Odontomachus monticola

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online
Odontomachus monticola
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Ponerinae
Tribe: Ponerini
Genus: Odontomachus
Species: O. monticola
Binomial name
Odontomachus monticola
Emery, 1892

Odontomachus monticola casent0179010 profile 1.jpg

Odontomachus monticola casent0179010 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms


Common Name
Agito-ari
Language: Japanese

Odontomachus monticola is widespread in Asia, including India, Myanmer, mainland China and Taiwan. In China, its range extends north of Beijing to beyond 40 degrees N latitude (Teranishi, 1936, the species there reported as O. haematodus Linnaeus; see also Yasumatsu, 1962). In Japan, O. monticola were originally confined to the southwestern part of the country. Nevertheless, their habitat range has expanded to Tokyo due to climate change over the last few decades. They use their powerful stings to prey upon termites. Although they are not aggressive toward humans, their stings cause intense pain and prolonged itching (Kazuma et al., 2017). Nests are found under stones and in rotten wood. When escaping, workers will often jump backwards for some centimeters propelled by the force of their jaws snapping on the ground. On Yaku Island, Japan, it occurs at altitudes as high as 1200 m (Japanese Ant Image Database). In Uttarakhand, India they occur at altitudes greater than 1500m (Gupta S. K. 2004).

Identification

A member of the Odontomachus rixosus group.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 39.99067272° to 1.12898°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar (type locality), Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
pChart

Biology

Odontomachus monticola venom sting, sac, and gland: B - venom sac and gland dissected from the abdomen, C - venom sac and gland of panel B magnified.

Kazuma et al (2017) examined the composition of the venom of this ant through both transcriptomic and peptidomic analyses. They found: The transcriptome analysis yielded 49,639 contigs, of which 92 encoded toxin-like peptides and proteins with 18,106,338 mapped reads. We identified six pilosulin-like peptides by transcriptomic analysis in the venom gland. Further, we found intact pilosulin-like peptide 1 and truncated pilosulin-like peptides 2 and 3 by peptidomic analysis in the venom.

Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • monticola. Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892d: 560 (diagnosis in key) (w.) MYANMAR.
    • Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104), 4 paralectotype workers
    • Type-locality: lectotype Myanmar: Carin Checù, 1300-1400 m., ii.-iii.1888 (L. Fea); paralectotypes: 2 workers with same data, 2 workers Myanmar: Carin Asciuii Chebà, 800-1400 m., xii.1887 (L. Fea).
    • Type-depositories: MSNG (lectotype); MHNG, MSNG (paralectotypes).
    • Emery, 1895k: 463 (q.); Ogata, 1987: 126 (m.).
    • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 51; Emery, 1895k: 463 (redescription); Forel, 1900c: 58; Bingham, 1903: 48; Emery, 1911d: 114; Forel, 1913e: 659; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 233; Santschi, 1920h: 159; Santschi, 1924c: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44; Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105, 157; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Morisita, et al. 1989: 29; Terayama, 1989a: 28; Wang, M. 1992: 678; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1301; Wang, M. 1993a: 220 (in key); Radchenko, 1993a: 77; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 34; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 31; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 289; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Zhang, W. & Zheng, 2002: 218; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Lin & Wu, 2003: 67; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 29; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102 (redescription); Terayama, 2009: 116; Zhou & Ran, 2010: 106; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 56; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 42; Chen, Shi & Zhou, 2018: 6 (in key).
    • Senior synonym of formosae: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 60; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 52.
    • Senior synonym of hainanensis: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
    • Senior synonym of longi: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
    • Senior synonym of major: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
    • Senior synonym of pauperculus: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
    • Senior synonym of punctulatus: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
    • Senior synonym of striata: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.
    • Distribution: China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
  • formosae. Odontomachus monticola var. formosae Forel, 1912a: 46 (w.q.m.) TAIWAN.
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
    • Type-localities: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Kankan, Pilam, and Kosempo (H. Sauter).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • Subspecies of monticola: Forel, 1913f: 183; Santschi, 1925f: 82; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Teranishi, 1940: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Onoyama, 1980: 196; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Imai, et al. 2003: 212; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
  • hainanensis. Odontomachus monticola var. hainanensis Stitz, 1925: 115, fig. 3 (w.) CHINA (Hainan I.).
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: China: Hainan (Schoede).
    • Type-depository: MNHU.
    • Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 295; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
  • longi. Odontomachus monticola var. longi Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam, Meghalaya).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-localities: India: Assam (Long), and India: Assam, Garo Hills, CI/6 (Long).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • Subspecies of monticola: Bingham, 1903: 49; Forel, 1911d: 379; Emery, 1911d: 114; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
  • major. Odontomachus monticola var. major Forel, 1913f: 183 (w.) TAIWAN.
    • Type-material: 4 syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Taiwan (“Formosa”): Taihorin (H. Sauter).
    • Type-depository: MHNG, MSNG.
    • Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 59; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102; Terayama, 2009: 116.
  • pauperculus. Odontomachus monticola subsp. pauperculus Wheeler, W.M. 1921c: 530 (w.) CHINA (Zhejiang).
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: China: Mokanshan (N.G. Gee).
    • Type-depository: MCZC.
    • Subspecies of monticola: Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Yasumatsu, 1962: 93; Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 296; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
  • punctulatus. Odontomachus monticola r. punctulatus Forel, 1900c: 58 (w.) INDIA (Assam).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: India: Assam, LXI’X/7 (Pennington).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • Status as species: Bingham, 1903: 49; Emery, 1911d: 114; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 8; Mukerjee, 1930: 149; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 61; Wu, C.F. 1941: 149; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 45; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 290 (error).
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 102.
  • striata. Odontomachus latidens susbp. striata Menozzi, 1930d: 329 (w.) CHINA (Hong Kong).
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: China: Hong Kong (H. Eidmann).
    • Type-depository: IEUB.
    • Subspecies of latidens: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 44.
    • Junior synonym of monticola: Brown, 1976a: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 297; Zhou, 2001b: 26; Yoshimura, Onoyama & Ogata, 2007: 104.

Description

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from Yoshimura et al, 2007, where this species is redescribed.

Worker

Head in full-face view constricted by distinct extraocular furrow in posterior half. Posterior margin of head in full-face view slightly concave. Mandible elongateand linear, its length about half of HL. Teeth of mandible divided into apical group and preapical group: apical group consisting of large and acute apical teeth, smaller intercalary teeth, and truncate subapical teeth, last ones wide and short in newly emerged specimens, but subject to various degrees of erosion with use; preapical group consisting of 8–11 small denticles (Fig. 3F). Palp formula 4, 4 (1 dissected). Scape slender and long, exceeding posterior margin of head.

Mesosoma slender to stout. With mesosoma in dorsal view, mesepisternum without lateral projection. Anterior portion of mesonotum slightly convex in lateral view. Propodeum elongated posteriorly, dorsum nearly straight in lateral view. Pair of processes on metasternum gently raised, their height less than their basal width (Fig. 3D). Petiole variable in shape. With petiole in lateral view, node often symmetrically raised with its anterior margin gently convex and often making distinct angle with margin of petiolar apical spine; apical spine long to moderate in length and sharp. True petiolar peduncle reduced to anterior collar. Subpetiolar process developed but variable, its ventral apex in lateral view blunt. With head in full-face view, ocular ridge, extraocular furrow, and area posterior to extraocular furrow fully striate or partially lacking striae. With head in lateral view, area posterior to extraocular furrow distinctly striated or mostly smooth.

Whole pronotum, mesonotum, and propodeum in dorsal view transversely or circularly striated. In lateral view, most of mesepisternum striated. Petiolar tergite in lateral view weakly striated or completely lacking striation. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III not striated and opaque. Pronotal dorsum with dense pubescence. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III without setae. Body almost uniformly blackish brown.


Measurements:

Lectotype: HL 2.79, HW 2.31, ML 1.65, CI 82.8, SL 2,85, SI 123.4, FLW 0.66, EL 0.33, WL 4.05, PtL 0.62, PtH 1.17, A3L 1.77, A3H 1.65.

Two syntypes of Odontonachus monticola formosae: HL 3.02–3.23, HW 2.27–2.45, HD 1.72–1.83, ML 1.67–1.81, CI 75.2–75.9, SL 2.95–3.06, SI 124.9–130.0, FLW 0.66–0.72, EL 0.34–0.38, WL 3.78–3.96, PtL 0.65, PtH 1.30–1.34, PtHI 200.0–206.2, A3L 1.92–2.15, A3H 1.83–1.87.

Twenty other individuals collected in Japan: HL 2.56–3.15, HW 2.00–2.57, HD 1.49–1.89, ML 1.45–1.83, CI 76.6–81.6, SL 2.63–3.16, SI 117.5–132.7, FLW 0.43–0.79, EL 0.29–0.41, WL 3.34–4.21, PtL 0.60–0.78, PtH 1.15–1.52, PtHI 168.0–212.7, A3L 1.60–2.05, A3H 1.59–2.00.


Queen

Generally similar to workers but with usual caste differences. Distinct ocelli situated on midlength of head in full-face view. Subapical tooth of mandible wide and short, only as long as its own basal width. Apex of subapical tooth truncate, its anteroapical corner with a small dent. Mesoscutum and scutellum developed, scutellum raised dorsally in lateral view. Metanotum not convex in lateral view. Mesepisternum in lateral view with distinct oblique furrow. Petiolar peduncle, node, and subpetiolar process in lateral view similar to those of workers. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III steeply raised. With head in full-face view, ocular ridge, extraocular furrow, and area posterior to extraocular furrow fully striated to partially lacking striae. With head in lateral view, area posterior to extraocular furrow distinctly striated to mostly smooth. Whole pronotum in dorsal view transversely striated. Mesoscutum and scutellum in dorsal view with longitudinal or transverse striae, but development of striae variable. Development of striae on mesepisternum variable. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III not striated. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergite III without setae. Body almost uniformly blackish brown


Measurements:

Three individuals of Odontomachus monticola formosae used by Forel (1913) [MHNG: labeled as “typus” (see comments)]: HL 3.12–3.14, HW 2.43–2.58, HD 1.73–1.79, ML 1.76–1.79, CI 77.4–82.7, SL 2.95–2.99, SI 115.9–121.4, FLW 0.69–0.71, EL 0.36–0.38, PrH 1.34–1.39, MsH 0.68–0.77, MsI 50.7–57.5, WL 4.14–4.25, PtL 0.74, PtH 1.60, PtHI 216.2, A3L 2.40–2.48, A3H 2.22–2.28.

One individual collected in Japan: HL 2.75, HW 2.25, HD 1.68, ML 1.63, CI 81.8, SL 2.80, SI 124.4, FLW 0.66, EL 0.35, PrH 1.33, MsH 0.78, MsI 58.6, WL 3.77, PtL 0.73, PtH 1.60, PtHI 219.2, A3L 2.42, A3H 2.35.


Male

Head in full-face view subglobose and wider than long when eyes and ocelli included. Posterior margin of head with large, well-developed ocelli. Major axis of lateral ocellus as long as ocello-ocular space. Eye prominent, its length in full-face view distinctly shorter than head length excluding ocelli. Posterior margin of eye in lateral view slightly concave at midlength. Mandibles in full-face view (when fully opened) reduced, variable, and triangular; their masticatory faces not opposite, facing obliquely forward, expanded at their base, and lacking setae. PF 5, 4 or 6, 4 (1 dissected, 1 observed with SEM, and 4 observed in situ). Anterior margin of clypeus in full-face view convex, nearly straight in middle. Anterior tentorial pits distinct. Antenna long and filiform, consisting of 13 segments. Antennal scape short. Occipital carina distinct.

Mesosoma well developed. Pronotum in lateral view relatively thin, nearly as thick as mesoscutum. Scutellum strongly convex dorsally. Metanotum convex posterodorsally. Petiole high, with petiolar tergite higher than long. Subpetiolar process well developed, its apex sharper than that of queens. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III gently raised. Paramere short, exceeding apical margin of abdominal sternum IX by 1/4 of paramere length. Paramere in lateral view bent ventrally at single point at around 1/3 of its length. Abdominal sternum IX expanded in basal half in ventral view, this expansion most pronounced in its basal half. Apical margin of forewing relatively sharp (compare Fig. 8A and 8B). On forewing, costa (C), radius (R) and radial sector 1 (Rs1), and 2r-m and cu-a crossveins clearly present. Media (M) reduced from meeting point with 2r-m cross-vein, cubitus (Cu) and anals (A) also reduced from their own meeting point. Rs2 entirely absent, but often with vestiges of branch on 2r-m cross-vein. On hind wing, R Rs, R and M Cu, and r-m and cu-a cross-veins clearly present. Rs, M, Cu, and distal 1/4 of A nearly vestigial. Jugal lobe developed. Body almost uniformly yellowish brown.


Measurements:

One individual of Odontomachus monticola formosae [MHNG: labeled as “typus” (see comments)]: HL 1.22, HW 1.47, HD 0.86, CI 120.5, EL 0.82, PrH 0.89, MsH 0.75, MsI 84.3, WL 3.20, PtL 0.65, PtH 0.92, PtHI 141.5, A3L 1.64, A3H 1.23.

Five individuals collected in Japan: HL 1.13–1.23, HW 1.40–1.48, HD 0.80–0.90, CI 120.3–125.4, EL 0.80–0.87, PrH 0.80–0.93, MsH 0.63–0.69, MsI 72.0–82.9, WL 2.95–3.24, PtL 0.64–0.68, PtH 0.80–0.96, PtHI 121.2–150.0, A3L 1.46–1.62, A3H 1.07–1.18.

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Abe T. 1974. Notes on the fauna of ants in Iriomote Island. Ecol. Stud. Nat. Cons. Ryukyu Isl. 1:105-111.
  • Azuma, S. and M. Kinjo. 1987. Family Formicidae, In Checklist of the insects of Okinawa. The Biological Society of Okinawa, Nishihara. Pages 310-312.
  • Bharti H., Y. P. Sharma, M. Bharti, and M. Pfeiffer. 2013. Ant species richness, endemicity and functional groups, along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas. Asian Myrmecology 5: 79-101.
  • Brown W. L., Jr. 1976. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section A. Introduction, subtribal characters. Genus Odontomachus. Stud. Entomol. 19: 67-171.
  • CSIRO Collection
  • Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
  • Chen P., Y. Su, S. S. Rao, Y. F. Long, and C. H. Du. 2012. Study on the ant diversity in different Illicium verum stands. Journal of West China Forestry Science 41(1): 60-68.
  • Chen Y., C.-W. Luo, H. W Li, Z. H. Xu, Y. J. Liu, and S. J. Zhao. 2011. The investigation of soil ant resources on the West slope of Mt Ailao. Hubei Agricultural Sciences 50(7): 1356-1359.
  • Choi B.M., K. Ogata, and M. Terayama. 1993. Comparative studies of ant faunas of Korea and Japan. 1. Faunal comparison among islands of Southern Korean and northern Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 48(1): 37-49.
  • Eguchi K., B. T. Viet, and S. Yamane. 2014. Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part II—Cerapachyinae, Aenictinae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae and Proceratiinae. Zootaxa 3860: 001-046.
  • Eguchi K., T. V. Bui, S. Yamane, H. Okido, and K. Ogata. 2004. Ant faunas of Ba Vi and Tam Dao, North Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Inst. Trop. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 27: 77-98.
  • Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
  • Fellowes J. R., and D. Dudgeon. 2003. Common ants of lowland forests in Hong Kong, Tropical China. Proceedings of the 2nd ANeT Workshop and Seminar, p. 19-43.
  • Fontanilla A. M., A. Nakamura, Z. Xu, M. Cao, R. L. Kitching, Y. Tang, and C. J. Burwell. 2019. Taxonomic and functional ant diversity along tropical, subtropical, and subalpine elevational transects in southwest China. Insects 10, 128; doi:10.3390/insects10050128
  • Forel A. 1900. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part VI. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 52-65.
  • Forel A. 1911. Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 47: 331-400.
  • Forel A. 1912. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Formicidae (Hym.) (Schluss). Entomol. Mitt. 1: 45-61.
  • Forel A. 1913. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Formicidae II. Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(6): 183-202
  • Ghosh S. N., S. Sheela, B. G. Kundu, S. Roychowdhury, and R. N. Tiwari. 2006. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 369-398 in: Alfred, J. R. B. (ed.) 2006. Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh. (Part -2). [State Fauna Series 13.]. New Delhi: Zoological Survey of India, iv + 518 pp.
  • Guo X., Q. Lin, J. Cui, D. Gao, S. Xu, and Z. Sheng. 2014. Biodiversity and spatial distribution patterns of ant species in tea gardens of Chongqing. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31052
  • Gupta S. K. 2004. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Aculeata. Some selected fauna of Gobind Pashu Vihar, Conservation Area Series, 18 : 21-2.
  • Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
  • Harada Y., H. Yadori, M. Yoneda, R. Takinami, K. Nagahama, Y. Matsumoto, A. Oyama, S. Maeda, and S. Yamane. 2009. Ant fauna of Tanegashima (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nankiseibutu, the Nanki Biological Society 51(1): 15-21.
  • Harada Y., Y. Matsumoto, S. Maeda, A. Oyama, and S. Yamane. 2009. Comparison of ant fauna among different habitats of Yaku-shima Island, southern Japan. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 64: 125-134.
  • Hosoichi S., M. Yoshimura, Y. Kuboki, and K. Ogata. 2007. Ants from Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture. Ari 30: 47-54.
  • Hosoishi S., M. Yoshimura, Y. Kuboki, and K. Ogata. 2007. Ants from Yakushima Island , Kagoshima Prefecture. Ari 30: 47-54.
  • Hua Li-zhong. 2006. List of Chinese insects Vol. IV. Pages 262-273. Sun Yat-sen university Press, Guangzhou. 539 pages.
  • Jaitrong W., B. Guenard, E. P. Economo, N. Buddhakala, and S. Yamane. 2016. A checklist of known ant species of Laos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Asian Myrmecology 8: 1-32. DOI: 10.20362/am.008019
  • Li Q., Y. Chen, S. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Zhu, and S. Wang. 2009. Diversity of ants in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Pu'er City, Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 17(3): 233-239.
  • Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
  • Lin S. Y., B. Di Giusto, A. Bain, and L. S. Chou. 2016. Variation of ant community structure on Ficus benguetensis. Taiwania 61(1): 49-57.
  • Liu X. 2012. Taxonomy, diversity and spatial distribution characters of the ant family Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in southeastern Tibet. PhD Thesis 139 pages
  • Liu X., Z. Xu, N. Yu, and C. Zhang. 2016. Distribution patterns of ant species ( Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Galongla Mountains and Medog Valley of Southeastern Tibet. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 52(11): 88-95.
  • Lu Z., Y. Chen, Q. Li, S. Wang, C. Liu, and W. Zhang. 2012. Effect of population of Kerria yunnanensis on diversity of ground dwelling ant. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(19): 6195-6202.
  • Mathew R., and R. N. Tiwari. 2000. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 251-409 in: Director; Zoological Survey of India (ed.) 2000. Fauna of of Meghalaya. Part 7. [State Fauna Series 4.] Insecta 2000. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, 621 pp.
  • Morisita M. 1987. Problems on Odontomachus in Japan. ARI Reports of the Myrmecologists Society (Japan) 15: 4
  • Ogata K. 1997. A generic synopsis of the Poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia 25: 97-132.
  • Ogata K. 2005. Asian ant inventory and international networks. Report on Insect inventory Project in Tropic Asia TAIIV: 145-170.
  • Onoyama K. 1976. A premilinary study on the ant fauna of Okinawa-ken, with taxonomic notes (Japan; Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ecol. Stud. Nat. Cons. Ryukyu Isl. II: 121-141.
  • Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58
  • Radchenko A. G. 1993. Ants from Vietnam in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw. I. Pseudomyrmicinae, Dorylinae, Ponerinae. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 44: 75-82.
  • Santschi F. 1920. Fourmis d'Indo-Chine. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 60: 158-176.
  • Santschi F. 1925. Contribution à la faune myrmécologique de la Chine. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 56: 81-96.
  • Senzaki M., M. Terayama, E. Sunamura, S. Kubota, and M. Takakuwa. 2012. Occurrence of trap-jawed ant, Odontomachus monticola, in the Kanto District, Japan. Gekkan-Mushi 4: 13-14.
  • Shimana Y., and S. Yamane. 2009. Geogrpahical distribution of Technomyrmex brunneus Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the western part of the mainland of Kagoshima, South Kyushu, Japan. Ari 32: 9-19.
  • Song Y., Z. Xu, C. Li, N. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Jiang, and F. Mo. 2013. An Analysis on the Ant Fauna of the Nangun river Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China. Forest Research 26(6): 773-780.
  • Staab M., A. Schuldt, T. Assmann, H. Bruelheide, and A.M. Klein. 2014. Ant community structure during forest succession in a subtropical forest in South-East China. Acta Oecologia 61: 32-40.
  • Tang J., Li S., Huang E., Zhang B. and Chen Y. 1995. Hymenoptera: Formicidae (1). Economic Insect Fauna of China 47: 1-133.
  • Terayama M. 1983. Kagoshima-ken-hondo no ari. Kanagawa-chucho (Journal of the Kanagawa Entomologists Association): 13-24.
  • Terayama M. 1989. The ant tribe Odontomachini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Taiwan, with a description of a nes species. Edaphologia 40: 25-29.
  • Terayama M. 1992. Structure of ant communities in East Asia. A. Regional differences and species richness. Bulletin of the Bio-geographical Society of Japan 47: 1-31.
  • Terayama M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts 17:81-266.
  • Terayama M., K. Ogata, and B.M. Choi. 1994. Distribution records of ants in 47 prefectures of Japan. Ari (report of the Myrmecologists Society of Japan) 18: 5-17.
  • Terayama M., S. Kubota, and K. Eguchi. 2014. Encyclopedia of Japanese ants. Asakura Shoten: Tokyo, 278 pp.
  • Terayama M., and S. Yamane. 1984. Ants of Yaku-shima Island, the northern Ryukyus, with reference to their altitudinal distribution (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Cons. Rep. Yaku-shima Wildness Area, Kyushu, Japan, pp. 643-667. Nat. Cons. Bureau, Env. Agency, Japan.
  • Terayama, M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta; Hymenoptera). The Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University 17: 81-266.
  • Terayama. M. and Inoue. N. 1988. Ants collected by the members of the Soil Zoological Expedition to Taiwan. ARI Reports of the Myrmecologists Society (Japan) 18: 25-28
  • Tiwari R. N., B. G. Kundu, S. Roy Chowdhury, and S. N. Ghosh. 2003. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Fauna of Sikkim. Part 4. State Fauna Series. 9.Zool.Surv.India. i-iii, 1-512. Chapter pagination: 467-506.
  • Tiwari R.N., B.G. Kundu, S. Roychowdhury, S.N. Ghosh. 1999. Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Pp. 211-294 in: Director; Zoological Survey of India (ed.) 1999. Fauna of West Bengal. Part 8. Insecta (Trichoptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera and Anoplura). Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, iv + 442 pp.
  • Wang C. and Wu J. 1992. Ants of the Jianfengling forest region in Hainan Province (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 28: 561-564.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1921. Chinese ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64: 529-547.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1928. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in China. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 22: 3-38.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1929. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24: 27-64.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1930. A list of the known Chinese ants. Peking Natural History Bulletin 5: 53-81.
  • Yamane S., S. Ikudome, and M. Terayama. 1999. Identification guide to the Aculeata of the Nansei Islands, Japan. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, xii + 831 pp. pp, 138-317.
  • Yamane S., Y. Harada and M. Yano. 1985. Ant fauna of Tanega-shima Island, the northern Ryukyus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Mem. Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac. 6(1): 166-173.
  • Yamane S., Y. Harada, and K. Eguchi. 2013. Classification and ecology of ants. Natural history of ants in Southern Kyushu. 200 pages
  • Yamane S.; Bui T. V.; Ogata K.; Okido H.; Eguchi K. 2002. Ant fauna of Cuc Phuong National Park, North Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University 25: 51-62.
  • Yamane S.; Ikudome, S.; Terayama, M. 1999. Identification guide to the Aculeata of the Nansei Islands, Japan. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, xii + 831 pp. pp138-317.
  • Yoshimura M.; Onoyama, K.; Ogata, K. 2007. The ants of the genus Odontomachus (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Japan. Species Diversity 12:89-112.
  • Zhang C., Z. Xu, N. Yu, Q. He, and X. Liu. 2012. Distribution Patterns of Ant Species on East Slope of Mount Demola and Zayu Valley in Southeastern Tibet. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 40(3): 87-92
  • Zhou S.-Y. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press, Guilin, China, Guilin, China. 255 pp.