Mycetophylax asper

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online
Mycetophylax aspera'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Attini
Genus: Mycetophylax
Species: M. asper
Binomial name
Mycetophylax asper
(Mayr, 1887)

Mycetophylax asper usnment00921154 p 1 high.jpg

Mycetophylax asper usnment00921154 d 1 high.jpg

Specimen Labels

Identification

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: -26.468686° to -27.10307°.

 
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
pChart

Biology

Explore-icon.png Explore Fungus Growing 
For additional details see Fungus growing ants.

A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source.

These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius).


The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3.

Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category):

Nest Construction

A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests.

Lower Agriculture

Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae.

Coral Fungus Agriculture

Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae.

Yeast Agriculture

Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi.

Generalized Higher Agriculture

Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi.

Leaf-Cutter Agriculture

A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus.

Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Castes

Images from AntWeb

Mycetophylax asper usnment00921167 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921167 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921167 h 1 high.jpg
Worker. Specimen code usnment00921167. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment00921168 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 p 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 p 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 p 4 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921168 p 5 high.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code usnment00921168. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment00921169 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 p 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 p 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 p 4 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00921169 p 5 high.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code usnment00921169. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment00923112 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00923112 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00923112 l 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment00923112 h 1 high.jpg
Holotype of Mycetophylax asperQueen (alate/dealate). Specimen code usnment00923112. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by NHMW, Vienna, Austria.
Mycetophylax asper usnment01126244 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 h 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 d 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 h 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 d 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126244 d 4 high.jpg
Other (larva/pupa). Specimen code usnment01126244. Photographer Ana Jesovnik, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment01126245 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126245 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126245 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126245 h 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126245 p 2 high.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code usnment01126245. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment01126246 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 p 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 h 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 h 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 p 3 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126246 h 4 high.jpg
Worker. Specimen code usnment01126246. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Mycetophylax asper usnment01126247 d 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126247 h 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126247 p 1 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126247 p 2 high.jpgMycetophylax asper usnment01126247 p 3 high.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code usnment01126247. Photographer Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • asper. Cyphomyrmex asper Mayr, 1887: 561 (q.) BRAZIL.
    • Emery, 1906c: 162 (w.).
    • Combination in C. (Mycetosoritis): Emery, 1924d: 344.
    • Combination in Mycetosoritis: Kempf, 1972a: 146.
    • Combination in Mycetophylax: Sosa-Calvo et al., 2017: 9.

Description

References

  • Emery, C. 1906c [1905]. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XXVI. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 37: 107-194 (page 162, worker described)
  • Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 344, Combination in C. (Mycetosoritis))
  • Kempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da regia~o Neotropical. Stud. Entomol. 15: 3-344 (page 146, Combination in Mycetosoritis)
  • Mayr, G. 1887. Südamerikanische Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 511-632 (page 561, queen described)
  • Sosa-Calvo, J., JesÏovnik, A., Vasconcelos, H.L., Bacci, M. Jr., Schultz, T.R. 2017. Rediscovery of the enigmatic fungus-farming ant "Mycetosoritis" asper Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Implications for taxonomy, phylogeny, and the evolution of agriculture in ants. PLoS ONE 12: e0176498 (DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0176498).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Cuezzo, F. 1998. Formicidae. Chapter 42 in Morrone J.J., and S. Coscaron (dirs) Biodiversidad de artropodos argentinos: una perspectiva biotaxonomica Ediciones Sur, La Plata. Pages 452-462.
  • Favretto M. A., E. Bortolon dos Santos, and C. J. Geuster. 2013. Entomofauna from West of Santa Catarina State, South of Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 6 (1): 42-63.
  • Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
  • Rosa da Silva R. 1999. Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) do oeste de Santa Catarina: historico das coletas e lista atualizada das especies do Estado de Santa Catarina. Biotemas 12(2): 75-100.
  • Suguituru S. S., M. Santina de Castro Morini, R. M. Feitosa, and R. Rosa da Silva. 2015. Formigas do Alto Tiete. Canal 6 Editora 458 pages