Parasyscia indica

The types were collected from: "This locality in the western Ghats still has trees shading a stream bed, and the soil was fairly moist at the time of collection. The colony was found under a stone, and stray workers were taken under other stones less than 100 m away. Other paratypes came from Winkler apparatus charged with leaf litter and forest floor debris, also from Kerala State, but farther south, in the Cardamon Hills."

Identification
Brown (1975) - In general habitus and its longitudinal petiolar node, P. indica most closely resembles Parasyscia centurio from central Africa, but differs from the latter in its shorter, more convex-sided head, and the deeper and more distinct, usually less crowded foveae of head and both nodes. Also, P. indica has notably less abundant pilosity than P. centurio, and its color is a little lighter and more reddish. In the oriental region, the most similar species is Parasyscia dohertyi, which has the petiolar node broader than long, the cephalic foveae more crowded than usual in P. indica, and the foveae of the nodes smaller and less distinct.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Oriental Region: India.

Biology
Brown (1975) - I can add observations on Lioponera mayri and Lividopone livida in the rain forest of Madagascar, and on Parasyscia indica in the Western Ghats of southern India. All 3 species were found attacking, or returning from attacks on, nests of Pheidole species, and the booty being transported consisted of larvae, pupae, pharate adults, and even in some cases dead but fully pigmented Pheidole soldiers and workers. These raids were all observed in progress near midday in shaded situations, and the raiding workers returned one by one over logs and roots along an obvious odor trail with their prey.

Nomenclature

 * . Cerapachys indicus Brown, 1975: 69, figs. 58-65, 72 (w.q.) INDIA (Kerala).
 * Type-material: holotype worker, 20+ paratype workers.
 * Type-locality: holotype India: Kerala, Thirunelly, Wynaad Taluk, 900 m., 6.iv.1969, no. ICA-69 (A.B. Soans & W.L. Brown); paratypes: 12 workers with same data, “other paratypes” (number not stated) Kerala, Cardamon Hills, no. 49 (A.B. Soans & W.L. Brown), 4 workers Valara Falls, 46 km. SW Munnar, 450+ m., 25.xi.1972, no. 18 (Besuchet, Löbl & Mussard), 4 workers betwenn Pambanar and Peermade, 950 m., 9.xi.1972 (Besuchet, Löbl & Mussard).
 * Type-depositories: MCZC (holotype); BMNH, MCZC, MHNG, NHMB (paratypes).
 * Combination in Parasyscia: Borowiec, M.L. 2016: 205.
 * Status as species: Brown, 1975: 23; Bolton, 1995b: 143; Bharti & Akbar, 2013a: 86 (in key); Bharti & Wachkoo, 2013d: 1192 (in key); Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 22.
 * Distribution: India.

Worker
Holotype, from colony no. ICA-69: TL 4.7, HL (to anterolateral corners) 0.91, HW (without eyes) 0.77, ML 0.15, scape L 0.60, greatest diameter of eye 0.24, WL 1.35, L petiolar node (seen from above) 0.52, W petiolar node 0.49, L postpetiolar node 0.53, W postpetiolar node 0.57, L hind tibia 0.70, L hind metatarsus 0.59 mm.

Paratypes (7 measured), from type colony plus smaller-sized workers from Cardamon Hills, Geneva collection nos. 18 and 49: TL 4.3-5.5, HL 0.79-0.95, HW 0.63-0.87, ML 0.15-0.19, scape L 0.52-0.68, greatest diameter of eye 0.19-0.26, WL 1.17-1.45, L petiolar node 0.47-0.58, W petiolar node 0.41-0.55, L postpetiolar node 0.48-0.59, W postpetiolar node 0.50-0.63 mm.

Composite description: General form and many details of a paratype (HW 0.81, WL 1.44 mm). Descriptive remarks will be limited to those features not seen well in the figures and the variation in the material.

Head varying greatly in face (dorsal) view with only slight changes in position of the same specimen. Posterior outline of vertex in full-face view more or less convex, often with a shallow dip in the middle, but the posterior outline of the head as a whole is completed in full-face view at a lower (more ventral) level by its cervical border and posterolateral corners, and appears sharply truncate or weakly to distinctly concave when the focus is lowered slightly from the dorsal surface of the vertex. The posterolateral corners are rectangular to weakly acute in full-face view, and appear much more acute as the head is tilted forward. The median point or carina and the low, rounded lobe or apron of the clypeus, as well as the distinct denticulation of the mandibles.

Petiolar node longer than broad, even if only slightly, in all workers seen up to petiolar node L 0.59 mm, which is the dividing line between worker and ergatoid in the Thirunelly series (type colony); nodes larger than this are ergatoid and are broader than long. The petiolar node has a sharp, raised, transverse anterodorsal margin and a lower, indistinct posterodorsal margin; the anterodorsal margin of the postpetiole is also sharply raised. The anterior face of the petiolar node is densely covered with decumbent, dorsally directed pubescence, as is the anterior postpetiolar face, though less densely. Propodeal declivity shallowly concave, minutely roughened, surrounded by a sharp, semicircular margin. Subpetiolar process in side view rounded (type colony), bluntly pointed, or even bilobate (nos. 18, 49).

Two stray workers from near the type-colony site at Thirunelly have eyes smaller (diameter 0.16-0.18 mm) than in similarly large-sized workers of the type-colony series, but may belong to the same species. The two Cardamon Hills series are notably smaller in body size than the type-colony series. One of them (no. 18) has the foveae on the head smaller and less deep than in the other series, and the spaces between the foveae are wider, often wider than the foveae themselves on the upper vertex; but in these specimens, there is little if any reduction of the nodal and gastric sculpture. Faint lines marking the positions of promesonotal suture and metanotal groove are often present.

There is no apparent fine pubescence on the dorsal surfaces of nodes and gaster. The surface between foveae is prevailingly smooth and shining, but with a microstructure that gives clean specimens a faint bluish iridescent sheen. Color mahogany; front of head, mandibles, apical antennal segment lighter, brownish red; gaster often darker than rest of body, approaching piceous.

Queen
Ergatoid (2 paratypes from type colony): TL 5.6-5.7, HL 0.97-1.02, HW 0.87-0.90, ML 0.15-0.19, scape L 0.67-0.68, greatest diameter of eye 0.25-0.27, WL 1.60 in both specimens, L petiolar node 0.60-0.61, W petiolar node 0.66-0.69, L postpetiolar node 0.71-0.75, W postpetiolar node 0.83-0.85 mm.

Like the workers of the same colony, but a little larger, with thicker body, especially nodes and gaster. Ocelli present on vertex, but small; the anterior ocellus may be very small.

Type Material
Holotype and 12 paratypes from type colony (no. ICA-69) from the wooded ravine next to the temple at Thirunelly, Wynaad Taluk, about 900 m, Kerala State, India, 6 April 1969, A. B. Soans and W. L. Brown, Jr. This locality in the western Ghats still has trees shading a stream bed, and the soil was fairly moist at the time of collection. The colony was found under a stone, and stray workers were taken under other stones less than 100 m away. Other paratypes came from Winkler apparatus charged with leaf litter and forest floor debris, also from Kerala State, but farther south, in the Cardamon Hills: no. 49, 4 workers, Valara Falls, 46 km. SW of Munnar, 450+ m, 25 Nov. 1972; no. 18,4 workers, between Pambanar and Peermade, 950 m., 9 Nov. 1972, team of Besuchet, LobI, and Mussard from MHN -Geneva. Paratypes to be deposited in MCZ, MHN-Geneva, NMBasel, and elsewhere.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

 * Dad J. M., S. A. Akbar, H. Bharti, and A. A. Wachkoo. 2019. Community structure and ant species diversity across select sites ofWestern Ghats, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica 39: 219–228.