Aphaenogaster subterranea

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Aphaenogaster subterranea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Stenammini
Genus: Aphaenogaster
Species group: subterranea
Species: A. subterranea
Binomial name
Aphaenogaster subterranea
(Latreille, 1798)

Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0172716 profile 1.jpg

Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0172716 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

This species is common and widespread in central and southern Italy and Greece. It is a ground-nesting ant chiefly inhabiting deciduous forests and coniferous, with nests observed under stones in shadowy places (Rigato & Toni, 2011; Borowiec & Salata, 2021). Bracko et al. (2018) noted this ant, described from France, has been recorded from most of the western Palearctic Region and is likely a cryptic species complex. Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on soil in a Caspian moist littoral area.

Identification

A member of the Aphaenogaster subterranea-group.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

This is a very common species so far noted from all Greek provinces except Crete (Borowiec et al., 2022).

Schifani et al. (2023) - Aphaenogaster subterranea has a wide distribution, from Iberia to Anatolia, and north to central Europe, while the range of A. ichnusa is restricted to West Europe and does not occur in the Balkans (Borowiec and Salata pers. comm., 2022; MM unpublished data). Until recent years A. ichnusa was considered as a Sardinian endemic and a subspecies of A. subterranea. Their separation as two distinct species was only recently demonstrated based on worker morphology and mitochondrial DNA (Galkowski et al. 2019). The recent recognition implies that reliable data over the distribution of the two species is scarce in the sympatric range, where they were historically confused. Apart from Sardinia, Galkowski et al. (2019) reported the presence of A. ichnusa in Corsica and southern mainland France. More recently, only a few scattered records were published from mainland Italy, Sicily, and mainland Spain (Schifani and Alicata 2018; García et al. 2020; Schär et al. 2020; Zara et al. 2021; Bazzato et al. 2022; Scupola et al. 2022). However, a detailed picture of the distribution of A. ichnusa and A. subterranea in these regions is lacking.

Schifani et al. (2023) - The only three North African records of A. subterranea are based on outdated taxonomy (Forel 1890; Bernard 1967; Cagniant 1970; Henine-Maouche et al. 2022), and most likely represent misidentifications of species of the crocea group (Alicata and Schifani 2019; Schifani et al. 2022a). For instance, a worker labeled A. subterranea in the Forel’s collection of Geneve Natural History Museum (AntWeb identifier CASENT0907686) is in fact Aphaenogaster strioloides (see Schifani et al. 2021a).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 50.662° to 35.255189°.

 
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate
  • Schifani et al. (2023), Figure 6. Distribution map showing the locations of the records here newly reported (black border) and retrieved from literature (no border) in a cell grid of 0.2 decimal degrees. Cells are blue for A. subterranea, yellow for A. ichnusa, and pink if the two species co-occur.

Figure 6. Distribution map showing the locations of the records here newly reported (black border) and retrieved from literature (no border) in a cell grid of 0.2 decimal degrees. Cells are blue for A. subterranea, yellow for A. ichnusa, and pink if the two species co-occur.

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Biology

Schifani et al. (2023) - Colonies of A. ichnusa and A. subterranea are often found nesting under rocks, and both species may be especially abundant in shady forest habitats with suffcient humidity and leaf litter (Castracani et al. 2010, referring at least part of the records to A. ichnusa based on voucher checked; Seifert 2018, assuming Central-European records to represent A. subterranea; Zara et al. 2021; Bazzato et al. 2022). Albeit rarely, at least A. ichnusa may adapt significantly to urban environments: in summer days, we observed workers foraging in a shady courtyard entirely made of concrete within a historic palace of Florence.

However, despite their ecological success and wide distribution, still relatively little is known about the habits of these species besides anecdotal reports. They are probably mostly predators and scavengers, but at least A. ichnusa was also observed by the authors to tend root aphids, suggesting that trophobiosis may also play an important role in the diet of both. In addition, we observed isopods (Platyarthrus sp.), oribatid mites, silverfish, leaf beetle larvae (Chrysomelidae: Clytrinae), and planthoppers nymphs (Cixiidae) in A. ichnusa nests, and isopods (Platyarthridae) in A. subterranea nests, in which also Cixiidae were reported by Lörinczi (2012). In shady habitats, we observed minimal daytime foraging by both species. However, on other occasions, workers of A. ichnusa mostly started to forage outside the nest at dusk. Perhaps the foraging activity is often conducted within the leaf litter or in endogean microspaces, but none of these species is truly subterranean (Ortuño et al. 2014).

Some of us also observed cooperative food transport in A. subterranea at least. Furthermore, A. subterranea workers are known to use tools: they drop small debris into liquid food and transport food-soaked tools back into their nest (Lőrinczi et al. 2018; Módra et al. 2022). This behavior is deemed to be a complex strategy developed to compensate for the inability to ingest and carry into the body large quantities of liquid food (Lőrinczi et al. 2018; Módra et al. 2022). Notably, we found multiple times numerous dealate queens (up to five) in some colonies of A. ichnusa and A. subterranea, suggesting at least occasional polygyny in both species.

Association with Other Organisms

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Nematode

  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Wuerzburg) (Gösswald, 1938; Laciny, 2021).

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: monogynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Queen type: winged (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (queenless worker reproduction)

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0173564 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173564 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173564 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173564 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173564. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0173578 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173578 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173578 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173578 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173578. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0173580 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173580 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173580 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173580 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173580. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101053 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101053 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101053 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101053 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Aphaenogaster friederichsiWorker. Specimen code casent0101053. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.
Aphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101054 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101054 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101054 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster friederichsi casent0101054 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Aphaenogaster friederichsiWorker. Specimen code casent0101054. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0173577 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173577 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173577 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173577 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173577. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Aphaenogaster subterranea casent0173579 head 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173579 profile 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173579 profile 2.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173579 dorsal 1.jpgAphaenogaster subterranea casent0173579 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0173579. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • subterranea. Formica subteranea Latreille, 1798: 49 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
    • [Justified emendation of spelling to subterranea: Latreille, 1802c: 219.]
    • Latreille, 1802c: 220 (q.m.); Hauschteck, 1962: 219 (k.).
    • Combination in Manica: Jurine, 1807: 279;
    • combination in Myrmica: Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 180;
    • combination in Atta: Mayr, 1855: 460; Smith, F. 1858b: 162;
    • combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29;
    • combination in Stenamma (Aphaenogaster): Emery, 1895c: 301;
    • combination in Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma): Emery, 1915d: 70.
    • Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 219; Walckenaer, 1802: 164; Jurine, 1807: 279; Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lamarck, 1817: 97; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 180; Schilling, 1839: 55; Schenck, 1852: 110; Mayr, 1855: 460 (redescription); Nylander, 1856b: 85; Gredler, 1858: 30; Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 67 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 397; Dours, 1873: 167; Forel, 1874: 74 (in key); André, 1874: 197 (in key); Emery, 1878a: x (in list); Emery, 1878b: 55; Emery & Forel, 1879: 462; André, 1883b: 359 (in key); Costa, 1883: 60; Emery, 1884a: 382 (footnote); Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Forel, 1889: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 38; Forel, 1890a: lxx; Emery, 1891b: 7; Forel, 1892i: 315; Lameere, 1892: 67; Dalla Torre, 1893: 106; Medina, 1893: 105; Emery, 1895b: 71; Ruzsky, 1896: 74; Emery, 1898c: 139; Ruzsky, 1902d: 26; Forel, 1904f: 425; Ruzsky, 1905b: 714; Wasmann, 1906: 118; Emery, 1908c: 326; Emery, 1908d: 23; Bondroit, 1910: 495; Krausse, 1912b: 163; Stitz, 1914: 68; Emery, 1914d: 156; Forel, 1915d: 36 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 411; Emery, 1916b: 129; Escherich, 1917: 327; Menozzi, 1918: 82; Bondroit, 1918: 158; Santschi, 1919e: 245; Emery, 1921f: 60; Menozzi, 1921: 25; Menozzi, 1922b: 325; Soudek, 1922: 33; Müller, 1923a: 68 (in key); Müller, 1923b: 51; Finzi, 1923: 3; Finzi, 1924a: 13; Soudek, 1925b: 15; Donisthorpe, 1926a: 6; Karavaiev, 1926b: 96; Stärcke, 1926: 88 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927a: 285; Kutter, 1927: 98; Menozzi, 1927b: 90; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 45; Finzi, 1930a: 154; Finzi, 1930d: 312; Gösswald, 1932: 73; Finzi, 1933: 162; Grandi, 1935: 99; Zimmermann, 1935: 12; Stitz, 1939: 113; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 81 (in key); van Boven, 1947: 174 (in key); Arnol'di, 1948: 211 (in list); Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1059; Creighton, 1950a: 149; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 40; Ceballos, 1956: 298; Bernard, 1959: 345; Collingwood, 1962: 222; Baroni Urbani, 1964b: 30; Bernard, 1967: 134 (redescription); Kutter, 1968a: 59; Baroni Urbani, 1969a: 326; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 59; Cagniant, 1970a: 414; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 54; Collingwood, 1971: 159; Baroni Urbani, 1974: 226; Pisarski, 1975: 16; Arnol'di, 1976b: 1023 (in key); Aktaç, 1977: 120; van Boven, 1977: 87; Kutter, 1977c: 80; Collingwood, 1978: 79 (in key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 536 (in key); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 54; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 270 (in key); Kugler, J. 1988: 256; Le Moli & Rosi, 1991: 30; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 111; Arakelian, 1994: 32; Schulz, A. 1994a: 424; Bolton, 1995b: 73; Mei, 1995: 761; Poldi, et al. 1995: 3; Espadaler, 1997b: 29; Gallé, et al. 1998: 214; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 35; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 77; Markó & Csösz, 2002: 116; Karaman, M.G. & Karaman, 2003: 41; Karaman, G.S. & Karaman, 2005: 54; Bračko, 2006: 135; Markó, Sipos, et al. 2006: 69; Petrov, 2006: 91 (in key); Bračko, 2007: 17; Seifert, 2007: 212; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 140; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 137; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 487; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 13; Boer, 2010: 60; Csösz, et al. 2011: 56; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 19; Legakis, 2011: 8; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 467; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 117; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 40; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 17; Borowiec, L. 2014: 19 (see note in bibliography); Bračko, et al. 2014: 13; Lebas, et al. 2016: 264; Radchenko, 2016: 166; Gómez, et al. 2018: 221 (in key); Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 42; Seifert, 2018: 175 Galkowsky, et al. 2019: 422 (redescription).
  • friederichsi. Aphaenogaster friederichsi Forel, 1918b: 151 (w.) MADAGASCAR.
    • Combination in Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma): Emery, 1921f: 57.
    • Status as species: Emery, 1921f: 57; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 1016; Bolton, 1995b: 69.
    • Junior synonym of subterranea: Csősz et al., 2021: 14.

Type Material

  • Formica subteranea: Nine workers from the same nest, designated as "paraneotypes" (not an official designation recongnised by the ICZN), are deposited at MNHN, from which a new neotype could easily be designated in case of loss or destruction of the neotype. Ten workers of this same nest have also been deposited at the Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde of Görlitz, Germany (Galkowski et al., 2019).
  • Aphaenogaster friederichsi: Two syntype workers, MADAGASCAR: Diego Suarez (Antsiranana), (K. Friedrichs); CASENT0101054, CASENT0101054; MHNG [examined by Csősz et al., 2021].

Taxonomic Notes

Csősz et al. (2021): One species described from Madagascar, Aphaenogaster friederichsi, is excluded from the swammerdami group and placed in the A. subterranea group and synonymized with A. subterranea. Aphaenogaster friederichsi is indistinguishable from A. subterranea based on the redescription and neotype designation by Galkowski, Aubert & Blatrix (2019). A. friederichsi was described based on two syntype works collected in Diego Surarez, a port city in the North of Madagascar. Repeated collections in the north of Madagascar and in and around Diego Surarez did not uncover this species. The specimens described by Forel could represent a temporarily established introduction of A. subterranea or mislabeled specimens of A. subterranea collected from Europe. A. friederichsi is neither considered native to Madagascar nor established in the region.

Description

Karyotype

  • n = 11, 2n = 22 (Germany; Switzerland) (Hauschteck, 1962; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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