponotus siemsseni Forel, 1901
 * Camponotus singularis (Smith, 1858)
 * Camponotus sklarus Bolton, 1995
 * Camponotus socrates Forel, 1904
 * Camponotus sylvaticus basalis Smith, F. 1858
 * Camponotus sylvaticus paradichrous Emery, 1925
 * Camponotus thraso Forel, 1893
 * Camponotus timidus (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Camponotus varians Roger, 1863
 * Camponotus variegatus (Smith, 1858)
 * Camponotus variegatus bacchus (Smith, 1858)
 * Camponotus variegatus dulcis Dalla Torre, 1893
 * Camponotus variegatus fuscithorax Dalla Torre, 1893
 * Camponotus variegatus infuscus (Forel, 1892)
 * Camponotus variegatus somnificus Forel, 1902
 * Camponotus varius Donisthorpe, 1943
 * Camponotus velox (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Camponotus wasmanni Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus wroughtonii Forel, 1893

Cardiocondyla

 * Cardiocondyla breviscapa Seifert, 2003
 * Cardiocondyla carbonaria Forel, 1907
 * Cardiocondyla goa Seifert, 2003
 * Cardiocondyla itsukii Seifert, Okita & Heinze, 2017
 * Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890
 * Cardiocondyla minutior
 * Cardiocondyla opaca Seifert, 2003
 * Cardiocondyla parvinoda Forel, 1902
 * Cardiocondyla shagrinata Seifert, 2003
 * Cardiocondyla tiwarii Gosh, Sheela & Kundu 2005
 * Cardiocondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1890)

Carebara

 * Carebara aborensis (Wheeler, W.M. 1913)
 * Carebara affinis (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Carebara asina (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara bengalensis (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara carinata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara dentata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara diversa (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Carebara hornata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara lamellifrons (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara leei (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara lignata Westwood, 1840
 * Carebara mukkaliensis Bharti, Akbar & Aldawood, 2014
 * Carebara nana (Roger, 1863)
 * Carebara nayana (Sheela & Narendran, 1997)
 * Carebara obtusidenta (Xu, 2003)
 * Carebara propomegata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara raja (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara rectangulata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara rectidorsa (Xu, 2003)
 * Carebara rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
 * Carebara similis (Mayr, 1862)
 * Carebara spinataBharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Carebara terayamai Bharti, Akbar & Aldawood, 2014
 * Carebara wroughtonii (Forel, 1902)

Cataglyphis

 * Cataglyphis cugiai Menozzi, 1939
 * Cataglyphis indica Pisarski, 1961
 * Cataglyphis longipedem Eichwald, 1841
 * Cataglyphis setipes (Forel, 1894)

Cataulacus

 * Cataulacus granulatus (Latreille, 1802)
 * Cataulacus latus Forel, 1891
 * Cataulacus muticus Emery, 1889
 * Cataulacus simoni Emery, 1893
 * Cataulacus taprobanae Smith, F. 1853

Centromyrmex

 * Centromyrmex feae (Emery, 1889)

Cerapachys

 * Cerapachys sulcinodis Emery, 1899

Chronoxenus

 * Chronoxenus dalyi (Forel, 1895)
 * Chronoxenus myops (Forel, 1895)
 * Chronoxenus walshi (Forel, 1895)
 * Chronoxenus wroughtonii (Forel, 1895)

Chrysapace

 * Chrysapace costatus (Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013)

Colobopsis

 * Colobopsis badia (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Colobopsis cotesii (Forel, 1893)
 * Colobopsis leonardi (Emery, 1889)
 * Colobopsis longi (Forel, 1902)
 * Colobopsis phragmaticola (Donisthorpe, 1943)
 * Colobopsis rothneyi (Forel, 1893)
 * Colobopsis stricta (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Colobopsis vitrea (Smith, F. 1860)

Crematogaster

 * Crematogaster abdominalis Motschoulsky, 1863
 * Crematogaster aberrans Forel, 1892
 * Crematogaster anthracina Smith, F. 1857
 * Crematogaster artifex Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster betapicalis Bolton, 1995
 * Crematogaster binghamii Forel, 1904
 * Crematogaster biroi Mayr, 1897
 * Crematogaster brunnea Smith, 1857
 * Crematogaster brunnea nicevillei Emery, 1922
 * Crematogaster brunnea nilgirica Emery, 1922
 * Crematogaster brunnea rabula Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster brunnea ruginota Santschi, 1928
 * Crematogaster buddhae Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster contemta Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster dalyi Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster diffusa (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Crematogaster dohrni Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster ebenina Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster flava Forel, 1886
 * Crematogaster himalayana Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster hodgsoni Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster inflata Smith, 1857
 * Crematogaster kirbii (Sykes, 1835)
 * Crematogaster perelegans Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster politula Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster pradipi Tiwari, 1999
 * Crematogaster ransonneti Mayr, 1868
 * Crematogaster rogenhoferi Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster rothneyi Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster rufa (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Crematogaster sagei Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster sagei laevinota Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster sikkimensis Forel, 1904
 * Crematogaster subnuda Mayr, 1879
 * Crematogaster travancorensis Forel, 1902
 * Crematogaster walshi (Forel, 1902)
 * Crematogaster wroughtonii Forel, 1902

Cryptopone

 * Cryptopone nicobarensis Forel, 1905
 * Cryptopone subterranea (Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013)
 * Cryptopone testacea Emery

Diacamma

 * Diacamma assamense Forel, 1897
 * Diacamma ceylonense Emery, 1897
 * Diacamma cyaneiventre André, 1887
 * Diacamma indicum Santschi, 1920
 * Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou, 1842)
 * Diacamma rugosum andamane Chapman & Capco, 1951
 * Diacamma rugosum doveri Mukerjee, 1934
 * Diacamma rugosum jerdoni Forel, 1903
 * Diacamma rugosum rothneyi Forel, 1900
 * Diacamma rugosum sculptum (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Diacamma scalpratum (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Diacamma sikkimense Forel, 1903
 * Diacamma viridipurpureum Emery, 1893

Dilobocondyla

 * Dilobocondyla bangalorica Varghese, 2006
 * Dilobocondyla gasteroreticulata Bharti & Kumar, 2013

Discothyrea

 * Discothyrea periyarensis Bharti, Akbar & Singh, 2015
 * Discothyrea sringerensis Zacharias & Rajan, 2004
 * Discothyrea stumperi Baroni urbani, 1977

Dolichoderus

 * Dolichoderus affinis Emery, 1889
 * Dolichoderus affinis glabripes Forel, 1895
 * Dolichoderus feae Emery, 1889
 * Dolichoderus moggridgei Forel, 1886
 * Dolichoderus moggridgei bicolor Santschi, 1920
 * Dolichoderus moggridgei lugubris Santschi, 1920
 * Dolichoderus sundari Tiwari, 2000
 * Dolichoderus taprobanae (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Dolichoderus taprobanae gracilipes
 * Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith, F. 1860)

Dorylus

 * Dorylus fulvus (Westwood, 1839)
 * Dorylus fulvus juvenculus Shuckard, 1840
 * Dorylus labiatus Shuckard, 1840
 * Dorylus laevigatus (Smith, 1857)
 * Dorylus orientalis (Westwood, 1835)
 * Dorylus orientalis obscuriceps Santschi, 1920

Echinopla

 * Echinopla cherapunjiensis Bharti & Gul, 2012
 * Echinopla lineata Mayr, 1862
 * Echinopla senilis Mayr, 1862

Ectomomyrmex

 * Ectomomyrmex annamitus (Andre, 1892)
 * Ectomomyrmex annamitus arcuatus (Forel, 1900)
 * Ectomomyrmex astutus Smith, F. 1858
 * Ectomomyrmex javanus (Mayr, 1867)
 * Ectomomyrmex leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886)
 * Ectomomyrmex striolatus Donisthorpe, 1933

Emeryopone

 * Emeryopone narendrani Varghese, 2006

Erromyrma

 * Erromyrma latinodis (Mayr, 1872)

Formica

 * Formica candida Smith, 1878
 * Formica clara Forel, 1886
 * Formica cunicularia Latreille, 1798
 * Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758
 * Formica gagates Latreille, 1798
 * Formica gagatoides Ruzsky, 1904
 * Formica gravelyi Mukerjee, 1930
 * Formica kashmirica Starcke, 1935
 * Formica picea Nylander, 1846
 * Formica polyctena Foerster, 1850
 * Formica rufibarbis Fabricius, 1793
 * Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1798
 * Formica truncorum Fabricius, 1804

Gauromyrmex

 * Gauromyrmex acanthinus (Karavaiev, 1935)

Gesomyrmex

 * Gesomyrmex spatulatus Cole, 1949

Gnamptogenys

 * Gnamptogenys bicolor (Emery, 1889)
 * Gnamptogenys binghamii (Forel, 1900)
 * Gnamptogenys coxalis (Roger, 1860)
 * Gnamptogenys meghalaya Lattke, 2004
 * Gnamptogenys menadensis (Mayr, 1887)

Harpegnathos

 * Harpegnathos saltator Jerdon, 1851
 * Harpegnathos saltator cruentatus (Smith, 1858)
 * Harpegnathos venator (Smith, F. 1858)

Hypoponera

 * Hypoponera aitkenii (Forel, 1900)
 * Hypoponera assmuthi (Forel, 1905)
 * Hypoponera confinis (Roger, 1860)
 * Hypoponera kashmirensis Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo & Singh, 2015
 * Hypoponera ragusai (Emery, 1894)
 * Hypoponera schmidti Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo & Singh, 2015
 * Hypoponera shattucki Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo & Singh, 2015
 * Hypoponera truncata (Smith, 1860)
 * Hypoponera wroughtonii (Forel, 1900)

Indomyrma

 * Indomyrma dasypyx Brown, 1986

Iridomyrmex

 * Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger, 1863)

Kartidris

 * Kartidris nyos Bolton, 1991

Lasius

 * Lasius alienoflavus Bingham, 1903
 * Lasius alienus (Foerster, 1850)
 * Lasius bicornis (Foerster, 1850)
 * Lasius breviscapus Seifert, 1992
 * Lasius brunneus (Latreille, 1798)
 * Lasius crinitus (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Lasius draco Collingwood, 1982
 * Lasius elevatus Bharti & Gul, 2013
 * Lasius himalayanus Bingham, 1903
 * Lasius hirsutus Seifert, 1992
 * Lasius lawarai Seifert, 1992
 * Lasius magnus Seifert, 1992
 * Lasius mikir Collingwood, 1982
 * Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Lasius talpa Wilson, 1955
 * Lasius wittmeri Seifert, 1992

Lepisiota

 * Lepisiota annandalei (Mukerjee, 1930)
 * Lepisiota bipartita (Smith, F. 1861)
 * Lepisiota capensis (Mayr, 1862)
 * Lepisiota fergusoni (Forel, 1895)
 * Lepisiota frauenfeldi (Mayr, 1855)
 * Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel, 1894)
 * Lepisiota lunaris (Emery, 1893)
 * Lepisiota modesta (Forel, 1894)
 * Lepisiota opaca (Forel, 1892)
 * Lepisiota pulchella (Forel, 1892)
 * Lepisiota rothneyi Forel, 1894
 * Lepisiota rothneyi wroughtonii (Forel, 1902)
 * Lepisiota sericea (Forel, 1892)
 * Lepisiota simplex (Forel, 1892)

Leptanilla

 * Leptanilla escheri (Kutter, 1948)
 * Leptanilla lamellata Bharti & Kumar, 2012

Leptogenys

 * Leptogenys assamensis Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys bhartii Wachkoo, Maqbool, Akbar & Sharaf, 2018
 * Leptogenys binghamii Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys birmana Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys carinata Donisthorpe, 1943
 * Leptogenys chinensis (Mayr, 1870)
 * Leptogenys dalyi Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys dentilobis Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys diminuta (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Leptogenys diminuta deceptrix Forel, 1901
 * Leptogenys diminuta laeviceps (Smith, F. 1857)
 * Leptogenys diminuta nitidiceps Chapman & Capco, 1951
 * Leptogenys diminuta palliseri Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys diminuta striatula emery, 1895
 * Leptogenys diminuta woodmasoni (Forel, 1886)
 * Leptogenys emiliae Forel, 1902
 * Leptogenys falcigera Roger, 1861
 * Leptogenys hysterica Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys iridipennis (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Leptogenys jeanettei Mathew and Tiwari, 2000
 * Leptogenys kitteli (Mayr, 1870)
 * Leptogenys kitteli minor Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys lattkei Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013
 * Leptogenys longiscapa Donisthorpe, 1943
 * Leptogenys lucidula Emery, 1895
 * Leptogenys moelleri (Bingham, 1903)
 * Leptogenys mutabilis (Smith, 1861)
 * Leptogenys peuqueti (André, 1887)
 * Leptogenys processionalis (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Leptogenys punctiventris (Mayr, 1879)
 * Leptogenys roberti Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys roberti coonoorensis Forel, 1900
 * Leptogenys stenocheilos (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Leptogenys transitionis Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013
 * Leptogenys yerburyi Forel, 1900

Leptothorax

 * Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius, 1793)

Liometopum

 * Liometopum lindgreeni Forel, 1902

Liomyrmex

 * Liomyrmex gestroi (Emery, 1887)

Lioponera

 * Lioponera anokha (Bharti & Akbar, 2013)
 * Lioponera longitarsus (Mayr, 1879)
 * Lioponera nayana (Bharti & Akbar, 2013)

Lophomyrmex

 * Lophomyrmex ambiguus Rigato, 1994
 * Lophomyrmex bedoti Emery, 1893
 * Lophomyrmex birmanus Emery, 1893
 * Lophomyrmex changlangensis Sheela & Ghosh, 2008
 * Lophomyrmex kali Rigato, 1994
 * Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Lophomyrmex terraceensis Bharti & Kumar, 2012

Lordomyrma

 * Lordomyrma lakshmi Taylor, 2012
 * Lordomyrma taylori Bharti & Ali, 2013

Mayriella

 * Mayriella transfuga Baroni Urbani 1977
 * Mayriella warchalowskii Borowiec, 2007

Meranoplus

 * Meranoplus bellii Forel, 1902
 * Meranoplus bicolor (Guerin-Meneville,1884)
 * Meranoplus laeviventris Emery, 1889
 * Meranoplus levis Donisthorpe, 1942
 * Meranoplus periyarensis Bharti & Akbar, 2014
 * Meranoplus rothneyi Forel, 1902

Mesoponera

 * Mesoponera manni (Viehmeyer, 1924)
 * Mesoponera melanaria Emery, 1893

Messor

 * Messor himalayanus (Forel, 1902)
 * Messor instabilis (Smith,F. 1858)
 * Messor minor (Andre, 1883)
 * Messor semirufus (Andre, 1883)

Metapone

 * Metapone jacobsoni Crawley, 1924

Monomorium

 * Monomorium atomum Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium atomum integrium Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium bidentata (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907
 * Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858)
 * Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium effractor Bolton, 1987
 * Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Monomorium indicum Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium longi Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium luisae Forel, 1904
 * Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
 * Monomorium orientale Mayr, 1879
 * Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Monomorium rugifrons (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Monomorium sagei Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium schurri Forel, 1902
 * Monomorium subopacum (Smith, 1858)
 * Monomorium wroughtoni Forel, 1902

Myopias

 * Myopias shivalikensis Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012

Myopopone

 * Myopopone castanea (Smith, F. 1860)

Myrmecina

 * Myrmecina pilicornis Smith, F. 1858
 * Myrmecina striata Emery, 1889
 * Myrmecina urbanii Tiwari, 1994
 * Myrmecina vidyae Tiwari, 1994

Myrmica

 * Myrmica adrijae Bharti, 2012
 * Myrmica afghanica Radchenko & Elmes, 2003
 * Myrmica aimonissabaudiae Menozzi, 1939
 * Myrmica boltoni Radchenko & Elmes, 1998
 * Myrmica brancuccii Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica cachmiriensis Forel, 1904
 * Myrmica collingwoodi Radchenko & Elmes, 1998
 * Myrmica curvispinosa Bharti & Sharma, 2013
 * Myrmica elmesi Bharti & Sharma, 2011
 * Myrmica ereptrix Bolton, 1988
 * Myrmica foreliana Radchenko & Elmes, 2001
 * Myrmica fortior Forel, 1904
 * Myrmica hecate Weber, 1947
 * Myrmica indica Weber, 1950
 * Myrmica inezae Forel, 1902
 * Myrmica kothiensis Bharti & Sharma, 2013
 * Myrmica kozlovi Ruzsky, 1915
 * Myrmica latra Bharti, Radchenko & Sasi, 2016
 * Myrmica longisculpta Bharti & Sharma, 2011
 * Myrmica margaritae Emery, 1889)
 * Myrmica martensi Radchenko & Elmes, 1998
 * Myrmica nefaria Bharti, 2012
 * Myrmica nitida Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica ordinaria Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica pachei Forel, 1906
 * Myrmica petita Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica pseudorugosa Bharti, 2012
 * Myrmica radchenkoi Bharti & Sharm, 2011
 * Myrmica religiosa Bharti & Sharma, 2013
 * Myrmica rhytida Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica rigatoi Radchenko & Elmes, 1998
 * Myrmica ritae Emery, 1889
 * Myrmica rugosa Mayr, 1865
 * Myrmica rupestris Forel, 1902
 * Myrmica smythiesii Forel, 1902
 * Myrmica tenuispina Ruzsky, 1905
 * Myrmica urbanii Radchenko & Elmes, 1998
 * Myrmica varisculpta Radchenko & Elmes, 2009
 * Myrmica villosa Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica vittata Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica wardi Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica weberi Elmes & Radchenko, 2009
 * Myrmica williamsi Radchenko & Elmes, 1999
 * Myrmica wittmeri Radchenko & Elmes, 1999

Myrmicaria

 * Myrmicaria brunnea (Saunders, 1842)
 * Myrmicaria brunnea subcarinata (Smith, 1857)
 * Myrmicaria carinata (Smith, 1857)
 * Myrmicaria fodiens (Jerdon, 1851)

Myrmoteras

 * Myrmoteras agostii Bharti & Akbar, 2014
 * Myrmoteras brachygnathum Moffett, 1985
 * Myrmoteras indicum Moffett, 1985
 * Myrmoteras moffetti Bharti & Akbar, 2014
 * Myrmoteras scabrum Moffett, 1985

Mystrium

 * Mystrium camillae Emery, 1889

Nylanderia

 * Nylanderia assimilis (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Nylanderia birmana (Forel, 1902)
 * Nylanderia bourbonica (Forel, 1886)
 * Nylanderia himalayana Wachkoo & Bharti, 2015
 * Nylanderia indica (Forel, 1894)
 * Nylanderia smythiesii (Forel, 1894)
 * Nylanderia taylori (Forel, 1894)
 * Nylanderia vividula (Nylander, 1846)
 * Nylanderia yerburyi (Forel, 1894)

Ochetellus

 * Ochetellus glaber (Mayr, 1862)

Odontomachus

 * Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892
 * Odontomachus rixosus Smith, F. 1857
 * Odontomachus simillimus Smith, F. 1858

Odontoponera

 * Odontoponera denticulata (Smith, 1858)
 * Odontoponera transversa (F. Smith, 1857)

Oecophylla

 * Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775)

Ooceraea

 * Ooceraea alii Bharti & Akbar, 2013
 * Ooceraea besucheti Brown, 1975
 * Ooceraea biroi Forel, 1907

Paraparatrechina

 * Paraparatrechina aseta (Forel, 1902)

Parasyscia

 * Parasyscia aitkenii (Forel, 1900 )
 * Parasyscia browni (Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013)
 * Parasyscia indica (Brown, 1975)
 * Parasyscia keralensis (Karmaly, Rabeesh & Sumesh,2012)
 * Parasyscia schoedli (Bharti & Akbar, 2013)
 * Parasyscia seema (Bharti & Akbar, 2013)
 * Parasyscia wighti (Bharti & Akbar, 2013)

Paratopula

 * Paratopula andamanensis (Forel, 1903)
 * Paratopula ceylonica (Emery, 1901)
 * Paratopula intermedia Sheela & Narendran, 1998

Paratrechina

 * Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802)

Parvaponera

 * Parvaponera darwinii (Forel, 1893)
 * Parvaponera darwinii indica (Emery, 1899)

Perissomyrmex

 * Perissomyrmex monticola 	De Andrade, 1993

Pheidole

 * Pheidole allani Bingham, 1903
 * Pheidole asperata Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole bandata Bharti, 2004
 * Pheidole binghamii Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole capellinii Emery, 1887
 * Pheidole constanciae Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole constanciae nigra Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole coonoorensis Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole diffusa (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Pheidole duneraensis Bharti, 2001
 * Pheidole feae Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole fergusoni Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole fervens Smith, F. 1858
 * Pheidole ghatica Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole grayi Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole hospita Bingham, 1903
 * Pheidole indica Mayr, 1879
 * Pheidole jucunda Forel, 1885
 * Pheidole jucunda fossulata Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole lamellinoda Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole lanuginosa Wilson, 1984
 * Pheidole latinoda angustior Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole latinoda major Forel, 1885
 * Pheidole longipes (Latreille, 1802)
 * Pheidole malabarica (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Pheidole malinsii Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius, 1793)
 * Pheidole minor (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Pheidole multidens Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole mus Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole naoroji Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole nodus Smith, F. 1874
 * Pheidole parasitica Wilson, 1984
 * Pheidole parva
 * Pheidole phipsoni Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole pronotalis Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole providens (Sykes, 1835)
 * Pheidole roberti Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole rogersi Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole rogersi taylori Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole sagei Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole sepulchralis Bingham, 1903
 * Pheidole sharpi Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole sharpi hoogwerfi Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole singaporensis Ozdikmen, 2010
 * Pheidole smythiesii Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole spathifera Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole spathifera aspatha Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole spathifera yerburyi Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole striaticeps Mayr, 1870
 * Pheidole sulcaticeps Roger, 1863
 * Pheidole sulcaticeps punensis Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole sykesii Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole templaria Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole terraceensis Bharti, 2001
 * Pheidole vulgaris Eguchi, 2006
 * Pheidole watsoni Forel, 1902
 * Pheidole woodmasoni Forel, 1885
 * Pheidole wroughtonii Forel, 1902

Philidris

 * Philidris laevigata (Emery, 1895)
 * Philidris myrmecodiae (Emery, 1887)
 * Philidris myrmecodiae andamanensis (Forel, 1903)

Plagiolepis

 * Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery, 1894
 * Plagiolepis balestrierii Menozzi, 1939
 * Plagiolepis dichroa Forel, 1902
 * Plagiolepis exigua Forel, 1894
 * Plagiolepis jerdonii Forel, 1894
 * Plagiolepis moelleri Bingham, 1903
 * Plagiolepis pontii Menozzi, 1939
 * Plagiolepis rogeri Forel, 1894

Platythyrea

 * Platythyrea nicobarensis Forel, 1905
 * Platythyrea parallela (Smith, F. 1859)
 * Platythyrea sagei Forel, 1900

Podomyrma

 * Podomyrma sp.

Polyrhachis

 * Polyrhachis abdominalis Smith, F. 1858
 * Polyrhachis aculeata Mayr, 1879
 * Polyrhachis aedipus Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis alatisquamis Forel
 * Polyrhachis armata (Le Guillou, 1842)
 * Polyrhachis armata defensa Smith, F. 1857
 * Polyrhachis bicolor Smith, F. 1858
 * Polyrhachis bicolor aurinasis Forel, 1901
 * Polyrhachis bihamata (Drury, 1773)
 * Polyrhachis binghamii Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis calypso Forel, 1911
 * Polyrhachis convexa Roger, 1863
 * Polyrhachis corporaali Santschi, 1928
 * Polyrhachis dives Smith, F. 1857
 * Polyrhachis dives belli Forel, 1912
 * Polyrhachis exercita (Walker, 1859)
 * Polyrhachis exercita lucidiventris Forel, 1907
 * Polyrhachis exercita obtusisquama Forel, 1902
 * Polyrhachis exercita rastrata Emery, 1889
 * Polyrhachis furcata Smith, F. 1858
 * Polyrhachis gracilior Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis halidayi Emery, 1889
 * Polyrhachis hauxwelli Bingham, 1903
 * Polyrhachis hector Smith, 1857
 * Polyrhachis hemiopticoides Mukerjee, 1930
 * Polyrhachis hippomanes Smith, F. 1861
 * Polyrhachis hippomanes ceylonensis Emery, 1893
 * Polyrhachis horni Emery, 1901
 * Polyrhachis illaudata (Walker, 1859)
 * Polyrhachis illaudata intermedia Forel, 1886
 * Polyrhachis lacteipennis (F. Smith, 1858)
 * Polyrhachis lacteipennis obsoleta Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis laevissima Smith, 1858
 * Polyrhachis laevissima dichroa Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis menelas Forel, 1904
 * Polyrhachis moeschi Forel, 1912
 * Polyrhachis mutata Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis narendrani Karmaly, 2004
 * Polyrhachis nidificans (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Polyrhachis numeria Smith, 1861
 * Polyrhachis pagana Santschi, 1928
 * Polyrhachis proxima Roger, 1863
 * Polyrhachis pubescens Mayr, 1879
 * Polyrhachis punctillata Roger, 1863
 * Polyrhachis punctillata fergusoni Forel, 1902
 * Polyrhachis punctillata smythiesii Forel, 1895
 * Polyrhachis punjabi Bharti, 2003
 * Polyrhachis rastellata (Latreille, 1802)
 * Polyrhachis rupicapra Roger, 1863
 * Polyrhachis saevissima Smith, 1860
 * Polyrhachis saevissima argentea Myr, 1862
 * Polyrhachis scissa (Roger, 1862)
 * Polyrhachis sculpturata Smith, 1860
 * Polyrhachis spinigera Mayr, 1879
 * Polyrhachis striata Mayr, 1862
 * Polyrhachis striatorugosa Mayr, 1862
 * Polyrhachis subpilosa Emery, 1895
 * Polyrhachis sylvicola (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Polyrhachis textor brunneogaster
 * Polyrhachis thompsoni Binghm, 1903
 * Polyrhachis thrinax Roger, 1863
 * Polyrhachis thrinax lancearia Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis tibialis Smith, 1858
 * Polyrhachis tibialis caligata Emery, 1895
 * Polyrhachis tibialis parsis Emery, 1900
 * Polyrhachis tubericeps Forel, 1893
 * Polyrhachis villipes Smith, F. 1857
 * Polyrhachis wallacei Emery, 1887
 * Polyrhachis wroughtonii Forel, 1894

Ponera

 * Ponera indica Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012
 * Ponera paedericera Zhou, 2001
 * Ponera sikkimensis Bharti & Rilta, 2015
 * Ponera taylori Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012

Prenolepis

 * Prenolepis fisheri Bharti & Wachkoo, 2011
 * Prenolepis melanogaster Emery, 1893
 * Prenolepis naoroji Forel, 1902

Prionopelta

 * Prionopelta kraepelini Forel, 1905

Pristomyrmex

 * Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery, 1887
 * Pristomyrmex sulcatus Emery, 1895

Probolomyrmex

 * Probolomyrmex bidens Brown, 1975
 * Probolomyrmex procne Brown, 1975

Proceratium

 * Proceratium williamsi Tiwari, 2000

Protanilla

 * Protanilla wardi Bharti & Akbar, 2015

Pseudolasius

 * Pseudolasius binghami Emery, 1911
 * Pseudolasius diversus Wachkoo & Bharti, 2014
 * Pseudolasius familiaris (Smith, F. 1860)
 * Pseudolasius machhediensis Bharti and Gul, 2012
 * Pseudolasius polymorphicus Wachkoo & Bharti, 2014
 * Pseudolasius zamrood Akbar, Bharti & Wachkoo, 2017

Pseudoneoponera

 * Pseudoneoponera bispinosa Smith, F. 1858
 * Pseudoneoponera rufipes (Jerdon, 1851)

Recurvidris

 * Recurvidris pickburni Bolton, 1992
 * Recurvidris recurvispinosa (Forel, 1890)

Rhopalomastix

 * Rhopalomastix rothneyi Forel, 1900

Solenopsis

 * Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)
 * Solenopsis nitens Bingham, 1903

Sphinctomyrmex

 * Eusphinctus furcatus (Emery, 1893)
 * Eusphinctus taylori Forel, 1900

Stenamma

 * Stenamma jhitingriense Bharti, Gul & Sharma, 2012
 * Stenamma kashmirense Baroni Urbani, 1977
 * Stenamma wilsoni Bharti, Gul & Sharma, 2012

Stigmatomma

 * Stigmatomma awa (Xu & Chu, 2012)
 * Stigmatomma bellii (Forel, 1900)
 * Stigmatomma boltoni (Bharti & Aijaz, 2011)
 * Stigmatomma minutum Forel, 1913
 * Stigmatomma pertinax (Baroni Urbani, 1978)
 * Stigmatomma rothneyi (Forel, 1900)
 * Stigmatomma xui Bharti & Rilta, 2015

Strumigenys

 * Strumigenys aduncomala de Andrade, 2007
 * Strumigenys assamensis de Andrade, 1994
 * Strumigenys emmae (Emery, 1890)
 * Strumigenys exilirhina Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys fixata Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys godeffroyi Mayr, 1866
 * Strumigenys habropilosa Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys hemisobek (Bolton, 2000)
 * Strumigenys hostilis Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys hypoturba Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys lyroessa (Roger, 1859)
 * Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869
 * Strumigenys mitis (Brown, 2000)
 * Strumigenys mukkaliensis Bharti & Akbar, 2013
 * Strumigenys mutica (Brown, 1949)
 * Strumigenys nannosobek (Bolton, 2000)
 * Strumigenys nanzanensis Lin & Wu, 1996
 * Strumigenys nepalensis de Andrade, 1994
 * Strumigenys peraucta Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys podarge (Bolton, 2000)
 * Strumigenys rogeri Emery, 1890
 * Strumigenys smythiesii Forel, 1902
 * Strumigenys thanikkudyensis Bharti & Akbar, 2013
 * Strumigenys virgila Bolton, 2000

Tapinoma

 * Tapinoma andamanense Forel, 1903
 * Tapinoma annandalei (Wheeler, W.M. 1928)
 * Tapinoma himalaicum Bharti, Kumar & Dubovikoff, 2013
 * Tapinoma indicum (Forel, 1895)
 * Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793)
 * Tapinoma wroughtonii Forel, 1904

Technomyrmex

 * Technomyrmex albipes (Smith, F., 1861)
 * Technomyrmex bicolor Emery, 1893
 * Technomyrmex brunneus Forel, 1895
 * Technomyrmex elatior Forel, 1902
 * Technomyrmex horni Forel, 1912
 * Technomyrmex incisus (Mukerjee, 1930)
 * Technomyrmex indicus Bolton, 2007
 * Technomyrmex pratensis (Smith, F., 1860)
 * Technomyrmex rector Bolton, 2007
 * Technomyrmex vitiensis Mann, 1921

Temnothorax

 * Temnothorax desioi (Menozzi, 1939)
 * Temnothorax desioi melanicus (Menozzi, 1939)
 * Temnothorax fultonii (Forel, 1902)
 * Temnothorax himachalensis Bharti, Gul & Schulz, 2012
 * Temnothorax inermis (Forel, 1902)
 * Temnothorax kashmirensis Bharti, Gul & Schulz, 2012
 * Temnothorax microreticulatus Bharti, Gul & Schulz, 2012
 * Temnothorax nordmeyeri (Schulz, 1997)
 * Temnothorax rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
 * Temnothorax schurri (Forel, 1902)
 * Temnothorax simlensis (Forel, 1904)
 * Temnothorax wroughtonii (Forel, 1904)

Tetramorium

 * Further details


 * Tetramorium barryi Mathew, 1981
 * Tetramorium beesoni (Mukerjee, 1934)
 * Tetramorium belgaense Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846)
 * Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857)
 * Tetramorium christiei Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium coonoorense Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium cordatum Sheela & Narendran, 1998
 * Tetramorium decamerum (Forel, 1902)
 * Tetramorium elisabethae Forel, 1904
 * Tetramorium fergusoni Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium indicum (Forel, 1913)
 * Tetramorium inglebyi Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium jarawa Agavekar, Hita Garcia & Economo, 2017
 * Tetramorium keralense Sheela & Narendran, 1998
 * Tetramorium kheperra (Bolton, 1976)
 * Tetramorium krishnani Agavekar, Hita Garcia & Economo, 2017
 * Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870
 * Tetramorium malabarense Sheela & Narendran, 1998
 * Tetramorium mayri (Forel, 1912)
 * Tetramorium meghalayense Bharti, 2011
 * Tetramorium mixtum Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium myops Bolton, 1977
 * Tetramorium nursei Bingham, 1903
 * Tetramorium obesum André, 1887
 * Tetramorium pacificum (Mayr, 1870)
 * Tetramorium petiolatum Sheela & Narendran, 1998
 * Tetramorium pilosum Emery, 1893
 * Tetramorium rossi (Bolton, 1976)
 * Tetramorium rugigaster Bolton, 1977
 * Tetramorium salvatum Forel, 1902
 * Tetramorium sentosum Sheela & Narendran, 1998
 * Tetramorium scabrum Mayr, 1879
 * Tetramorium shivalikense Bharti & Kumar, 2012
 * Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, F. 1851)
 * Tetramorium smithi Mayr, 1879
 * Tetramorium tortuosum Roger, 1863
 * Tetramorium triangulatum Bharti & Kumar, 2012
 * Tetramorium urbanii Bolton, 1977
 * Tetramorium walshi (Forel, 1890)
 * Tetramorium wroughtonii (Forel, 1902)
 * Tetramorium yerburyi Forel, 1902

Tetraponera

 * Tetraponera aitkenii (Forel, 1902)
 * Tetraponera allaborans (Walker, 1859)
 * Tetraponera attenuata Smith, F. 1877
 * Tetraponera binghami (Forel, 1902)
 * Tetraponera modesta (Smith, F. 1860)
 * Tetraponera nigra (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Tetraponera nitida (Smith, 1860)
 * Tetraponera periyarensis Bharti & Akbar, 2014
 * Tetraponera pilosa (Smith, F. 1858)
 * Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon, 1851)

Trichomyrmex

 * Trichomyrmex aberrans (Forel, 1902)
 * Trichomyrmex criniceps (Mayr, 1879)
 * Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Trichomyrmex glaber (Andre, 1883)
 * Trichomyrmex kempi (Mukerjee, 1930)
 * Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel, 1902)
 * Trichomyrmex scabriceps (Mayr, 1879)
 * Trichomyrmex wroughtoni Forel, 1911

Tyrannomyrmex

 * Tyrannomyrmex dux Borowiec, 2007

Vollenhovia

 * Vollenhovia gastropunctata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
 * Vollenhovia oblonga (Smith, F. 1860)
 * Vollenhovia oblonga laevithorax Emery, 1889
 * Vollenhovia penetrans (Smith, 1857)

Vombisidris

 * Vombisidris humboldticola Zacharias & Rajan, 2004
 * Vombisidris occidua Bolton, 1991

Yavnella

 * Yavnella indica Kugler, 1987

Uncertain species
The following species were described from India but their true identities are currently unknown.
 * Atta dissimilis Jerdon, 1851
 * Atta domicola Jerdon, 1851
 * Cardiocondyla humilis (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Formica conica Fabricius, 1798
 * Formica elongata Fabricius, 1787
 * Formica fatale Christ, 1791
 * Formica malabarica Schrank, 1837
 * Formica maxillosa Fabricius, 1775
 * Formica phyllophila Jerdon, 1851
 * Lasius ruficornis (Fabricius, 1804)
 * Myrmica breviceps Smith, F., 1878
 * Myrmica caeca Jerdon, 1851
 * Myrmica cursor Smith, F., 1878
 * Myrmica luctuosa Smith, F., 1878
 * Ponera affinis Jerdon, 1851
 * Ponera pumila Jerdon, 1851

Previous Records

 * Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758): Not reported as present by Agavekar et al. (2017).
 * Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870: The Indian records of this species reported by Bharti & Kumar (2012) and Bharti et al. (2016) are based on a misidentification in Bharti & Kumar (2012). The species presented in that study is actually T. salvatum (Agavekar et al., 2017).