Cephalotes jheringi

Identification
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - A member of the fiebrigi clade differing from its next out group species, Cephalotes bohlsi, in the worker and in the soldier by the sculpture more impressed and by the denser foveae, and, from the next ingroup species, fossithorax, in the worker, soldier and gyne by the mesosoma and pedicel without short, truncate hairs. The jheringi material we examined suggests a high degree of variability of the three female castes.

Among workers, small specimens have the head narrower than long while the large ones have the head broader than long. The pronotal spines can be more or less pointed among specimens from the same nest. The type series of the unavailable name gaudens has the first pair of pronotal spines more salient and pointed than most other workers examined; a worker from Tintina (Santiago del Estero) has pronotal spines longer and less broad. The propodeum bears two or three pairs of spines, rarely four, in individuals of the same nest. The gastral lobes are normally pigmented but in the type series of gaudens and in the specimens from Tafi Viejo (Tucuman) the lobes can be either pigmented or semitransparent.

The soldiers exhibit a great variability in colour. The head can be yellow to brown and rarely black. Some specimens with light coloured head may have a black clypeus. The pronotum can vary from completely yellow to brown with different combinations thereof. Small soldiers have the gaster either entirely black or with a pair of orange-brown spots on the posterior border of the first tergite. Large soldiers regularly have two pairs of well defined spots on the first gastral tergite.

The gynes equally show a great degree of variation in colour. Specimens from Tafi Viejo (Tucuman) have black head with yellow-orange frontal carinae while the rest of the gynes examined have yellow-brown head with or without darker clypeus. The pronotum follows the same colour variation pattern as in the soldiers. The four gastral spots can be present or absent according to the specimen.

Key to Cephalotes Workers

Distribution
Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.

Nomenclature

 *  jheringi. Cryptocerus jheringi Emery, 1894c: 205, pl. 3, figs. 13, 14 (s.w.) BRAZIL. [Also described as new by Emery, 1894k: 384 (footnote).] De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 632 (m.). Combination in Paracryptocerus: Kusnezov, 1953b: 338; in Zacryptocerus: Brandão, 1991: 386; in Cephalotes: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999: 626. Senior synonym of ellenriederi, peltatus and material of the unavailable names gaudens, jocans referred here: Kempf, 1958a: 50.
 * peltatus. Cryptocerus peltatus Emery, 1896h: 633, fig. D (s.q.) PARAGUAY. Combination in Paracryptocerus: Kusnezov, 1953b: 338. Junior synonym of jheringi: Kempf, 1958a: 50.

Worker
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head almost as long as broad in small specimens and broader than long in large ones. Vertexal angles round or subtruncate and marginate; a very narrow lamellaceous border present in few specimens only. Vertexal margin concave. Frontal carinae not upturned over the eyes. Mandibles laterally carinate.

Mesosoma gently convex in side view. Scapular angles visible in dorsal view. Pronotum with a narrow lateral lamella with three pairs of irregular teeth, sometimes the first pair more pointed and the second and third pairs simply angulate. Sides of mesonotum with a pair of small teeth. Promesonotal suture superficially impressed. Propodeal suture more impressed laterally than medially. Propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces and with the sides narrowing backwards; sides of the basal face of the propodeum with two pairs of teeth, the first pair sometimes simply angulate and the second one larger; sides of the declivous face of the propodeum unarmed or armed with one or two pairs of denticles.

Petiole anteriorly truncate; its anterior border superficially concave medially. Petiolar spines arising from the anterior face of the petiole or slightly behind it, pointed and curved backwards. Postpetiole broader than the petiole; its lateral expansions variable in width, developed anteriorly, curved and pointed backwards.

Gaster suboval, with a pair of broad, anterolateral lobes with a thick, dark, marked margin not surpassing the stigma posteriorly; sometimes the lobes less thick and semitransparent.

Mid and hind femora not angulate; mid and hind basitarsi flat and with subparallel sides.

Sculpture. As in bohlsi except for the reticulation more impressed and for the foveae denser and larger.

Pilosity. As in bohlsi except the distribution of the hairs of type (2) which is denser on the sides of the frontal carinae and on the posterior borders of the gastral segments and the one of the hairs of type (3), rare to sparse on the whole first sternite.

Colour. Black. Frontal carinae, mesosomal and peduncular spines and border of the gastral lobes yellowish to light brown. Outer face of the tibiae brown.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 3.36-5.36; HL 1.08-1.24; HW 1.10-1.44; EL 0.33-0.35; PW 0.99-1.24; PeW 0.50-0.61; PpW 0.63-0.69; HBaL 0.37-0.49; HBaW 0.10-0.13; CI 101.8-116.1; PI 111.1-116.1; PPeI 198.0-203.3; PPpI 157.1-179.7; HBaI 26.5-27.0.

Soldier
Kempf (1958) - Total length 5.5-7.9 mm (specimens under 6.0 mm are generally intermediates between this and the worker caste); head disc 1.50-2.07 mm. Black; yellowish-brown to testaceous: anterolateral portions of head disc, or nearly the entire head disc, both dorsally and the sides (in this case, there is usually a median black spot on the center of the disc, near the vertex of the clypeal triangle), anterolateral portions of pronotum, extensor face of tibiae; ferruginous: tip of mandibles and scapes, first funicular segment, the four apical tarsites. In darker specimens the yellow color may be substituted by ferruginous, and the ferruginous color by fuscous-ferruginous. A single soldier from Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, of an otherwise completely black series, has a quadrimaculate gaster.

Head disc subquadrate to subrectangular, completely marginate round its scarcely raised, somewhat crenulate border; the anterior corner rounded, the posterior corners either obliquely truncate or rounded. Floor of disc rather flat, slightly excavated anterolaterally. In profile, the sides of the head do not cover the dorsum of the cephalic disc, and the distance between the upper border of the eye and the rim of the disc is much less than the diameter of the eye. Sides of disc subparallel. Occipital border straight in smaller specimens, rounded in larger specimens. Occipital borders either bluntly rounded, or angulate or even subdentate. Floor of disc, sides of head, and occiput reticulate-punctate and foveolate in smaller specimens, whereas in larger specimens the foveolae are close together and the intervals form a network of raised rugosities. Lower face of head reticulate-punctate with sparse, elongate foveolae, and a few rugosities anterolaterally.

Thorax subopaque. Shoulders dentate. Sides of pronotum at the level of the usually vestigial, never strongly marked nor crested transverse carina, forming a blunt angle, the posterior corner of the pronotum being subrectangular. Mesonotum with a subtruncate projecting lateral lobe. Mesoepinotal suture distinct, scarcely impressed mesally. Sides of basal face of epinotum usually with two lateral, angulate or rounded and slightly projecting lobes and a stouter tooth at the posterior corner. Declivous face slightly excavated, its sides marginate. Mesopleural tooth absent. Sculpture, in general, as on head, but the foveolae are smaller, the intervals often shining. Laterotergite of pronotum longitudinally costate at the lower half. Pleura more or less rugose.

Peduncular segments usually equal in width (not always, sometimes the: postpetiole is distinctly broader!). Postpetiole greatly convex middorsally. Gaster elongate-ovate. Anterolateral lobes solid, submarginate, not crested. First tergite finely reticulate-punctate, the anterior fifth having fine longitudinal rugosities. Piligerous punctures scarcely impressed, inconspicuous.

Pilosity, in general, not differing from that of bivestitus, and fossithorax, with the exception of the following: Foveolae of head disc with short, thick, more or less decumbent hair, the free end of which does usually not project beyond the rim of the pit. Rim of cephalic disc with sparse, thick, subclavate, projecting setae. Scalelike hair of thorax, peduncle, and gaster appressed.

de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 6.20-7.98; HL 1.52-1.92; HW 1.68-2.00; EL 0.35-0;39; PW 1.48-1.80; PeW 0.58-0.75; PpW 0.61-0.80; HBaL 0.45-0.52; HBaW 0.15-0.17; CI 104.2-110.5; PI 111.1-113.5; PPeI 240.0-255.2; PPpI 225.0-242.6; HBal 32.7-33.3.

Queen
Kempf (1958) - Total length 8.4-8.9 mm; maximum length of head 1.85-2.03 mm; of thorax 2.46-2.53 mm. Black; the following yellowish-brown: anterolateral portion of head disc (variable as regards extension, occasionally the entire rim of disc and the sides may be included), a narrow, elongate spot on the shoulder, usually (not always, variation i.e. absence of spots noticed in female specimens of a colony that usually have them!) four spots on the first gastral tergite, extensor face of tibiae. Scape and tarsites more or less fuscous-ferruginous.

Same diagnostic features as in soldier, excepting the following characteristics: Head disc distinctly more elongate. Shape of peduncular and epinotal teeth quite variable. Mesopleural tooth always present, but sometimes very small. Wings somewhat infuscated, veins brown. Venation of fore wing not significantly different from that of liogaster. Fore wing, when folded over the back, projects a little over the apex of the normally contracted gaster.

de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 7.32-9.04; HL 1.40-1.80; HW 1.48-1.72; EL 0.35-0.42; PW 1.44-1.68; PeW 0.59-0.63; PpW 0.68-0.87; HBaL 0.44-0.56; HBaW 0.16; CI 95.5-105.7; PI 102.4-102.8; PPeI 244.1-266.7; PPpI 193.1-211.8; HBaI 28.6-34.8.

Male
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999) - Head (eyes included, mandibles excluded) about 1/3 broader than long; vertexal margin straight, superficially carinate and diverging towards the sides. Vertex convex. Ocelli and compound eyes protuberant. Frontal carinae diverging backwards and not reaching the posterior border of the eyes. Frons flat. Clypeus convex, with impressed posterior border. Mandibles superficially carinate laterally. Scapes thick, twice as long as the first funicular joint.

Mesosoma. Pronotum in dorsal view with nearly parallel sides; mesonotum convex; median Mayrian and parapsidal furrows weakly impressed. Propodeum with well differentiate basal and declivous faces; basal face gently convex, medially sloping posteriorly; its sides converging posteriorly towards the declivous face, the latter with lateral and median cannae.

Petiole and postpetiole convex dorsally. Petiole narrower than the postpetiole and with a node deeply concave anteriorly; petiolar sides slightly convex. Postpetiolar sides convex. Gaster almost as broad as the mesosoma.

Wings as in the gyne.

Legs stout.

Sculpture. Head dorsum minutely reticulate, with irregular, small foveae superimposed by sparse, irregular, longitudinal, thin rugosities, the rugosities transversal around the eyes. Ventral face of the head with the same sculpture as on the head dorsum but with denser foveae. Pronotum reticulate and with dense, irregular foveae. Mesonotum and scutellum superficially reticulate, with superimposed small, sparse and shallow foveae and with sparse, longitudinal rugosities. Basal face of the propodeum irregularly foveolate-rugulose. Declivous face of the propodeum superficially reticulate, shining and with few, short, longitudinal rugosities. Propleurae reticulate and with sparse, longitudinal, thin rugosities, denser on the ventral part. Mesopleurae with the same sculpture as on the mesonotum. Lower metapleurae superficially reticulate and longitudinally rugulose; upper metapleurae reticulate and irregularly rugulose. Peduncular segments superficially reticulate and longitudinally rugulose, the rugosities more irregular on the petiole. First gastral tergite deeply reticulate; its anterior half with longitudinal rugosities originating from the postpetiolar articulation. Remaining tergites and sternites with superficial reticulation. Coxae and femora superficially reticulate, remaining parts of the legs simply punctate.

Pilosity. Body with dense, long, suberect, flexuous hairs, sparser and subdecumbent on the gaster, rare on the femora, absent on the tibiae and tarsi. Femora, tibiae and tarsi with decumbent hairs much shorter than the flexuous ones. Colour. Black. Coxae and femora brown, distal parts of the legs lighter.

Measurements (in mm) and indices: TL 6.32; HL 0.92; HW 1.12; EL 0.47; PW 1.04; PeW 0.59; PpW 0.69; HBaL 0.61; HBaW 0.14; CI 121.7; PI 107.7; PPeI 176.3; PPpI 150.7; HBaI 22.9.

Type Material
de Andrade and Baroni Urbani (1999):

Worker and soldier. Type locality: Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Type material: 2 syntype workers labelled “Rio Grande, Ihering”, in, examined. Note: A syntype of jheringi presumably part of the material originally examined by Emery and preserved in the is actually pallidicephalus.

Cryptocerus peltatus. Soldier, gyne. Type locality: San Salvador (Paraguay). Type material: 1 soldier (without gaster) and 1 gyne, syntypes, labelled “Paraguay, Bohls”, in MCSN, examined.

Cryptocerus peltatus Ellenriederi. Worker, soldier, gyne. Type locality: Rosario de Santa Fe (Argentina). Type material: 1 worker, 1 soldier (syntypes) in, 2 workers, 1 soldier, 1 gyne (syntypes), in , all labelled “Cr. peltatus Em, r. Ellenriederi, type, Forel, Rosario de Santa Fe, in Weidenstamm”, examined.