Labidus coecus

A New World subterranean army ant with an extensive geographic range. The range of L. coecus appears to be essentially continuous, from Buenos Aires, Argentina in the south (~34.6°S) to Delaware County, Oklahoma in the north (~36.6°N). The three West Indian islands with L. coecus populations are all continental shelf islands that were connected to South America during periods of lower sea levels a few thousand years ago, so L. coecus populations on these islands have only recently become isolated. Labidus coecus commonly nests in caves, a microhabitat that may allow it to live in regions with otherwise inhospitable climates. Although recent papers listed L. coecus as an exotic species in North America, we found no evidence that L. coecus is exotic to any part of its known range. (Wetterer and Snelling 2015)

Identification
Jack Longino: Worker: color red; face smooth and shiny; mesosoma relatively compact, with dorsal face of propodeum shorter than posterior face; petiole with prominent anteroventral tooth.

Distribution
Wetterer and Snelling (2015) - L. coecus has been reported from 20 countries in Central and South America (all except Chile), three West Indian islands (Margarita, Trinidad, and Tobago), and four US states (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas). The range of L. coecus appears to be essentially continuous, from Buenos Aires, Argentina in the south (~34.6°S) to Delaware County, Oklahoma in the north (~36.6°N).

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Nearctic Region: United States. Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Biology
Baudier et al. (2015) studied thermal tolerances of a variety of army ant workers. Labidus coecus was one of two army ant species sampled that are strictly subterranean, i.e. both bivouac and raid underground.

Jack Longino: This is one of the most remarkable of all army ant species. It has an extremely broad ecological tolerance. It occurs across a great latitudinal range, from the equator to the subtropics of both North and South America. It occurs in dry forest and wet forest, in primary forest and in second growth, in coffee farms and pastures, and in suburban yards. It occurs from sea level to high montane regions. The highest ant record I have for Costa Rica, a collection at 3000m near Villa Mills, is Labidus coecus.

The species is almost entirely subterranean, sometimes at considerable depth. On two occasions when residents living near La Selva Biological Station were having water wells dug at their residences they encountered L. coecus several meters down during excavations. When hand collecting, L. coecus is encountered under rocks and under leaf litter, and they are frequent in Winkler samples of sifted leaf litter. Perfecto (1992) observed a subterranean colony attacking a series of Dorymyrmex colonies in the open soil of a coffee farm. The Dorymyrmex had a dense population, with nests scattered over the farm, and the progress of the attacks could be followed by observing a sequence of nests from which the panicked Dorymyrmex workers were exploding to the surface.

Columns are occasionally seen on the surface. In Sirena station in Corcovado National Park, during my graduate student days, nocturnal L. coecus raids would occasionally swarm up through the cracks in the kitchen floor and forage on food scraps on the floor. I discovered this while carrying out my own nocturnal raids on the park's crackers and jelly, creeping in in the dark and hopping out with stinging feet. Twice I have seen columns emerging from the ground and attacking large scarab larvae writhing on the surface. Columns will also surface to cross hard-packed footpaths.

Labidus coecus is atypical of other New World army ants in its more generalized foraging habits. Although much of its diet is the brood of other ant species, they also scavenge dead food items, such as the scraps on the kitchen floor in Sirena. One morning in Monteverde I observed a massive raid emerging from the ground and attacking a plate of left over gallo pinto (rice and beans fried in oil) that had been left on a back step. It was curious and somewhat comical to see workers vigorously attacking oily rice grains with the same behaviors they use to attack other ants, biting and stinging individual grains and hauling them away (Fig. 1a,b).

In the study of army ants, most of the attention has focused on the large epigaeus species in the genus Eciton. But the highest density and most ecologically important army ants may turn out to be L. coecus. Kaspari and O'Donnell (2003) have estimated that every square meter of rainforest floor may be visited nearly daily by army ants, largely due to high densities of L. coecus found in sample plots of rainforest leaf litter.

Castes
Primarily wingless queen described in Weber 1941

Nomenclature

 * . Formica coeca Latreille, 1802c: 270, pl. 9, fig. 56 (s.) (no state data).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: none given, “Amérique méridionale”.
 * [Note: type-locality nominated as Suriname: Paramaribo, by Borgmeier, 1955: 87.]
 * Type-depository: possibly MHNG, possibly MNHN.
 * [Note: Latreille, 1802c: 271, says the specimen was “described from the collection of the naturalist Olivier.” According to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 150, Horn & Kahle, 1936: 197, Olivier’s collection is mostly in MNHN, with part in NMSE. Latreille’s Hymenoptera material passed through the de Romand collection and ended up in MHNG.]
 * Roger, 1861a: 22 (w.); Emery, 1895c: 258 (m.); Bruch, 1934b: 116 (q.); Weber, 1941c: 325 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. 1943: 332 (l.).
 * Combination in Labidus: Jurine, 1807: 282;
 * combination in Nycteresia: Roger, 1861a: 22; Mayr, 1863: 436; Roger, 1863b: 21;
 * combination in Eciton: Mayr, 1865: 78; Mayr, 1886b: 119;
 * combination in Eciton (Labidus): Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35;
 * combination in Labidus: Borgmeier, 1955: 86.
 * [Note: Dalla Torre, 1893: 5, Emery, 1894c: 179, Forel, 1895b: 120, and others, entered Formica coeca Latreille as a junior synonym of Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581, sensu Olivier, 1792: 496. Synonymy error based on earlier misidentification of omnivora: see note under Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581.]
 * Status as species: Jurine, 1807: 282; Roger, 1861a: 22; Roger, 1863b: 21; Mayr, 1863: 436; Mayr, 1865: 77 (in key); Mayr, 1886a: 33; Mayr, 1886b: 119 (in key); Mayr, 1886d: 440; Cresson, 1887: 259; Emery, 1888c: 353; Emery, 1890a: 56; Emery, 1890b: 38; Emery, 1894k: 45; Emery, 1895c: 258; Emery, 1896h: 625; Forel, 1899c: 25; Forel, 1899d: 273; Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Emery, 1906c: 108; Forel, 1907e: 1; Forel, 1908b: 40; Forel, 1908c: 346; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Forel, 1909a: 249; Emery, 1910b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 562; Forel, 1911e: 256; Forel, 1912c: 43; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Forel, 1914e: 10; Bruch, 1914: 215; Wheeler, W.M. 1914b: 40; Mann, 1916: 421; Crawley, 1916b: 368; Santschi, 1916b: 510; Luederwaldt, 1918: 37; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Wheeler, W.M. 1921d: 310; Mann, 1922: 19; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Santschi, 1923g: 1261; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 2; Menozzi, 1927c: 267; Menozzi, 1931b: 260; Kutter, 1932: 207; Borgmeier, 1934: 93; Bruch, 1934b: 119; Eidmann, 1936a: 28; Borgmeier, 1936: 57; Stitz, 1937: 132; Weber, 1941c: 325; Wheeler, G.C. 1943: 332; Borgmeier, 1948b: 459; Creighton, 1950a: 62; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1953: 15; Borgmeier, 1955: 86 (redescription); Smith, M.R. 1958c: 108; Kempf, 1960e: 387; Kempf, 1961b: 485; Smith, M.R. 1967: 345; Kempf, 1970b: 323; Kempf, 1972a: 126; Kempf & Lenko, 1976: 47; Watkins, 1976: 8 (in key); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Watkins, 1982: 209 (in key); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1984: 272; Watkins, 1985: 481; Bolton, 1995b: 219; Palacio, 1999: 154 (in key); Wild, 2007b: 25; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 254; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 110; Palacio, 2019: 607.
 * Senior synonym of atriceps: Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of biloba: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of elsbethae: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of erratica: Mayr, 1886b: 119; Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of fulvescens: Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of grassator: Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of incerta: André, in Forel, 1899c: 160 (footnote); Emery, 1900a: 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 171; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Bruch, 1934b: 116; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of jurinii: Mayr, 1886a: 33; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Bruch, 1934b: 115; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 15; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of kulowi: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of latreillii: Emery, 1895c: 258; Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 165; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of nigrita: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of opacifrons: Borgmeier, 1953: 19; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of panzeri: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of pilosus: Emery, 1900a: 187; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of rubra: Emery, 1895c: 258; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, 1902f: 26; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of sayi: Emery, 1895c: 258; Emery, 1900a: 186; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of selysi: Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of serpentis: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of servillei: Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Borgmeier, 1953: 17; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of smithii: Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Senior synonym of vastator: Mayr, 1865: 78; Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Material of the unavailable name hostilis referred here by Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * Distribution: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, U.S.A., Venezuela
 * atriceps. Labidus atriceps Smith, F. 1859b: 5 (m.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Ega (= Tefé), on the Amazon.
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Combination in Eciton (Labidus): Emery, 1910b: 22.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 424; Roger, 1863b: 41; Dalla Torre, 1893: 1; Forel, 1895b: 118; Forel, 1911e: 256; Borgmeier, 1923: 41.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * biloba. Eciton coecum var. biloba Emery, 1901d: 51 (m.) ECUADOR.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype males.
 * Type-locality: Ecuador: Paramba (coll. André).
 * Type-depository: MSNG (perhaps also MNHN).
 * Subspecies of coecus: Emery, 1910b: 22; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * elsbethae. Eciton (Labidus) coecum var. elsbethae Forel, 1922: 91 (m.) COLOMBIA.
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Colombia: Rio Frio (A. Forel).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 219.
 * erratica. Eciton erratica Smith, F. 1860c: 71 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Ega (= Tefé) (H.W. Bates).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 409; Roger, 1863b: 36.
 * [Note: Dalla Torre, 1893: 5, entered erratica as a junior synonym of Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581, sensu Olivier, 1792: 496. Synonymy error based on an earlier misidentification of omnivora: see under Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581.]
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Mayr, 1886b: 119; Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * fulvescens. Mutilla (Labidus) fulvescens Blanchard, 1846, pl. 118, fig. 2 (m.) BRAZIL (no state data).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: (no further data).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * [Note: type-depository according to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 21.]
 * Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 2.
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 2.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 187, 193.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * grassator. Eciton grassator Forel, 1911c: 288 (w.) BRAZIL (São Paulo).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-localities: Brazil: E São Paulo, Ypiranga (Lüderwaldt), and E São Paulo, Raiz da Serra (von Ihering).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Forel, 1911d: 396 (footnote); Santschi, 1923g: 1260; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 2; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * incerta. Pseudodichthadia incerta André, 1885: 840, figs. 1-5 (q.) MEXICO (Guanajuato).
 * Type-material: holotype queen.
 * Type-locality: Mexico: Guanajuato, Tupataro (Lichtenstein).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 7; Forel, 1899c: 30.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: André, in Forel, 1899c: 160 (footnote); Emery, 1900a: 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 171; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Bruch, 1934b: 116; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * jurinii. Labidus jurinii Shuckard, 1840a: 198 (m.) GUYANA.
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Guyana: Demerara.
 * Type-depository: BMNH?
 * [Misspelled as jurinei by Dalla Torre, 1893: 4, Forel, 1895b: 120, Borgmeier, 1923: 42.]
 * Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4.
 * Status as species: Westwood, 1842: 75; Smith, F. 1859b: 5; Roger, 1863b: 41; Mayr, 1863: 424; Dalla Torre, 1893: 4; Forel, 1895b: 120.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 193; Emery, 1910b: 22; Forel, 1912c: 43; Gallardo, 1920: 332; Santschi, 1921g: 92; Borgmeier, 1923: 42; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Mayr, 1886a: 33; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Bruch, 1934b: 115; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 15; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * kulowi. Eciton coecum r. kulowi Forel, 1901h: 47 (m.) MEXICO (Chiapas).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Mexico: Chiapas, Soconusco, 1120 m. (H. & H. Kulow).
 * Type-depository: unknown (originally described from Hamburg Museum, destroyed in World War II; possibly in MHNG).
 * Junior synonym of nigrita: Emery, 1910b: 23.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 9.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * latreillii. Labidus latreillii Jurine, 1807: 283 (m.) SURINAME.
 * Type-material: 2 syntype males.
 * Type-locality: Suriname: (no further data).
 * Type-depository: MHNG (after Emery, 1895c: 258 (in text)).
 * [Misspelled as latreillei by Roger, 1863b: 41, Dalla Torre, 1893: 4, and many others.]
 * Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4.
 * Status as species: Latreille, 1809: 123; Latreille, 1810: 437; Leach, 1815: 147; Latreille, 1817f: 141; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 229; Haliday, 1836: 328; Westwood, 1842: 75; Smith, F. 1859b: 5; Roger, 1863b: 41; Forel, 1886a: 217; Dalla Torre, 1893: 4; Forel, 1895b: 120.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1895c: 258; Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 165; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * nigrita. Eciton nigrita Emery, 1901d: 52, fig. 5 (m.) GUATEMALA.
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Guatemala (no further data).
 * Type-depository: MNHN.
 * Combination in E. (Labidus): Emery, 1910b: 23;
 * combination in Labidus: Borgmeier, 1953: 6.
 * Subspecies of praedator: Santschi, 1925b: 11.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1910b: 23; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 6.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * opacifrons. Eciton (Labidus) coecum var. opacifrons Wheeler, W.M. 1921d: 310 (in text) (w.) BRAZIL (Pará).
 * Type-material: holotype worker.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Pará (W.M. Mann).
 * Type-depository: MCZC.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 19; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * panzeri. Labidus panzeri Smith, F. 1859b: pl. 2, fig. 2 (m. forewing) (no state data).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: none given.
 * Type-depository: BMNH?
 * [Note: the only mention of panzeri in Smith, F. 1859b is the forewing drawing that is pl. 2, fig. 2. The name does not appear in the text, nor is it in the index.]
 * Combination in Eciton (Acamatus): Emery, 1910b: 27.
 * Status as species: Emery, 1910b: 27.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * pilosus. Labidus pilosus Smith, F. 1859b: 7 (m.) BRAZIL (São Paulo).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: St Paul’s (= São Paulo) (H.W. Bates).
 * Type-depository: BMNH
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 187; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * rubra. Myrmica rubra Buckley, 1867: 335 (w.) U.S.A. (Texas).
 * Type-material: syntype workers.
 * Type-locality: U.S.A.: W Texas, McCulloch County (Buckley).
 * Type-depository: unknown (no material known to exist).
 * Combination in Eciton: Emery, 1895c: 258.
 * Status as species: Cresson, 1887: 261; Dalla Torre, 1893: 115.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1895c: 258; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, 1902f: 26; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * sayi. Labidus saji Haldeman, 1852: 367, pl. 9, figs. 1-3 (m.) U.S.A. (Texas).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: U.S.A.: Texas, Fort Gates (H. Haldeman).
 * Type-depository: unknown.
 * [Justified emendation of spelling to sayi: Roger, 1863b: 42.]
 * [Misspelled as says by Santschi, 1913h: 35.]
 * Combination in Eciton (Labidus): Mayr, 1886d: 440.
 * Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 42; Mayr, 1863: 425; Mayr, 1886d: 440; Cresson, 1872: 194; Cresson, 1887: 259.
 * Subspecies of servillei: Emery, 1890b: 39.
 * Subspecies of latreillii: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Santschi, 1923g: 1261; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1895c: 258; Emery, 1900a: 186; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * selysi. Eciton selysi Forel, 1904d: 169 (w.) BRAZIL (Espirito Santo).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Espirito Santo (Frühstorfer).
 * Type-depository: MHNG.
 * Combination in Labidus: Borgmeier, 1953: 8.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Forel, 1905b: 157; Santschi, 1916e: 368; Santschi, 1923g: 1260; Borgmeier, 1923: 42; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * serpentis. Eciton (Labidus) serpentis Weber, 1938a: 209 (w.) GUYANA.
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a series….mostly in fragments”).
 * Type-locality: Guyana (“British Guiana”): nr junction of Oronque and New Rivers, Courantyne basin, 1.viii.1936, from stomach of Typhlops reticulatus (L.) (N.A. Weber).
 * Type-depository: AMNH (possibly also MCZC).
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * servillei. Labidus servillei Westwood, 1842: 75, pl. 20, fig. 2 (m.) BRAZIL (Pará).
 * Type-material: holotype male.
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Pará, 1.ii.1830 (W. Burchell).
 * Type-depository: OXUM.
 * Combination in Eciton: Dalla Torre, 1893: 4;
 * combination in Eciton (Labidus): Emery, 1890b: 39; Santschi, 1920d: 368.
 * Status as species: Smith, F. 1859b: 5; Roger, 1863b: 42; Mayr, 1863: 425; Emery, 1890b: 39; Emery, 1894k: 46.
 * Subspecies of latreillii: Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 4; Forel, 1895b: 120; Emery, 1896g: 36.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 186, 193; Emery, 1910b: 23; Forel, 1912c: 43; Santschi, 1920d: 368; Borgmeier, 1936: 58.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Borgmeier, 1953: 17; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * smithii. Eciton smithii Dalla Torre, 1892: 89.
 * Unnecessary replacement name for Labidus pilosus Smith, F. 1859b: 7.
 * Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 6; Forel, 1895b: 121.
 * Subspecies of coecus: Emery, 1900a: 186, 193.
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 159; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 327; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.
 * vastator. Eciton vastator Smith, F. 1860c: 71 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
 * Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
 * Type-locality: Brazil: Ega (= Tefé) (H.W. Bates).
 * Type-depository: BMNH.
 * Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 409; Roger, 1863b: 36.
 * [Note: Dalla Torre, 1893: 5, Forel, 1895b: 120, entered vastator as a junior synonym of Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581, sensu Olivier, 1792: 496. Synonymy error based on earlier misidentification of omnivora: see under Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758: 581.]
 * Junior synonym of coecus: Mayr, 1865: 78; Forel, 1899c: 26; Wheeler, W.M. & Long, 1901: 158; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 408; Emery, 1910b: 22; Santschi, 1913h: 36; Gallardo, 1920: 326; Borgmeier, 1923: 41; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Borgmeier, 1953: 16; Borgmeier, 1955: 86; Kempf, 1972a: 127; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1328; Bolton, 1995b: 220.

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