United States

The following 78 genera and 792 species and 18 subspecies of ants are known to occur in the United States. Ants from Hawaii (introduced) are on a separate list. Unidentified and undescribed species will be added to this list as identifications are verified and taxonomic revisions are published. This species list is based upon the effort of many ant collectors as well as myrmecologists who have published on the taxonomy of United States ants.

Those who have specimen records that expand this list are encouraged to submit this information in the discussion section of the United States Ants web page. Please advise if any corrections are warranted.

An overview of the fauna can be found at Ants of North America.

Acanthostichus

 * Key to species


 * Acanthostichus arizonensis MacKay, 1996
 * Acanthostichus davisi (Smith, 1942)
 * Acanthostichus punctiscapus MacKay, 1996
 * Acanthostichus texanus Forel, 1904

Acromyrmex

 * Acromyrmex versicolor (Pergande, 1894)

Acropyga

 * Acropyga epedana Snelling, 1973

Anochetus

 * Anochetus mayri Emery, 1884

Aphaenogaster

 * Key to species


 * Aphaenogaster ashmeadi (Emery, 1895)
 * Aphaenogaster boulderensis Smith, M.R., 1941
 * Aphaenogaster carolinensis Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Aphaenogaster flemingi Smith, M.R., 1928
 * Aphaenogaster floridana Smith, M.R., 1941
 * Aphaenogaster fulva Roger, 1863
 * Aphaenogaster huachucana Creighton, 1934
 * Aphaenogaster lamellidens Mayr, 1886
 * Aphaenogaster mariae Forel, 1886
 * Aphaenogaster megommata Smith, M.R., 1963
 * Aphaenogaster miamiana Wheeler, W.M., 1932
 * Aphaenogaster occidentalis (Emery, 1895)
 * Aphaenogaster patruelis Forel, 1886
 * Aphaenogaster picea (Wheeler, W.M., 1908)
 * Aphaenogaster punctaticeps MacKay, 1989
 * Aphaenogaster rudis Enzmann, J., 1947
 * Aphaenogaster smithi Gregg, 1949
 * Aphaenogaster tennesseensis (Mayr, 1862)
 * Aphaenogaster texana Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Aphaenogaster treatae Forel, 1886
 * Aphaenogaster uinta Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Aphaenogaster umphreyi Deyrup & Davis, 1998

Atta

 * Key to species


 * Atta mexicana (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Atta texana (Buckley, 1860)

Brachymyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Brachymyrmex aphidicola Forel, 1909
 * Brachymyrmex depilis Emery, 1893
 * Brachymyrmex bruchi Forel, 1912
 * Brachymyrmex cordemoyi Forel, 1895
 * Brachymyrmex obscurior Forel, 1893
 * Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, 1868
 * Brachymyrmex termitophilus Forel, 1895

Brachyponera

 * Brachyponera chinensis (Emery, 1895)

Camponotus

 * Camponotus absquatulator Snelling, 2006
 * Camponotus acutirostris Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Camponotus americanus Mayr, 1862
 * Camponotus anthrax Wheeler, W.M., 1911
 * Camponotus atriceps Smith, F., 1858
 * Camponotus bakeri Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Camponotus caryae Fitch, 1855
 * Camponotus castaneus Latreille, 1802
 * Camponotus chromaiodes Bolton, 1995
 * Camponotus clarithorax Creighton, 1950
 * Camponotus cuauhtemoc Snelling, 2006
 * Camponotus decipiens Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus discolor Buckley, 1866
 * Camponotus dumetorum Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Camponotus essigi Smith, M.R., 1923
 * Camponotus festinatus Buckley, 1866
 * Camponotus floridanus Buckley, 1866
 * Camponotus fragilis Pergande, 1893
 * Camponotus herculeanus Linnaeus, 1758
 * Camponotus hyatti Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus inaequalis Roger, 1863
 * Camponotus incensus Wheeler, W.M., 1932
 * Camponotus laevigatus (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Camponotus laevigatus Smith, F., 1858
 * Camponotus laevissimus Mackay, 2019
 * Camponotus maccooki Forel, 1879
 * Camponotus maritimus Ward, 2005
 * Camponotus microps Snelling, 2006
 * Camponotus mina Forel, 1879
 * Camponotus modoc Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Camponotus nearcticus Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus novaeboracensis Fitch, 1855
 * Camponotus novogranadensis Mayr, 1870
 * Camponotus ocreatus Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus pennsylvanicus De Geer, 1773
 * Camponotus planatus Roger, 1863
 * Camponotus pudorosus Emery, 1925
 * Camponotus sansabeanus Buckley, 1866
 * Camponotus sayi Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus schaefferi Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Camponotus semitestaceus Snelling, 1970
 * Camponotus sexguttatus (Fabricius, 1793)
 * Camponotus snellingi Bolton, 1995
 * Camponotus socius Roger, 1863
 * Camponotus subbarbatus Emery, 1893
 * Camponotus texanus Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Camponotus trepidulus Creighton, 1965
 * Camponotus ulcerosus Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Camponotus vafer Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Camponotus vicinus Mayr, 1870
 * Camponotus yogi Wheeler, W.M., 1915

Cardiocondyla

 * Key to species


 * Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel, 1881
 * Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890
 * Cardiocondyla minutior Forel, 1899
 * Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, W.M., 1929
 * Cardiocondyla venustula Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Cardiocondyla wroughtonii Forel, 1890

Carebara

 * Carebara longii Wheeler, W.M., 1903

Cephalotes

 * Key to species


 * Cephalotes rohweri Wheeler, W.M., 1916
 * Cephalotes texanus Santschi, 1915
 * Cephalotes varians (Smith, F., 1876) (possibly introduced from the Caribbean)

Colobopsis

 * Colobopsis acuta Mackay, 1018
 * Colobopsis etiolata (Wheeler, W.M., 1904)
 * Colobopsis impressa Roger, 1863
 * Colobopsis mississippiensis (Smith, M.R., 1923)
 * Colobopsis obliqua (Smith, M.R., 1930)
 * Colobopsis papago (Creighton, 1953)
 * Colobopsis riehlii Roger, 1863

Crematogaster

 * Key to eastern US Crematogaster
 * Key to western US Crematogaster


 * Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr, 1886
 * Crematogaster browni Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster californica Wheeler, W.M., 1919
 * Crematogaster cerasi Fitch, 1854
 * Crematogaster coarctata Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster colei Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster corvina Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster crinosa Mayr, 1862
 * Crematogaster dentinodis Forel, 1901
 * Crematogaster depilis Wheeler, W.M., 1919
 * Crematogaster detecta Ward & Blaimer, 2022
 * Crematogaster distans Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster emeryana Creighton, 1950
 * Crematogaster hespera Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster isolata Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster laeviuscula Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster larreae Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster lineolata Say, 1836
 * Crematogaster marioni Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster minutissima Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster missouriensis Emery, 1895
 * Crematogaster mutans Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster navajoa Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster nocturna Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster obscurata Emery, 1895 (possibly introduced from Central and/or South America)
 * Crematogaster opaca Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster opuntiae Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster parapilosa Ward & Blaimer, 2022
 * Crematogaster pilosa Emery, 1895
 * Crematogaster pinicola Deyrup & Cover, 2007
 * Crematogaster punctulata Emery, 1895
 * Crematogaster rifelna Buren, 1968
 * Crematogaster torosa Mayr, 1870
 * Crematogaster vermiculata Emery, 1895
 * Crematogaster vetusta Ward & Blaimer, 2022

Cryptopone

 * Cryptopone gilva (Roger, 1863)

Cyphomyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Cyphomyrmex flavidus Pergande, 1896
 * Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862 (possibly introduced from the Carribean)
 * Cyphomyrmex rimosus (Spinola, 1851)
 * Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel, 1900

Discothyrea

 * Discothyrea testacea Roger, 1863

Dolichoderus

 * Key to species


 * Dolichoderus mariae Forel, 1885
 * Dolichoderus plagiatus Mayr, 1870
 * Dolichoderus pustulatus Mayr, 1886
 * Dolichoderus taschenbergi Mayr, 1866

Dolopomyrmex

 * Dolopomyrmex pilatus Cover & Deyrup, 2007

Dorymyrmex

 * Dorymyrmex bicolor Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Dorymyrmex bossutus Trager, 1988
 * Dorymyrmex bureni Trager, 1988
 * Dorymyrmex elegans Trager, 1988
 * Dorymyrmex flavopectus Smith, M.R., 1944
 * Dorymyrmex flavus McCook, 1880
 * Dorymyrmex grandulus Forel, 1922
 * Dorymyrmex insanus Buckley, 1866
 * Dorymyrmex lipan Snelling, 1995
 * Dorymyrmex medeis (Trager, 1988)
 * Dorymyrmex paiute Snelling, 1995
 * Dorymyrmex reginicula Trager, 1988
 * Dorymyrmex smithi Cole, 1936
 * Dorymyrmex wheeleri Kusnezov, 1952

Eurhopalothrix

 * Eurhopalothrix floridana Brown & Kempf, 1960

Forelius

 * Key to species


 * Forelius damiani Guerrero & Fernandez, 2008
 * Forelius mccooki (McCook, 1880)
 * Forelius pruinosus (Roger, 1863)

Formica

 * Key to US Formica pallidefulva group species
 * Key to Nearctic Formica rufa group species


 * Formica accreta Francouer, 1973
 * Formica adamsi Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Formica adamsi alpina Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Formica adamsi whymperi Wheeler, W.M. 1917
 * Formica aerata Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica altipetens Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica archboldi Smith, M.R., 1944
 * Formica argentea Wheeler, W.M., 1912
 * Formica aserva Forel, 1901
 * Formica aterrima Cresson, 1865
 * Formica biophilica Trager, 2007
 * Formica bradleyi Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica californica (Creighton, 1950)
 * Formica calviceps Cole, 1954
 * Formica canadensis Santschi, 1914
 * Formica ciliata Mayr, 1886
 * Formica coloradensis Creighton, 1940
 * Formica comata Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Formica creightoni Buren, 1968
 * Formica criniventris Wheeler, W.M., 1912
 * Formica curiosa Creighton, 1935
 * Formica dakotensis Emery, 1893
 * Formica densiventris Viereck, 1903
 * Formica difficilis Emery, 1893
 * Formica dirksi Wing, 1949
 * Formica dolosa Buren, 1944
 * Formica emeryi Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica exsectoides Forel, 1886
 * Formica ferocula Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica foreliana Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica fossaceps Buren, 1942
 * Formica francoeuri Bolton, 1995
 * Formica glacialis Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Formica gnava Buckley, 1866
 * Formica gynocrates Snelling & Buren, 1985
 * Formica hewitti Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Formica impexa Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Formica incerta Buren, 1944
 * Formica indianensis Cole, 1940
 * Formica integra Nylander, 1856
 * Formica integroides Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica knighti Buren, 1944
 * Formica laeviceps Creighton, 1940
 * Formica lasioides Emery, 1893
 * Formica lepida Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica limata Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica longipilosa Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica manni Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica microgyna Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Formica microphthalma Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica moki Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Formica montana Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Formica morsei Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Formica mucescens Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica neoclara Emery, 1893
 * Formica neogagates Emery, 1893
 * Formica neorufibarbis Emery, 1893
 * Formica nepticula Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Formica nevadensis Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Formica obscuripes Forel, 1886
 * Formica obscuriventris Mayr, 1870
 * Formica obtusopilosa Emery, 1893
 * Formica occulta Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica opaciventris Emery, 1893
 * Formica oreas Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Formica oregonensis Cole, 1938
 * Formica pacifica Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica pallidefulva Latreille, 1802
 * Formica pergandei Emery, 1893
 * Formica perpilosa Wheeler, W.M., 1902
 * Formica planipilis Creighton, 1940
 * Formica podzolica Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica postoculata Kennedy & Dennis, 1937
 * Formica prociliata Kennedy & Dennis, 1937
 * Formica propinqua Creighton, 1940
 * Formica puberula Emery, 1893
 * Formica querquetulana Kennedy & Dennis, 1937
 * Formica ravida Creighton, 1940
 * Formica reflexa Buren, 1942
 * Formica rubicunda Emery, 1893
 * Formica scitula Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica sibylla Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica spatulata Buren, 1944
 * Formica subaenescens Emery, 1893
 * Formica subelongata Francoeur, 1973
 * Formica subintegra Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Formica subnitens Creighton, 1940
 * Formica subpolita Mayr, 1886
 * Formica subsericea Say, 1836
 * Formica talbotae Wilson, 1977
 * Formica transmontanis Francouer, 1973
 * Formica ulkei Emery, 1893
 * Formica vinculans Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Formica wheeleri Creighton, 1935
 * Formica xerophila Smith, M.R., 1939

Formicoxenus

 * Key to species


 * Formicoxenus chamberlini Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Formicoxenus diversipilosus Smith, M.R., 1939
 * Formicoxenus hirticornis Emery, 1895
 * Formicoxenus provancheri Emery, 1895
 * Formicoxenus quebecensis Francouer, 1985

Fulakora

 * Fulakora orizabana (Brown, 1960 )

Gnamptogenys

 * Key to species


 * Gnamptogenys hartmani (Wheeler, W.M., 1915)

Harpagoxenus

 * Harpagoxenus canadensis Smith, M.R., 1939

Hypoponera

 * Key to species


 * Hypoponera inexorata Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Hypoponera opaciceps Mayr, 1887
 * Hypoponera opacior Forel, 1893
 * Hypoponera punctatissima Roger, 1859
 * Hypoponera ragusai (Emery, 1894)

Labidus

 * Labidus coecus (Latreille, 1802)

Lasius

 * Key to species


 * Lasius americanus Emery, 1893
 * Lasius aphidicola (Walsh, 1863)
 * Lasius arizonicus Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Lasius atopus Cole, 1958
 * Lasius brevicornis Emery, 1893
 * Lasius bureni Wing, 1968
 * Lasius californicus Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Lasius claviger Roger, 1862
 * Lasius colei (Wing, 1968)
 * Lasius coloradensis Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Lasius creightoni (Wing, 1968)
 * Lasius crypticus Wilson, 1955
 * Lasius fallax Wilson, 1955
 * Lasius humilis Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Lasius interjectus Mayr, 1866
 * Lasius latipes Walsh, 1863
 * Lasius minutus Emery, 1893
 * Lasius murphyi Forel, 1901
 * Lasius nearcticus Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Lasius neoniger Emery, 1893
 * Lasius nevadensis Cole, 1956
 * Lasius niger Linnaeus, 1758
 * Lasius occidentalis Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Lasius pallitarsis Provancher, 1881
 * Lasius plumopilosus Buren, 1941
 * Lasius pogonogynus Buren, 1950
 * Lasius ponderosae Schär, Talavera, Rana, Espadaler, Cover, Shattuck & Vila, 2022
 * Lasius pubescens Buren, 1942
 * Lasius sitiens Wilson, 1955
 * Lasius speculiventris Emery, 1893
 * Lasius subglaber Emery, 1893
 * Lasius subumbratus Viereck, 1903
 * Lasius vestitus Wheeler, W.M., 1910
 * Lasius xerophilus MacKay, 1994

Leptanilloides

 * Leptanilloides chihuahuaensis MacGown, Schiefer & Branstetter, 2015

Leptogenys

 * Key to species


 * Leptogenys elongata (Buckley, 1866)
 * Leptogenys manni Wheeler, W.M., 1923

Leptothorax

 * Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius, 1793)
 * Leptothorax calderoni Creighton, 1950
 * Leptothorax canadensis Provancher, 1887
 * Leptothorax crassipilis Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Leptothorax faberi Buschinger, 1983
 * Leptothorax wilsoni Heinze, 1989

Linepithema

 * Linepithema humile Mayr, 1868

Liometopum

 * Key to species


 * Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870
 * Liometopum luctuosum Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Liometopum occidentale Emery, 1895

Manica

 * Key to species


 * Manica bradleyi Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Manica hunteri Wheeler, W.M., 1914
 * Manica invidia Bolton, 1995
 * Manica parasitica Creighton, 1934

Monomorium

 * Key to species


 * Monomorium cyaneum Wheeler, W.M., 1914
 * Monomorium ebeninum Forel, 1891
 * Monomorium emarginatum DuBois, 1986
 * Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)
 * Monomorium minimum Buckley, 1867
 * Monomorium pergandei Emery, 1893
 * Monomorium pharaonis Linnaeus, 1758
 * Monomorium talbotae DuBois, 1981
 * Monomorium trageri DuBois, 1986
 * Monomorium viridum Brown, 1943

Mycetomoellerius

 * Mycetomoellerius jamaicensis (André, 1893)
 * Mycetomoellerius turrifex (Wheeler, W.M., 1903)

Mycetosoritis

 * Mycetosoritis hartmanni Wheeler, W.M., 1907

Myrmecina

 * Key to species


 * Myrmecina americana Emery, 1895
 * Myrmecina cooperi Deyrup, 2016

Myrmecocystus

 * Key to species


 * Myrmecocystus arenarius Snelling, R.R., 1982
 * Myrmecocystus christineae Snelling, 1982
 * Myrmecocystus colei Snelling, 1976
 * Myrmecocystus creightoni Snelling, 1971
 * Myrmecocystus depilis Forel, 1901
 * Myrmecocystus ewarti Snelling, 1971
 * Myrmecocystus flaviceps Wheeler, W.M., 1912
 * Myrmecocystus hammettensis Cole, 1938
 * Myrmecocystus kathjuli Snelling, 1976
 * Myrmecocystus kennedyi Cole, 1936
 * Myrmecocystus koso Snelling, 1976
 * Myrmecocystus lugubris Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Myrmecocystus melliger Forel, 1886
 * Myrmecocystus mendax Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Myrmecocystus mexicanus Wesmael, 1838
 * Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Myrmecocystus navajo Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Myrmecocystus placodops Forel, 1908
 * Myrmecocystus pyramicus Smith, M.R., 1951
 * Myrmecocystus romainei Cole, 1936
 * Myrmecocystus semirufus Emery, 1893
 * Myrmecocystus tenuinodis Snelling, 1976
 * Myrmecocystus testaceus Emery, 1893
 * Myrmecocystus wheeleri Snelling, 1971
 * Myrmecocystus yuma Wheeler, W.M., 1912

Myrmica

 * Key to species


 * Myrmica alaskensis Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Myrmica americana Weber, 1939
 * Myrmica brevispinosa Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Myrmica colax (Cole, 1957)
 * Myrmica crassirugis Francouer, 2007
 * Myrmica detritinodis Emery, 1921
 * Myrmica discontinua Weber, 1939
 * Myrmica fracticornis Forel, 1901
 * Myrmica glacialis Emery, 1921
 * Myrmica hamulata Weber, 1939
 * Myrmica incompleta Provancher, 1881
 * Myrmica lampra Francouer, 1968
 * Myrmica latifrons Stärcke, 1927
 * Myrmica lobifrons Pergande, 1900
 * Myrmica monticola Creighton, 1950
 * Myrmica nearctica Weber, 1939
 * Myrmica pinetorum Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Myrmica punctinops Francouer, 2007
 * Myrmica punctiventris Roger, 1863
 * Myrmica rubra (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Myrmica rubra neolaevinodis Forel, 1901
 * Myrmica rugiventris Smith, M.R., 1943
 * Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846
 * Myrmica semiparasitica Francouer, 2007
 * Myrmica spatulata Smith, M.R., 1930
 * Myrmica specioides Bondroit, 1918
 * Myrmica striolagaster Cole, 1953
 * Myrmica tahoensis Weber, 1948
 * Myrmica trullicornis Buren, 1944
 * Myrmica wheeleri Weber, 1939
 * Myrmica wheelerorum Francouer, 2007

Neivamyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Neivamyrmex agilis Borgmeier, 1953
 * Neivamyrmex andrei (Emery, 1901)
 * Neivamyrmex baylori Watkins, 1973
 * Neivamyrmex californicus (Mayr, 1870)
 * Neivamyrmex carolinensis (Emery, 1894)
 * Neivamyrmex fuscipennis (Smith, M.R., 1942)
 * Neivamyrmex graciellae (Mann, 1926)
 * Neivamyrmex halidaii (Shuckard, 1840)
 * Neivamyrmex harrisii (Haldeman, 1852)
 * Neivamyrmex kiowapache Snelling, & Snelling, 2007
 * Neivamyrmex leonardi (Wheeler, W.M., 1915)
 * Neivamyrmex mandibularis (Smith, M.R., 1942)
 * Neivamyrmex melanocephalus (Emery, 1895)
 * Neivamyrmex melshaemeri (Haldeman, 1852)
 * Neivamyrmex microps Borgmeier, 1955
 * Neivamyrmex minor (Cresson, 1872)
 * Neivamyrmex mojave (Smith, M.R., 1943)
 * Neivamyrmex moseri Watkins, 1969
 * Neivamyrmex ndeh Snelling & Snelling, 2007
 * Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson, 1872)
 * Neivamyrmex nyensis Watkins, 1977
 * Neivamyrmex opacithorax (Emery, 1894)
 * Neivamyrmex pauxillus (Wheeler, W.M., 1903)
 * Neivamyrmex pilosus (Smith, M.R., 1942)
 * Neivamyrmex rugulosus Borgmeier, 1953
 * Neivamyrmex swainsonii (Shuckard, 1840)
 * Neivamyrmex texanus Watkins, 1972
 * Neivamyrmex wilsoni Snelling & Snelling, 2007

Neoponera

 * Neoponera villosa (Fabricius, 1804)

Nesomyrmex

 * Nesomyrmex wilda Smith, M.R., 1943

Nomamyrmex

 * Nomamyrmex esenbeckii (Westwood, 1842)

Novomessor

 * Key to species


 * Novomessor albisetosus (Mayr, 1886)
 * Novomessor cockerelli (André, 1893)

Nylanderia

 * Key to species


 * Nylanderia arenivaga (Wheeler, W.M., 1905)
 * Nylanderia austroccidua (Trager, 1984)
 * Nylanderia bourbonica (Forel, 1886)
 * Nylanderia bruesii (Wheeler, W.M., 1903)
 * Nylanderia concinna (Trager, 1984)
 * Nylanderia deceptrix Messer, Cover & LaPolla, 2016
 * Nylanderia faisonensis (Forel, 1922)
 * Nylanderia flavipes (Smith, F., 1874)
 * Nylanderia fulva (Mayr, 1862)
 * Nylanderia guatemalensis (Forel, 1885)
 * Nylanderia hystrix (Trager, 1984)
 * Nylanderia magnella Kallal and LaPolla, 2012
 * Nylanderia parvula (Mayr, 1870)
 * Nylanderia phantasma (Trager, 1984)
 * Nylanderia pubens (Forel, 1893)
 * Nylanderia querna Kallal and LaPolla, 2012
 * Nylanderia steinheili (Forel, 1893)
 * Nylanderia terricola (Buckley, 1866)
 * Nylanderia trageri Kallal and LaPolla, 2012
 * Nylanderia vividula (Nylander, 1846)
 * Nylanderia wojciki (Trager, 1984)

Ochetellus

 * Ochetellus glaber (Mayr, 1862)

Odontomachus

 * Key to species


 * Odontomachus brunneus Patton, 1894
 * Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
 * Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
 * Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, M.R., 1937

Pachycondyla

 * Pachycondyla harpax Fabricius, 1804

Paratrechina

 * Paratrechina longicornis Latreille, 1802

Pheidole

 * Pheidole absurda Forel, 1886
 * Pheidole adrianoi Naves, 1985
 * Pheidole aurea Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole barbata Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole bicarinata Mayr, 1870
 * Pheidole bureni Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole californica Mayr, 1870
 * Pheidole carrolli Naves, 1985
 * Pheidole casta Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole cavigenis Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole cerebrosior Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole ceres Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Pheidole clementensis Gregg, 1969
 * Pheidole clydei Gregg, 1950
 * Pheidole cockerelli Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole constipata Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole crassicornis Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole creightoni Gregg, 1955
 * Pheidole davisi Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Pheidole dentata Mayr, 1886
 * Pheidole dentigula Smith, M.R., 1927
 * Pheidole desertorum Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Pheidole diversipilosa Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole elecebra Wheeler, W.M., 1904
 * Pheidole fervens (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Pheidole flavens Roger, 1863
 * Pheidole floridana Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole furtiva Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole gilvescens Creighton & Gregg, 1955
 * Pheidole grundmanni Smith, M.R., 1953
 * Pheidole hoplitica Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole humeralis Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole hyatti Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole indica Mayr, 1879
 * Pheidole inquilina Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Pheidole juniperae Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole lamia Wheeler, W.M., 1901
 * Pheidole littoralis Cole, 1952
 * Pheidole macclendoni Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole marcidula Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole megacephala Fabricius, 1793
 * Pheidole mera Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole metallescens Emery, 1895
 * Pheidole micula Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole militicida Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole moerens Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole morrisii Forel, 1886
 * Pheidole nuculiceps Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole obscurithorax Naves, 1985
 * Pheidole obtusospinosa Pergande, 1896
 * Pheidole paiute Gregg, 1959
 * Pheidole pelor Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole perpilosa Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole pilifera Roger, 1863
 * Pheidole pilosior Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole pinealis Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole porcula Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole portalensis Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole psammophila Creighton & Gregg, 1955
 * Pheidole rhea Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole rugulosa Gregg, 1959
 * Pheidole sciara Cole, 1955
 * Pheidole sciophila Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole senex Gregg, 1952
 * Pheidole sitiens Wilson, 2003
 * Pheidole soritis Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole spadonia Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole tepicana Pergande, 1896
 * Pheidole tetra Creighton, 1950
 * Pheidole texana Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Pheidole titanis Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Pheidole tysoni Forel, 1901
 * Pheidole vallicola Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole virago Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Pheidole vistana Forel, 1914
 * Pheidole wheelerorum MacKay, 1988
 * Pheidole xerophila Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Pheidole yaqui Creighton & Gregg, 1955

Platythyrea

 * Platythyrea punctata Smith, F., 1858

Pogonomyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Pogonomyrmex anergismus Cole, 1954
 * Pogonomyrmex anzensis Cole, 1968
 * Pogonomyrmex apache Wheeler, W.M., 1902
 * Pogonomyrmex badius Latreille, 1802
 * Pogonomyrmex barbatus Smith, F., 1858
 * Pogonomyrmex bicolor Cole, 1968
 * Pogonomyrmex bigbendensis Francke & Merickel, 1982
 * Pogonomyrmex brevispinosus Cole, 1968
 * Pogonomyrmex californicus Buckley, 1867
 * Pogonomyrmex colei Snelling, 1982
 * Pogonomyrmex comanche Wheeler, W.M., 1902
 * Pogonomyrmex desertorum Wheeler, W.M., 1902
 * Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri Johnson, Overson and Moreau, 2013
 * Pogonomyrmex huachucanus Wheeler, W.M., 1914
 * Pogonomyrmex imberbiculus Wheeler, W.M., 1902
 * Pogonomyrmex magnacanthus Cole, 1968
 * Pogonomyrmex maricopa Wheeler, W.M., 1914
 * Pogonomyrmex mohavensis Johnson, 2009
 * Pogonomyrmex montanus MacKay, 1980
 * Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson, 1865
 * Pogonomyrmex pima Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Pogonomyrmex rugosus Emery, 1895
 * Pogonomyrmex salinus Olsen, 1934
 * Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr, 1870
 * Pogonomyrmex subnitidus Emery, 1895
 * Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus Forel, 1914
 * Pogonomyrmex texanus Francke & Merickel, 1982

Polyergus

 * Key to species


 * Polyergus bicolor Wasmann, 1901
 * Polyergus breviceps Emery, 1893
 * Polyergus longicornis Smith, M.R., 1947
 * Polyergus lucidus Mayr, 1870
 * Polyergus mexicanus Forel, 1899
 * Polyergus montivagus Wheeler, 1915
 * Polyergus oligergus Trager, 2013
 * Polyergus ruber Trager, 2013
 * Polyergus sanwaldi Trager, 2013
 * Polyergus topoffi Trager, 2013
 * Polyergus vinosus Trager, 2013

Ponera

 * Key to species


 * Ponera exotica Smith, M.R., 1962
 * Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley, 1866

Poneracantha

 * Poneracantha triangularis (Mayr, 1887)

Prenolepis

 * Prenolepis imparis (Say, 1836)

Prionopelta

 * Prionopelta antillana Forel, 1909

Proceratium

 * Key to species


 * Proceratium californicum Cook, 1953
 * Proceratium chickasaw De Andrade, 2003
 * Proceratium compitale Ward, 1988
 * Proceratium crassicorne Emery, 1895
 * Proceratium creek De Andrade, 2003
 * Proceratium croceum Roger, 1860
 * Proceratium pergandei Emery, 1895
 * Proceratium silaceum Roger, 1863

Pseudomyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Pseudomyrmex apache Creighton, 1953
 * Pseudomyrmex caeciliae Forel, 1913
 * Pseudomyrmex cubaensis Forel, 1901 (possibly introduced from the Greater Antilles and/or Bahamas)
 * Pseudomyrmex ejectus Smith, F., 1858
 * Pseudomyrmex elongatulus (Dalle Torre 1892)
 * Pseudomyrmex elongatus Mayr, 1870 (possibly introduced from Costa Rica and/or Jamaica)
 * Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius, 1804)
 * Pseudomyrmex leptosus Ward, 1985
 * Pseudomyrmex pallidus Smith, F., 1855
 * Pseudomyrmex seminole Ward, 1985
 * Pseudomyrmex simplex Smith, F., 1877

Pseudoponera

 * Pseudoponera stigma (Fabricius, 1804)

Rogeria

 * Key to species


 * Rogeria creightoni Snelling, 1973
 * Rogeria foreli Emery, 1894

Solenopsis

 * Solenopsis abdita Thompson, 1989
 * Solenopsis amblychila Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Solenopsis carolinensis Forel, 1901
 * Solenopsis corticalis Forel, 1881
 * Solenopsis geminata Fabricius, 1804
 * Solenopsis globularia (Smith, F., 1858)
 * Solenopsis impolita Moreno, Mackay & Pacheco, 2013
 * Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972
 * Solenopsis krockowi Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Solenopsis melina Pacheco & Mackay, 2013
 * Solenopsis molesta Say, 1836
 * Solenopsis nickersoni Thompson, 1982
 * Solenopsis ocellata Moreno, Mackay & Pacheco, 2013
 * Solenopsis pergandei Forel, 1901
 * Solenopsis phoretica Davis & Deyrup, 2006
 * Solenopsis picta Emery, 1895
 * Solenopsis pilosula Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Solenopsis pulleni Pacheco, Mackay & Moreno, 2013
 * Solenopsis quadridentata Pacheco, Mackay & Moreno, 2013
 * Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909
 * Solenopsis salina Wheeler, W.M., 1908
 * Solenopsis subterranea MacKay & Vinson, 1989
 * Solenopsis tennesseensis Smith, M.R., 1951
 * Solenopsis texana Forel, 1901
 * Solenopsis tonsa Thompson, 1989
 * Solenopsis validiuscula Emery, l895
 * Solenopsis whitfordi Mackay, Moreno & Pacheco, 2013
 * Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1880

Stenamma

 * Stenamma brevicorne (Mayr, 1886)
 * Stenamma californicum Snelling, 1973
 * Stenamma chiricahua Snelling, 1973
 * Stenamma diecki Emery, 1895
 * Stenamma dyscheres Snelling, 1973
 * Stenamma exasperatum Snelling, 1973
 * Stenamma foveolocephalum Smith, M.R., 1930
 * Stenamma heathi Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Stenamma huachucanum Smith, M.R., 1957
 * Stenamma impar Forel, 1901
 * Stenamma meridionale Smith, M.R., 1957
 * Stenamma punctatoventre Snelling, 1973
 * Stenamma schmittii Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Stenamma sequoiarum Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Stenamma smithi Cole, 1966
 * Stenamma snellingi Bolton, 1995
 * Stenamma wheelerorum Snelling, 1973

Stigmatomma

 * Key to species


 * Stigmatomma oregonense Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Stigmatomma pallipes Haldeman, 1844
 * Stigmatomma trigonignathum (Brown, 1949)

Strumigenys

 * Key to species


 * Strumigenys abdita Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G., 1939
 * Strumigenys ananeotes Longino & Booher, 2019
 * Strumigenys angulata Smith, M.R., 1931
 * Strumigenys apalachicolensis Deyrup & Libertazzi, 2001
 * Strumigenys archboldi Deyrup & Cover, 1998
 * Strumigenys arizonica Ward, 1988
 * Strumigenys bimarginata Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G., 1939
 * Strumigenys boltoni Deyrup, 2006
 * Strumigenys boneti Brown, 1959
 * Strumigenys brevisetosa Smith, M.R., 1935
 * Strumigenys bunki Brown, 1950
 * Strumigenys californica Brown, 1950
 * Strumigenys carolinensis Brown, 1964
 * Strumigenys chiricahua Ward, 1988
 * Strumigenys cloydi Pfitzer, 1951
 * Strumigenys clypeata Roger, 1863
 * Strumigenys creightoni Smith, M.R., 1931
 * Strumigenys dietrichi Smith, M.R., 1931
 * Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890
 * Strumigenys emmae Emery, 1890
 * Strumigenys epinotalis Weber, 1934
 * Strumigenys filirrhina Brown, 1950
 * Strumigenys filitalpa Brown, 1950
 * Strumigenys godeffroyi
 * Strumigenys gundlachi Roger, 1862
 * Strumigenys hexamera Brown, 1958
 * Strumigenys hyalina Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys inopina Deyrup & Cover, 1998
 * Strumigenys laevinasis Smith, M.R., 1931
 * Strumigenys lanuginosa Wheeler, W.M., 1905
 * Strumigenys louisianae Roger, 1863
 * Strumigenys margaritae Forel, 1893
 * Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869
 * Strumigenys memorialis Deyrup, 1998
 * Strumigenys metazytes Bolton, 2000
 * Strumigenys missouriensis Smith, M.R., 1931
 * Strumigenys nevermanni Brown, 1959
 * Strumigenys ornata Mayr, 1887
 * Strumigenys pergandei Emery, 1895
 * Strumigenys pilinasis Forel, 1901
 * Strumigenys pulchella Emery, 1895
 * Strumigenys reflexa Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G., 1939
 * Strumigenys reliquia Ward, 1988
 * Strumigenys rogeri Emery, 1890
 * Strumigenys rohweri Smith, M.R., 1935
 * Strumigenys rostrata Emery, 1895
 * Strumigenys silvestrii Emery, 1906
 * Strumigenys subnuda MacGown & Hill, 2010
 * Strumigenys superstes Booher & Uhey, 2020
 * Strumigenys talpa Weber, 1934
 * Strumigenys wrayi Brown, 1950

Syscia

 * Syscia augustae (Wheeler 1902)
 * Syscia madrensis Longino & Branstetter, 2021
 * Syscia quisquilis Longino & Branstetter, 2021

Tapinoma

 * Key to species


 * Tapinoma litorale Wheeler, W.M., 1905 (possibly introduced from the Caribbean)
 * Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793)
 * Tapinoma schreiberi Hamm, 2010
 * Tapinoma sessile Say, 1836

Technomyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Technomyrmex difficilis Forel, 1892
 * Technomyrmex vitiensis Mann, 1921

Temnothorax

 * Key to Temnothorax species of California


 * Temnothorax adustus MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax allardycei Mann, 1920
 * Temnothorax ambiguus Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax americanus Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax anaphalantus Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax andersoni MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax andrei Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax arboreus Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax bestelmeyeri MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax bradleyi Wheeler, W.M., 1913
 * Temnothorax bristoli MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax caguatan Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax carinatus Cole, 1957
 * Temnothorax chandleri MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax cokendolpheri MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax coleenae MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax curvispinosus Mayr, 1866
 * Temnothorax duloticus Wesson, L.G., 1937
 * Temnothorax emmae MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax furunculus Wheeler, W.M., 1909
 * Temnothorax gallae Smith, M.R., 1949
 * Temnothorax hispidus Cole, 1957
 * Temnothorax josephi MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax liebi MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax longispinosus Roger, 1863
 * Temnothorax minutissimus Smith, M.R., 1942
 * Temnothorax misomoschus Prebus, 2021
 * Temnothorax morongo Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax myrmiciformis Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax nuwuvi Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax neomexicanus Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax nevadensis Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax nitens Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax obliquicanthus Cole, 1953
 * Temnothorax obturator Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax oxynodis MacKay, 2000
 * Temnothorax paiute Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax palustris Deyrup & Cover, 2004
 * Temnothorax pergandei Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax pilagens Seifert, Kleeberg et al., 2014
 * Temnothorax politus Smith, M.R., 1939
 * Temnothorax pseudandrei Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax quasimodo Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax quercicola Prebus, 2021
 * Temnothorax rudis Wheeler, W.M., 1917
 * Temnothorax rugatulus Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax rugosus (Mackay, W.P., 2000)
 * Temnothorax schaumii Roger, 1863
 * Temnothorax schmittii Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax silvestrii Santschi, 1911
 * Temnothorax smithi Baroni Urbani, 1978
 * Temnothorax stenotyle Cole, 1956
 * Temnothorax subditivus Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax terrigena Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax texanus Wheeler, W.M., 1903
 * Temnothorax torrei Aguayo, 1931
 * Temnothorax tricarinatus Emery, 1895
 * Temnothorax tuscaloosae Wilson, 1951
 * Temnothorax wardi Snelling, Borowiec & Prebus, 2014
 * Temnothorax whitfordi MacKay, 2000

Tetramorium

 * Key to species


 * Tetramorium atratulum (Schenck, 1852)
 * Tetramorium bicarinatum Nylander, 1846
 * Tetramorium caldarium Roger, 1857
 * Tetramorium hispidum Wheeler, W.M., 1915
 * Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927
 * Tetramorium insolens (Smith, F., 1861)
 * Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870
 * Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, 1870
 * Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, F., 1851)
 * Tetramorium spinosum Pergande, 1896
 * Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925

Trachymyrmex

 * Key to species


 * Trachymyrmex arizonensis (Wheeler, W.M., 1907)
 * Trachymyrmex carinatus Mackay & Mackay, 1997
 * Trachymyrmex desertorum (Wheeler, W.M., 1911)
 * Trachymyrmex nogalensis Byars, 1951
 * Trachymyrmex pomonae Rabeling & Cover, 2007
 * Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook, 1881)
 * Trachymyrmex smithi Buren, 1944

Trichomyrmex

 * Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851)

Typhlomyrmex

 * Typhlomyrmex species

Veromessor

 * Key to species


 * Veromessor andrei (Mayr, 1886)
 * Veromessor chamberlini (Wheeler, W.M., 1915)
 * Veromessor chicoensis (Smith, M.R., 1956)
 * Veromessor lariversi (Smith, M.R., 1951)
 * Veromessor lobognathus (Andréws, 1916)
 * Veromessor pergandei (Mayr, 1886)
 * Veromessor smithi Cole, 1963
 * Veromessor stoddardi (Emery, 1895)

Vollenhovia

 * Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler, W.M., 1906
 * Vollenhovia nipponica Kinomura & Yamauchi, 1992

Wasmannia

 * Wasmannia auropunctata Roger, 1863

Xenomyrmex

 * Xenomyrmex floridanus Emery, 1895

Uncertain species
The following species were described from the United States but their true identities are currently unknown.
 * Aphaenogaster opposita (Say, 1836)
 * Atta pilosa (Buckley, 1867)
 * Atta tardigrada (Buckley, 1867)
 * Camponotus americana (Buckley, 1866)
 * Camponotus atra (Buckley, 1866)
 * Camponotus lautus (Say, 1836)
 * Camponotus septentrionalis (Buckley, 1866)
 * Camponotus tejonia (Buckley, 1866)
 * Formica arenicola Buckley, 1866
 * Formica connecticutensis Buckley, 1866
 * Formica dislocata Say, 1836
 * Formica lincecumii Buckley, 1866
 * Formica nortonii Buckley, 1866
 * Formica novaanglae Buckley, 1866
 * Formica occidentalis Buckley, 1866
 * Formica omnivora Linnaeus, 1758
 * Formica politurata Buckley, 1866
 * Formica saccharivora Linnaeus, 1758
 * Formica saxicola Buckley, 1866
 * Formica subspinosa Buckley, 1866
 * Formica tenuissima Buckley, 1866
 * Formica triangularis Say, 1836
 * Formica virginiana Buckley, 1866
 * Lasius monticola (Buckley, 1866)
 * Myrmica corrugata Say, 1836
 * Myrmica diversa Buckley, 1867
 * Myrmica inflecta Say, 1836
 * Myrmica lineolata Buckley, 1867
 * Myrmica montana Buckley, 1867
 * Myrmica scabrata Buckley, 1867
 * Myrmica sublanuginosa Buckley, 1867
 * Neivamyrmex coeca (Buckley, 1867)
 * Nylanderia perminuta (Buckley, 1866)
 * Pheidole bahai (Forel, 1922)
 * Pheidole buckleyi Smith, M.R., 1951
 * Pheidole picea (Buckley, 1867)
 * Polyergus texana Buckley, 1866
 * Solenopsis brazoensis (Buckley, 1867)
 * Solenopsis madara Roger, 1863
 * Solenopsis sabeana (Buckley, 1867)

Previous Records

 * Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler, W.M., 1908: Found in Polk City, Polk County, Florida (Smith 1979) but apparently no longer present (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000).
 * Myrmica ruginodis Nylander, 1846: Several quarantine interceptions in New York and Washington, D.C. in the early 1900's, but no known recent records.
 * Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery, 1894: Single record from Catalina Island, California but no evidence it is currently present.