Cardiocondyla shuckardi

Cardiocondyla shuckardi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Crematogastrini
Genus:	Cardiocondyla
Species:	C. shuckardi
Binomial name
Cardiocondyla shuckardi Forel, 1891 Specimen Label
Subspecies
Cardiocondyla shuckardi sculptinodis Santschi, 1913
Synonyms
Cardiocondyla brevispinosa Weber, 1952 Cardiocondyla fusca Weber, 1952 Cardiocondyla nuda shuckardoides Forel, 1895 Cardiocondyla wasmanni sculptior Santschi, 1926 Cardiocondyla wassmanni Santschi, 1926

The most common and widespread endemic Cardiocondyla species in the Afrotropical region.

At a Glance

• Facultatively polygynous  • Ergatoid male

Identification

Bolton (1982) - C. shuckardi is recognised by its dimensions and extremely reduced propodeal armament. Other species in the region with reduced propodeal armament include Cardiocondyla monardi, Cardiocondyla sekhemka and Cardiocondyla nilotica. In the first of these the metanotal groove is absent and the pedicel segments are very elongate. C. sekhemka is a much smaller species with shorter scapes and a broader head, and nilotica has longer scapes than shuckardi and a narrower postpetiole.

Seifert (2003) - A member of the Cardiocondyla shuckardi group. Cardiocondyla shuckardi is treated here as a polymorphic Malagasy and SE African species. The occurrence of transitions between the different sculpture and pubescence types observed in the type specimens of C. shuckardi and Cardiocondyla shuckardoides and the high overall similarity of these taxa suggest conspecifity.

Keys including this Species

• Key to Afrotropical Cardiocondyla workers
• Key to Holartic Cardiocondyla

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 25.45° to -34.326°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: Botswana, Cameroun, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Zimbabwe.
Malagasy Region: Madagascar (type locality).
Palaearctic Region: Kuwait.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Explore Overview of Cardiocondyla biology  Little is known about Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Until further studies reveal more about this species we can infer that its natural history and biology is likely similar to other members of the genus. Seifert revised the holarctic species of Cardiocondyla in 2003 and the following synopsis is based on his excellent treatment of the genus. References to other publications and more details about what is reported here can be found in Seifert (2003). Many Cardiocondyla species inhabit areas that experience frequent disturbance and/or are quite open. These may be human altered areas, where a number of Cardiocondyla tramp species thrive, but also natural areas such as semi deserts and steppes, immature soils at rivers, lakes, and sea shores and to a lesser extent forest margins or burned-down woodland patches. In contrast to this open-land group, the natural habitat affinities of many tropical species are primary rain forests. Nests are typically in soil and sometimes under stones. Two species are known to nest in vegetation but this is unusual for the genus. The single nest entrances is small (1-1.5 mm) and inconspicuous. In the desert nests can be relatively deep (> 1m) and have many chambers but in areas where conditions are less extreme there is generally a single chamber (15-20 mm diameter and 3-4 mm height) that is not far below the ground surface (2-15 cm). Cardiocondyla tramp species (Cardiocondyla wroughtonii, Cardiocondyla obscurior, Cardiocondyla mauritanica, Cardiocondyla emeryi and Cardiocondyla minutior) are known to be polygynous, as are some less widespread species, while other species are known to be monogynous. Cardiocondyla ants are omnivorous. Zoophagy (zoo necrophagy and killing of small weakly sclerotised arthropods), granivory, and nectarivory have also been noted. Tandem running has been observed as a method of recruitment to food sources in a few species. Intranidal mating appears to be the norm for most species in the genus. Mating strategies are species dependent and may take various forms. Winged males may mate within their nest or fly to and enter other colonies to mate. Queen mate intranidally and fly from their nest to begin a new colony, become integrated into their natal colony, or may walk away from their nest and establish a new colony nearby. Cardiocondyla are unusual in having peculiar male forms. Male polymorphism is found in some species with typical males and an ergatoid form. These latter males are wingless and worker like in appearance. Ergatoid males fight with other males within their natal nest. By killing potential rival males, a dominant male can monopolize matings with the virgin queens in their colony. Morphological modifications that enhance the fighting abilities of ergatoid males have been documented, e.g., modified mandibles well suited to fighting and increased mesosomal size for better protection against attacks from rivals. Another unusual characteristic of ergatoid males is the continuation of spermatogenesis throughout their adult life. Males of most aculeate hymenoptera stop producing sperm once they are fully mature. Some species are known to produce different queen morphs. This presumably facilitates there being a longer range dispersal queen form and a shorter or non-dispersing form. Gyne polymorphism appears to be an adaptation for species inhabiting continental desert or semi-desert habitats. The cosmopolitan tramp species, on the other hand, do not exhibit this gyne polymorphism. ‎

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101218. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101219. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101461. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MNHN, Paris, France.

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101678. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101859. Photographer Michele Esposito, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Cardiocondyla shuckardi. Worker. Specimen code casent0101891. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Specimen code casent0101127. .

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• shuckardi. Cardiocondyla shuckardi Forel, 1891b: 161 (w.) MADAGASCAR.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Madagascar: Imerina, Antananarivo (Camboué).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Subspecies of nuda: Forel, 1895c: 251; Emery, 1922e: 126.
  • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 71; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1021; Santschi, 1932a: 387; Bolton, 1982: 316 (redescription); Collingwood, 1985: 257; Bolton, 1995b: 133; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 327; Rigato, 2002: 172 (in key); Seifert, 2003a: 257 (redescription); Collingwood, et al. 2011: 424; Borowiec, L. 2014: 48.
  • Senior synonym of brevispinosa Weber: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
  • Senior synonym of fusca: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
  • Senior synonym of sculptior: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
  • Senior synonym of shuckardoides: Seifert, 2003a: 257.
  • Senior synonym of wassmanni: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
  • Distribution: Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Iran, Kuwait, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zimbabwe.
  • Current subspecies: nominal plus sculptinodis.
• brevispinosa. Cardiocondyla brevispinosa Weber, 1952a: 6 (w.) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Democratic Republic of Congo (“Belgian Congo”): Beni, 0°24’N, 29°24’E, 24.ii.1948, no. 2116 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Pheidole brevispinosa Donisthorpe, 1948d: 593 (Bolton, 1995b: 132).]
  • Junior synonym of shuckardi: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 132.
• fusca. Cardiocondyla fusca Weber, 1952a: 7 (w.) UGANDA.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Uganda: Jinja, edge of Ripon Falls, 15.viii.1939, no. 1495 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • Junior synonym of shuckardi: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 132.
• sculptior. Cardiocondyla wasmanni var. sculptior Santschi, 1926b: 241 (w.) GABON.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Gabon: Samkita (F. Faure).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1932a: 387.
  • Junior synonym of shuckardi: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
• shuckardoides. Cardiocondyla nuda var. shuckardoides Forel, 1895c: 250 (w.) MADAGASCAR.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Madagascar: Antananarivo (Sikora).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Subspecies of nuda: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1021; Emery, 1922e: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 133.
  • Junior synonym of shuckardi: Seifert, 2003a: 257.
• wasmanni. Cardiocondyla wassmanni Santschi, 1926b: 241 (w.) CAMEROON.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Cameroon: Gr. Batanga (Schwab).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • [Justified emendation of spelling to wasmanni: Santschi, 1932a: 387.]
  • Subspecies of shuckardi: Santschi, 1932a: 387.
  • Junior synonym of shuckardi: Bolton, 1982: 316; Bolton, 1995b: 133.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Bolton (1982) - TL 2.0-2.6, HL 0.50-0.60, HW 0.38-0.46, CI 75-79, SL 0.36-0.45, SI 93-100, PW 0.27-0.35, AL 0.54-0.69 (35 measured).

Antennal scapes when laid back on the head in full-face view either just failing to reach or just reaching the occipital corners, never distinctly surpassing them; the scapes moderately long, SI > 90. Maximum diameter of eye 0.11-0.14, about 0.26-0.30 x HW and with 9-12 ommatidia in the longest row. Head always obviously longer than broad, CI < 80 in material examined. Pronotal corners in dorsal view broadly and evenly rounded. With the alitrunk in profile the promesonotal dorsum forming an even shallow convexity from front to back, sloping evenly into the metanotal groove. Metanotal groove impressed but the depth of the impression varying between samples. To some extent the apparent variation in depth is caused by the convexity of the propodeum behind the groove as in some cases it rises more steeply and is more convex than in others. Propodeal dorsum behind the convex portion sloping downwards posteriorly to the junction with the declivity. Propodeal armament very reduced, at best represented only by a pair of minute triangular denticles which may be acute or blunted, or by a pair of tubercles, or merely bluntly angular; never with developed teeth or spines. In dorsal view the propodeal armament scarcely visible, the length of each component constituting only a fraction of the distance separating their bases. Petiole node in dorsal view subglobular, usually broader than long but in some only about as broad as long. Postpetiole distinctly broader than long. In profile the petiole and postpetiole as in Fig. 1, the petiolar dorsum convex and somewhat variable in length. Sculpture of dorsal head and alitrunk usually of fine, very dense blanketing shagreening or granulation, but this may be reduced on tile alitrunk or even on the head, though less frequently on the latter than on the former. In extreme cases the dorsal alitrunk may be almost smooth. Hairs absent except on mouthparts and gastral apex. Colour varying from medium brown to blackish brown, sometimes black.

Type Material

Seifert (2003) - Syntype workers labelled by Forel “C. shuckardi Forel male, Imcrina Madagascar (Camboue)” and with a printed red label “Type”, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève Geneve. 1 syntype worker labelled by Forel “C. shuckardi Forel d Type Antananarivo (Camboue)”, MHN Geneve.

References

• Seifert, B. 2003. The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a taxonomic revision of the C. elegans, C. bulgarica, C. batesii, C. nuda, C. shuckardi, C. stambuloffii, C. wroughtonii, C. emeryi, and C. minutior species groups. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie. 104:203-338. (page 257, Senior synonym of schuckardoides)
• Bolton, B. 1982. Afrotropical species of the myrmecine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 46: 307-370 (page 316, Senior synonym of brevispinosa, fusca, sculptior and wassmanni)
• Borowiec, L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Collingwood, C.A., Agosti, D., Sharaf, M.R., van Harten, A. 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod fauna of the UAE 4: 405-474.
• Forel, A. 1891c. Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères. Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Paris: Hachette et Cie, v + 237 pp. (page 161, worker described)
• Forel, A. 1895d. Nouvelles fourmis de l'Imerina oriental (Moramanga etc.). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 39: 243-251 (page 251, Race of nuda)
• Heinze, J. 2019. Emeryia, Xenometra, zoserka: it's a boy, again! The misleading morphology of Cardiocondyla male ants. Insectes Sociaux 67, 139–146 (doi:10.1007/s00040-019-00737-5).
• Heinze, J., Schrempf, A., Wanke, T., Rakotondrazafy, H., Rakotondranaivo, T., Fisher, B. 2014. Polygyny, inbreeding, and wingless males in the Malagasy ant Cardiocondyla shuckardi Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology 61: 300-306 (DOI 10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.300-306).
• Jacobs, S. 2020. Population genetic and behavioral aspects of male mating monopolies in Cardiocondyla venustula (Ph.D. thesis).
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• Satria, R. 2017. Taxonomy of the ant genus Odontomachus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in the Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan subregions. Ph.D. thesis, Tokyo Metropolitan University.
• Seifert, B. 2022. The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): The species groups with Oriental and Australasian origin. Diversity 15, 25 (doi:10.3390/d15010025).
• Seifert, B. 2023. A revision of the Palaearctic species of the ant genus Cardiocondyla Emery 1869 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 5274(1), 1–64 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5274.1.1).
• Sharaf, M.R., Al Dhafer, H.M., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., Aldawood, A.S. 2024. Cardiocondyla hashemi sp. n., a new species of the C. batesii species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Saudi species. Zoology in the Middle East]] (doi:10.1080/09397140.2024.2321640).
• Wheeler, W. M. 1922k. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 45: 1005-1055 (page 1021, Revived status as species)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Addison P., and M. J. Samways. 2000. A survey of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) that forage in vineyards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
• Bolton B. 1982. Afrotropical species of the myrmicine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 45: 307-370.
• Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
• Collingwood C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 230-302.
• Collingwood C. A., D. Agosti, M. R. Sharaf, A. Van Harten, 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE 4: 405-474
• Collingwood C.A., D.Agosti, M.R. Sharaf, and A. van Harten. 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod fauna of the UAE, 4: 405–474
• Collingwood, C. A., and Donat Agosti. "Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2)." Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15 (1996): 300-385.
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• Heinze J., A. Schrempf, T. Wanke, H. Rakotondrazafy, T. Rakotondranaivo, and B. Fisher. 2014. Polygyny, inbreeding and wingless males in the Malagasy ant Cardiocondyla shuckardi Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology 61(3): 300-305.
• IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
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• Samways M. J. 1990. Species temporal variability: epigaeic ant assemblages and management for abundance and scarcity. Oecologia 84: 482-490.
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• Santschi F. 1932. Formicides sud-africains. Pp. 381-392 in: Jeannel, R. (ed.) 1932. Société Entomologique de France. Livre du centenaire. Paris: Société Entomologique de France, xii + 729 pp.
• Seifert B. 2003. The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a taxonomic revision of the C. elegans, C. bulgarica, C. batesii, C. nuda, C. shuckardi, C. stambuloffii, C. wroughtonii, C. emeryi, and C. minutior species groups. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. B, Botanik, Zoologie 104: 203-338.
• Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 1005-1055